高山红景天形态分化与生存环境关系的研究

对采黑龙江省平顶山和吉林省长白山的１４个天然居群高山红景天的分株数、株高、径、叶长和叶宽５个形形态性状进行了比较分析,探讨了高山红景天适应环境的形态变异机制。单因素方差分析Ｆ检验表明,除分株数外的４个形态性状在１４个居群中均表现为差异极显。对这４个性状的多重比较分析表明,各形态性状在不同生态环境下表现出一定程度的分化,对１４个天然居形态性状的分表表明,高山红景天的形态变异与其生态环境间存在着明显的相关关系。     

中国李种质资源形态性状和农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

以国家果树种质熊岳李杏圃中保存的405份中国李和杂种李为材料,依据32个主要形态性状和农艺性状的评价数据,对这些主要性状进行了遗传多样性、相关性和主成分分析.结果表明,中国李表现出丰富的遗传多样性;从字符型形态和农艺性状数据看,叶形、果形、果皮彩色和果肉色泽等性状均表现出较为丰富的多样性;从数值型形态和农艺性状数据看....     

高山红景天形态分化与生存环境关系的研究

对采自黑龙江省平顶山和吉林省长白山的14 个天然居群高山红景天的分株数、株高、基径、叶长和叶宽5 个形态性状进行了比较分析, 探讨了高山红景天适应环境的形态变异机制。单因素方差分析F 检验表明, 除分株数外的4 个形态性状在14 个居群中均表现为差异极显著。对这4 个性状的多重比较分析表明, 各形态性状在不同生态环境下表现出一定程度的分化。对14个天然居群形态性状的聚类分析表明, 高山红景天的形态变异与其生态环境间存在着明显的相关关系。     

闽楠叶形态与叶脉网络性状关系对城市生长环境的响应

植物叶形态与叶脉网络功能性状的协同变异与权衡关系,对深入理解植物叶脉网络功能性状对环境变异的生态适应,以及预测植物物种生活习性对城市化过程的响应具有重要意义。闽楠作为珍贵的常绿阔叶树种,正在城市绿化中逐步推广。针对不同生长环境中（行道与植物园混交林）的闽楠,开展了叶形态与叶脉网络功能性状关系对城市生长环境的响应研究。研究结果表明：闽楠叶性状值基本满足正态分布,各性状变异系数保持在10%-20%之间,群体内性状变异较为丰富,单因素方差分析表明两种环境对叶形态性状的影响比叶脉网络系统的影响更明显;两种生长环境下闽楠叶形态性状组与叶脉网络功能性状组都具有极显著相关性,行道和植物园混交林典型性相关系数分别为0.804和0.795,叶形态性状与叶脉直径呈显著正相关,形态性状、叶脉直径与初级脉密度呈显著负相关;闽楠在响应城市生长环境的过程中呈现出相应的经济权衡机制,行道环境中闽楠以较大的初级脉密度和较小叶面积来确保水分获取和光合之间的平衡,植物园闽楠则采用较低初级叶脉密度、较高叶面积和叶脉直径的叶形态和叶脉网络构建模式。在选择闽楠作为城市绿化树种时,可将叶片形态性状组与叶脉网络功能性状组的协同变化和权衡关系作为选种依据,以提高闽楠在城市环境中的成活率和适应性。     

小叶锦鸡儿天然居群叶形态性状变异研究

为揭示小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)天然居群叶形态性状的变异规律及其生态适应性特征,该研究以10个小叶锦鸡儿天然居群为对象,通过多重比较、巢式方差分析、相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析等方法,对7个叶形态性状进行分析。结果表明：(1)小叶锦鸡儿叶形态性状在居群内和居群间均存在极显著差异(P < 0.01),平均变异系数为10.13%,不同性状的变异幅度为6.23%~12.78%;平均叶形态性状的表型分化系数为43.62%,居群内变异(30.09%)大于居群间变异(24.91%),说明居群内是其叶形态性状变异的主要来源。(2)相关性分析表明,环境因子对小叶锦鸡儿的叶形态性状变异有很大的影响,在地理空间上主要呈现出沿海拔梯度的变异模式;主成分分析的结果显示,小叶宽、叶柄宽和叶柄长对小叶锦鸡儿叶形态变异起主导作用;利用欧式距离对小叶锦鸡儿居群进行UPGMA聚类分析结果显示,基于叶形态性状和环境因子可分别将小叶锦鸡儿10个居群分为3类和2类,Mantel检验结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿的叶形态性状变异不存在地理连续性。研究结果为小叶锦鸡儿的适应性进化和开发利用提供了理论依据。     

