Lack of fitness costs of insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

The fitness costs of spinosad and acrinathrin resistance was investigated in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Fitness studies were conducted on susceptible and resistant strains of F. occidentalis. Resistant females were significantly more fecund (number of eggs per female) than susceptible females. The hatching rate (fertility) for both susceptible and acrinathrin-resistant strains was significantly lower than in the spinosad-resistant strain. Mean developmental time from egg to adult did not differ between thrips populations. Similarly, female longevity did not differ between populations. These data suggest that lack of fitness costs related to insecticide resistance may accelerate the development of insecticide resistance in populations of F. occidentalis from southeastern Spain.     

Assessing the Effects of Aedes aegypti kdr Mutations on Pyrethroid Resistance and Its Fitness Cost

Pyrethroids are the most used insecticide class worldwide. They target the voltage gated sodium channel (Na_V), inducing the knockdown effect. In Aedes aegypti, the main dengue vector, the AaNa_V substitutions Val1016Ile and Phe1534Cys are the most important knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations. We evaluated the fitness cost of these kdr mutations related to distinct aspects of development and reproduction, in the absence of any other major resistance mechanism. To accomplish this, we initially set up 68 crosses with mosquitoes from a natural population. Allele-specific PCR revealed that one couple, the one originating the CIT-32 strain, had both parents homozygous for both kdr mutations. However, this pyrethroid resistant strain also presented high levels of detoxifying enzymes, which synergistically account for resistance, as revealed by biological and biochemical assays. Therefore, we carried out backcrosses between CIT-32 and Rockefeller (an insecticide susceptible strain) for eight generations in order to bring the kdr mutation into a susceptible genetic background. This new strain, named Rock-kdr, was highly resistant to pyrethroid and presented reduced alteration of detoxifying activity. Fitness of the Rock-kdr was then evaluated in comparison with Rockefeller. In this strain, larval development took longer, adults had an increased locomotor activity, fewer females laid eggs, and produced a lower number of eggs. Under an inter-strain competition scenario, the Rock-kdr larvae developed even slower. Moreover, when Rockefeller and Rock-kdr were reared together in population cage experiments during 15 generations in absence of insecticide, the mutant allele decreased in frequency. These results strongly suggest that the Ae. aegypti kdr mutations have a high fitness cost. Therefore, enhanced surveillance for resistance should be priority in localities where the kdr mutation is found before new adaptive alleles can be selected for diminishing the kdr deleterious effects.     

疟疾媒介斯氏按蚊印度品系经溴氰菊酯或溴氰菊酯增效剂选择后的繁殖劣势

了解敏感和抗性蚊虫的繁殖适合度对于规划和实施蚊虫防治计划具有重要意义。本研究分别将斯氏按蚊Anopheles stephensi幼虫用溴氰菊酯(AnD_L)及溴氰菊酯和PBO混配制剂(1∶5) (AnD_P), 或斯氏按蚊成虫用溴氰菊酯(AnD_A) 进行选择后, 在实验室内检测了起源于印度德里的斯氏按蚊亲本（AnS）和抗性品系 (AnR) 的繁殖适合度的变化,从繁殖力、生育力、卵孵化率和生殖营养周期的长度等方面评价了斯氏按蚊的繁殖适合度。结果表明：与AnS品系相比, AnR品系的生殖营养周期缩短了60%~73%。与AnS品系相比, AnR品系的产卵量显著降低, 降幅达14.5%~37.9%,对溴氰菊酯抗性最强的AnD_L40品系的产卵量降低得最多。这些结果说明溴氰菊酯抗性与繁殖劣势之间可能存在正相关。与亲本品系相比, AnD_L40品系的卵孵化率降低了19.4%~30.9%, 进一步证实了这一相关性。在RD_P品系中观察到繁殖适合度降低, 表明溴氰菊酯增效剂的选择不仅在降低溴氰菊酯抗性水平而且在降低抗性个体频率上的效率。在对溴氰菊酯几乎不具有抗性的成虫品系的选择中繁殖适合度降低, 暗示溴氰菊酯作为灭杀斯氏按蚊成虫剂的效果要好于作为杀幼虫剂的效果。这些结果提示, 通过对斯氏按蚊实施不同抗性治理策略, 种群中抗性基因型的繁殖适合度的降低可消除杂合子和抗性纯合子。     

Costs of insecticide resistance in Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The obvious benefits associated with insecticide resistance for pest species may come at a cost to other life-history traits. In this study, we compared the larval and pupal developmental times, pupal mass wing surface area and wing fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in insecticide resistant and control strains of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), collected from apple (Malus spp.) orchards in central Canada. Resistant strains had significantly longer larval developmental times and lower pupal masses compared with the susceptible strain. Although the forewings of resistant moths were smaller in resistant than control strain, no difference in wing FA was detected. Longer developmental times could increase exposure time to natural enemies, and reduced adult size could affect longevity and total reproductive output.     