不同种群中海南粗榧(Cephalotaxus mannii)形态变异研究

通过变异系数和性状差异显著性检验,研究了海南粗榧在坝王岭等５个种群内和种群间不同形态变异以及形态总体变异。结果表明：①海南粗榧营养器官性状比生殖器官性状变异大;枝性状组中,分枝角度变异较小;叶性状组中,叶数量变异较大;球果、种子生物量变异都大于它们的其它性状。②在５个种群内,同一性状变异幅度基本相同。③同一性状在种群间和种群内的变异基本接近。④不同性状在种群间存在差异,有的显著,有的不显著,但种群间形态总体差异都不显著     

中国传统大菊叶片形态的数量化定义与分类

中国传统大菊品种叶片形态变异丰富,然而至今仍未对其进行科学的定义和分类,无法有效利用这些形态性状进行品种鉴定和叶形遗传解析。利用数量化分析方法对植物形态进行定义和分类,是植物性状遗传解析的前提。对436个中国传统大菊品种的24个叶形性状进行重新定义及观测,通过相关性分析确定了8个相对独立的性状,用变异系数及主成分分析等...     

植物叶片形态的生态功能、地理分布与成因

叶片是植物与环境进行水气交换的重要场所, 形态多变。叶片形态可直接影响植物的生理生化过程, 反映植物的资源获取策略。该文以叶片大小、叶形、叶缘特征(有无叶齿)和叶型(单、复叶)等形态性状为例, 总结了当前叶片形态的研究进展, 分析了叶形态性状的生态功能, 综述叶片形态的地理分布, 探讨叶片形态性状变化的驱动因素及其对生态系统功能的影响。现有研究主要聚焦于局域尺度的特定类群, 关注叶大小、叶缘具齿性以及叶型的地理分布与生态成因, 发现叶片的形态发育受基因调控, 叶形态性状与其他性状相互权衡, 其空间变异受气温和降水量共同驱动。以叶大小为代表的叶片形态性状影响水分和养分循环, 能够反映气候变化下的群落响应, 也可用于预测生态系统初级生产力。今后应结合新方法获得覆盖度高且区域无偏的数据, 探索叶形态在长时间尺度上的适应性进化, 研究叶形态特征及其对生态系统功能影响的尺度推绎。该文有助于从叶片的角度认识植物对环境变化的响应, 以性状为桥梁将个体适合度、群落动态与生态系统功能联系起来, 能够加深对植物群落生态学和功能生物地理学等相关领域研究进展的了解。     

蝉棒束孢显微形态变异式样

【目的】揭示蝉棒束孢居群形态性状的变异式样。【方法】通过对15个居群,75个蝉棒束孢菌株17个显微形态性状的观察和测量,采用SAS 8.1软件对蝉棒束孢显微形态性状数据进行描述性、巢式方差和Q聚类分析,获得蝉棒束孢显微形态变异数据。【结果】蝉棒束孢具有大小两型分生孢子,产孢细胞的形态可分为葫芦状和瓶状2种类型;蝉棒束孢在PDA培养基中易形成数量众多的厚垣孢子,菌丝间多能形成融合菌丝,并可观察到少量的融合菌丝在厚垣孢子与菌丝间、产孢细胞间形成。描述性分析表明,蝉棒束孢居群17个形态性状的变异系数(CV)在13.07%–104.09%之间,在物种水平上表现出丰富的变异;巢式方差分析表明,蝉棒束孢显微形态性状在居群间平均方差分量占总变异的11.29%,居群内个体间平均方差分量占总变异的15.27%,菌株内观察值间平均方差分量占总变异的73.44%。【结论】蝉棒束孢菌株形态性状变异丰富,是形态性状变异的主要来源,蝉棒束孢居群显微形态性状不存在明显的地理相关性。     

内蒙古扁蓿豆野生资源形态学特性研究

对产自内蒙古不同分布区12份扁蓿豆种质资源的12个形态性状进行主成分和聚类分析。结果表明,除荚果形状和种子宽外,其余形态性状在材料间都表现显著差异,扁蓿豆种质资源遗传变异丰富;通过多变量的主成分分析,第一主成分和第二主成分代表了扁蓿豆形态多样性的62.30%,枝条长、叶面积、荚果宽、种子长和千粒重等5个性状是造成扁蓿豆表型差异的主要因素;基于形态性状的聚类分析把12份材料聚为4类,其中第 1类MR-12扁蓿豆资源的株高、枝条长和株丛直径明显高于其他类,叶片大且叶量丰富,营养性状表现良好;结实性状中荚果长和千粒重较大,综合性状表现较好,可以作为合适的材料作为引种驯化和育种的试验材料。     

Systematic relationships within the genus Trichomanes sensu lato (Hymenophyllaceae, Filicopsida): cladistic analysis based on anatomical and morphological data

Systematics within the genus Trichomanes sensu lato (Hymenophyllaceae, Filicopsida) have continued to be controversial because of the difficulty in identifying homologies and informative characters within high morphological diversity. Systematic relationships are investigated in this study by using a cladistic approach with 31 anatomical and morphological characters from 20 taxa which correspond to the sections defined by Morton. The results broadly confirm Morton's four subgenera: Trichomanes, Didymoglossum, Pachychaetum and Achomanes. The monophyly of Pachychaetum remains fragile and the section Lacostea appears to be excluded from its traditional subgenus (Achomanes). In addition, by producing two major 'ecological' clades (terrestrial and epiphytic), the analysis shows that several selected characters appear to be strongly linked with the ecology which may have a significant influence on the topology.     

Cuticle micromorphology of leaves of Pinus (Pinaceae) in east and south-east Asia

Cuticle micromorphology of 21 species of Pinus in east and south-east Asia was studied with scanning electron microscopy and leaf morphology was described. Cuticle characters that can be distinguished by their size, shape, and surface texture, as well as by the number of subsidiary cells, the rows of epidermal cells within a stomatal band, the number of cells between stomata in stomatal rows, and the patterns of cuticular flanges are described in detail. Most of these characters have not been considered in sufficient detail previously. Some of the inner cuticular features, such as the texture of periclinal walls, the shape of the top of the anticlinal walls, the comparative size of the lateral and polar subsidiary cells, and the development of the groove near bristles, are diagnostic characters for subgenera. The agreement between cuticle characters and taxa is discussed. Cuticular characters were used to try to resolve the position of taxa that currently appear in different places in different classifications.     

A combined morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of Parthenocissus (Vitaceae) and taxonomic implications

Parthenocissus (the Virginia creeper genus, Vitaceae) consists of 13 species and shows a disjunct distribution between Asia and North America. We investigated the inflorescence structure, calyx morphology, appendages on the inner side of petals, leaf epidermis, pollen and seed characters throughout the genus. A combined phylogenetic analysis with 27 morphological and 4137 molecular characters was conducted and the result was largely congruent with that of the previous molecular work, but with higher resolution. The combined analysis identified two clades corresponding to the Asian and North American taxa. Parthenocissus feddei was resolved as closely related to the clade containing P. cuspidifera, P. heterophylla and P. semicordata. The four species share synapomorphies of having conspicuously raised veinlets, an obscurely five‐ (to eight‐) lobed calyx, appendages on the inner side of petals covering the entire length of anthers and foveolate pollen exine ornamentation. Within the Old World clade, the pentafoliolate species were weakly supported as more closely related to species with both simple and trifoliolate leaves. Furthermore, the ancestral states of tendril apices, inflorescence structure, appendages on the inner side of petals and exine ornamentation of pollen grains were reconstructed on the molecular strict consensus tree. The appendages on the inner side of petals and exine ornamentation of pollen grains were suggested to be important characters in the taxonomy of Parthenocissus, especially for species with trifoliolate leaves. Finally, the previous classifications of Parthenocissus were evaluated within the phylogenetic framework. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, ?? , ??–??.     

23种伞形科植物果实形态及其分类学意义

该实验采用徒手切片法对伞形科17属23种植物的果实进行了外部形态和解剖特征的观察,结果表明:伞形科果实有背腹压扁、两侧压扁和不压扁3种类型;侧棱有宽、有窄;油管的分布有棱槽单油管型和棱槽多油管型;花柱基多数为圆锥状,少数种的花柱基为扁平垫状;萼齿明显或不明显。通过进一步对属间和属内果实解剖特征的比较得出:(1)果实表面被钩刺或刚毛及果棱特征在属间差异明显,在属内表现出一致性,可作为伞形科属间分类的依据。(2)果实横切面的形状、胚乳腹面的凹凸以及萼齿的形态特征在属内种间的分类研究中有重要的意义。基于果实形态特征,编制了17属23种植物的分种检索表。     