Persistence and inheritance of costs of resistance to imidacloprid in Colorado potato beetle

Reduced fitness among resistant versus susceptible individuals slows resistance evolution and makes it easier to manage. A loss of resistance costs could indicate novel adaptations or mutations contributing to resistance. We measured costs of resistance to imidacloprid in a Massachusetts resistant population compared with a Massachusetts susceptible population in 1999 in terms of fecundity, hatching success, egg development time, and sprint speed. Resistance was additive and seemed to be polygenic with high heritability. The fecundity cost appeared overdominant in 1999, and the hatch rate cost was partly recessive in 1999, but neither was significantly different from dominant or recessive. In 2004, we repeated our measures of resistance costs in Massachusetts in terms of fecundity and hatching success, and we added a new resistant population from Maine. In 2005, we compared development time of Maine resistant and the laboratory susceptible colony eggs. Significant fecundity costs of resistance were found in both population in both 1999 and 2004, and significant egg developmental time costs were found in 1999 and 2005. However, the hatching success costs of resistance were significant in 1999 and not apparent in 2004, suggesting some modification or replacement of the resistance genes in the intervening time.     

Laboratory selection for and characteristics of pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus

A laboratory colony of Anopheles funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) was established in 2000 from material collected from southern Mozambique where pyrethroid resistance had been demonstrated in the wild population. A subsample of the colony was selected for pyrethroid resistance using 0.1% lambda-cyhalothrin. Bioassay susceptibility tests in subsequent generations F(2) to F(4) showed increased resistance with each successive generation. Survival of individual mosquitoes fed only on 10% sugar solution, increased with age up to 4 days, but by day 10 had decreased significantly. However, females that had been mated and given bloodmeals showed no such increase in mortality with age. Biochemical analysis of resistant and susceptible individuals showed increased monooxygenase and glutathione S-transferase activity but no significant correlation with age of the mosquitoes.     

Impact of deltamethrin-resistance in Aedes albopictus on its fitness cost and vector competence

BackgroundAedes albopictus is one of the most invasive species in the world as well as the important vector for mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever, chikungunya fever and zika virus disease. Chemical control of mosquitoes is an effective method to control mosquito-borne diseases, however, the wide and improper application of insecticides for vector control has led to serious resistance problems. At present, there have been many reports on the resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in vector mosquitoes including deltamethrin to Aedes albopictus. However, the fitness cost and vector competence of deltamethrin resistant Aedes albopictus remain unknown. To understand the impact of insecticide resistant mosquito is of great significance for the prevention and control mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases.Methodology/Principal findingsA laboratory resistant strain (Lab-R) of Aedes albopictus was established by deltamethrin insecticide selecting from the laboratory susceptible strain (Lab-S). The life table between the two strains were comparatively analyzed. The average development time of Lab-R and Lab-S in larvae was 9.7 days and 8.2 days (P < 0.005), and in pupae was 2.0 days and 1.8 days respectively (P > 0.05), indicating that deltamethrin resistance prolongs the larval development time of resistant mosquitoes. The average survival time of resistant adults was significantly shorter than that of susceptible adults, while the body weight of resistant female adults was significantly higher than that of the susceptible females. We also compared the vector competence for dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) between the two strains via RT-qPCR. Considering the results of infection rate (IR) and virus load, there was no difference between the two strains during the early period of infection (4, 7, 10 day post infection (dpi)). However, in the later period of infection (14 dpi), IR and virus load in heads, salivary glands and ovaries of the resistant mosquitoes were significantly lower than those of the susceptible strain (IR of heads, salivary glands and ovaries: P < 0.05; virus load in heads and salivary glands: P < 0.05; virus load in ovaries: P < 0.001). And then, fourteen days after the DENV-2-infectious blood meal, females of the susceptible and resistant strains were allow to bite 5-day-old suckling mice. Both stains of mosquito can transmit DENV-2 to mice, but the onset of viremia was later in the mice biting by resistant group as well as lower virus copies in serum and brains, suggesting that the horizontal transmission of the resistant strain is lower than the susceptible strain. Meanwhile, we also detected IR of egg pools of the two strains on 14 dpi and found that the resistant strain were less capable of vertical transmission than susceptible mosquitoes. In addition, the average survival time of the resistant females infected with DENV-2 was 16 days, which was the shortest among the four groups of female mosquitoes, suggesting that deltamethrin resistance would shorten the life span of female Aedes albopictus infected with DENV-2.Conclusions/SignificanceAs Aedes albopictus developing high resistance to deltamethrin, the resistance prolonged the growth and development of larvae, shorten the life span of adults, as well as reduced the vector competence of resistant Aedes albopictus for DENV-2. It can be concluded that the resistance to deltamethrin in Aedes albopictus is a double-edged sword, which not only endow the mosquito survive under the pressure of insecticide, but also increase the fitness cost and decrease its vector competence. However, Aedes albopictus resistant to deltamethrin can still complete the external incubation period and transmit dengue virus, which remains a potential vector for dengue virus transmission and becomes a threat to public health. Therefore, we should pay high attention for the problem of insecticide resistance so that to better prevent and control mosquito-borne diseases.     