我国蝌蚪的科级分类研究

2017年末,我国的两栖动物已记录3目14科466种,其中,无尾目Anura 10科386种。蝌蚪是无尾两栖类物种的幼体,具有一系列适应水生生活的形态特征和一个特别的变态过程,是无尾目的主要标志之一。我国蝌蚪的形态特征散见于各个物种的形态描述,而对蝌蚪科级分类的系统研究却阙如。本文基于蝌蚪的8个形态学分类性状,概述了我国除亚洲角蛙科Ceratobatrachidae外9个科(铃蟾科Bombinatoridae、角蟾科Megophryidae、蟾蜍科Bufonidae、雨蛙科Hylidae、蛙科Ranidae、叉舌蛙科Dicroglossidae、浮蛙科Occidozygidae、树蛙科Rhacophoridae、姬蛙科Microhylidae)的蝌蚪分类特征,系统阐述了蝌蚪科级分类特征的分类和适应意义。     

国产堇菜属植物花粉形态的研究

本文应用光学显微镜及扫描电镜对国产３２种堇菜属植物的花粉形态进行了观察,结果表明,在光学显微镜下,除Ｖ．ｔｒｉｃｏｌｏｒＬ．外,堇菜属植物的花粉形态比校一致,对本属的分类意义不大。在扫描电镜下的花粉外壁纹饰亦表明本属是一个较为自然的类群。但国产四亚属之间的花粉在外壁纹饰,颗粒的多少和有无,穿孔的多少和有无等方面存在着较明显的差异,而在亚属内则分化校小。支持了Ｊｕｚｅｐｃｈｕｋ（１９４９）和王庆瑞（１９９１）的分类处理。     

高产小麦品种冠层形态结构及其与产量性状的关系

在高产栽培条件下,以多穗型、中穗型、大穗型3种类型9个小麦品种为材料,研究了高产小麦品种的冠层形态结构及其与产量性状的关系。结果表明,高产品种与丰产品种相比,冠层结构具有：上三叶较宽、短,叶片较厚、挺,具有相对较小的基角、开张角和披垂度,株型较紧凑,植株较矮(80cm左右),穗下节间和旗叶鞘较长。冠层形态性状与产量及其构成因素的相关分析结果表明,旗叶宽度、比叶重、倾斜角度及穗下节长和叶鞘长是决定产量构成因素和产量的制约性状。     

THE USEFULNESS OF BEHAVIOR FOR PHYLOGENY ESTIMATION: LEVELS OF HOMOPLASY IN BEHAVIORAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS

It is widely believed that behavior is more evolutionarily labile and/or more difficult to characterize than morphology, and thus that behavioral characters are not as useful as morphological characters for estimating phylogenetic relationships. To examine the relative utility of behavior and morphology for estimating phylogeny, we compared levels of homoplasy for morphological and behavioral characters that have been used in systematic studies. In an analysis of 22 data sets that contained both morphological and behavioral characters we found no significant difference between mean consistency indices (CIs, which measure homoplasy) within data sets for the two types of characters. In a second analysis we compared overall CIs for 8 data sets comprised entirely of behavioral characters with overall CIs for 32 morphological data sets and found no significant difference between the two types of data sets. For both analyses, 95% confidence limits on the difference between the two types of characters indicate that, even if given the benefit of the doubt, morphological characters could not have substantially higher mean CIs than behavioral characters. These results do not support the idea that behavioral characters are less useful than morphological characters for the estimation of phylogeny.     

New morphological characters for classifying Phoridae (Diptera) from the structure of the thorax

Forty‐six characters, mostly of the thoracic pleuron, are proposed for the reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships among the major groups of the family Phoridae. Analysis of these characters, in conjunction with the pre‐existing suite of morphological characters from other body parts, provides a basis for a strongly supported new classification of the Phoridae, in which Sciadocerinae is the sister group of ((Chonocephalus Wandolleck & Cyphocephalus Borgmeier) + (Termitoxeniinae + (Metopininae + Phorinae s.l.))). A new subfamily, Chonocephalinae subfamily nov. , is proposed for Chonocephalus and Cyphocephalus, and a new genus, Hirotophora gen. nov. , is proposed for Chaetopleurophora multiseriata (Aldrich) ( comb. nov. ). © 2015 The Linnean Society of London