Bioassay and biochemical analyses of insecticide resistance in southern African Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Anopheles funestus Giles has been implicated as a major malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa where pyrethroid insecticides are widely used in agriculture and public health. Samples of this species from northern Kwazulu/Natal in South Africa and the Beluluane region of southern Mozambique showed evidence of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Insecticide exposure, synergist and biochemical assays conducted on A. funestus suggested that elevated levels of mixed function oxidases were responsible for the detoxification of pyrethroids in resistant mosquitoes in these areas. The data suggested that this mechanism was also conferring cross-resistance to the carbamate insecticide propoxur.     

Fitness consequences of malathion-specific resistance in red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and selection for resistance in the absence of malathion

Malathion resistance in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), is a worldwide problem and is very stable once it becomes widespread in natural populations. In the absence of insecticide the proportion of resistant phenotypes may rapidly decline but the development of resistance does not always involve reduced fitness. Malathion-specific resistance in T. castaneum seems not to involve any loss of fitness in laboratory or field conditions. Susceptible beetles were in competition with resistant beetles at different initial frequencies and modifications of susceptible gene frequency were estimated in these laboratory populations over 10 generations. A significant decrease in susceptible gene frequency was observed in Tribolium populations over time. The selection coefficient of the susceptible allele was estimated and the fitness of susceptible alleles in all tests was observed to range from 0.89 to 0.93 compared with the fitness of resistant genotypes, which was assumed to be 1. Data provided evidence that the resistant strains exhibited fitness advantages in the absence of malathion. We also compared the biotic potential (fecundity and developmental time) of the susceptible strain, the homozygous malathion-specific resistant strain, and their hybrids. Malathion-specific resistant strains showed an 8 -23% increase in biotic potential relative to the susceptible strain. These findings are consistent with those of malathion-specific resistance in T. castaneum; the fitness of the insects seems independent of the genetic background and the fitness of the resistant insects is not affected by this resistance mechanism.     

棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯抗性品系和敏感品系的相对适合度

通过构建棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)对氰戊菊酯抗性品系(Fen-R)和敏感品系(S)的实验种群生命表,比较了一系列生长发育和繁殖特征,并用净增殖率(Rn)来确定两个品系的相对适合度。 结果表明,Fen-R品系与敏感品系相比具有一定程度的繁殖不利性,包括雌蛾交配率降低,每头雌蛾的平均产卵量减少以及较低的卵孵化率;没有观察到Fen-R品系在生长发育上的不利性。Fen-R品系相对于敏感品系具有0.69的适合度。     

Pleiotropy of insecticide resistance in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), has developed resistance to various insecticides. Relative fitness of one susceptible strain (Sv) and two strains selected for resistance to diflubenzuron (Rt) and deltamethrin (Rv), respectively, was measured in the absence of insecticide selection pressure. Mating rate, fecundity, fertility, developmental time, fifth instar weight, and adult longevity were compared. Both resistant strains were less fecund and fertile, developed more slowly, weighed less, and had shorter life-spans than the susceptible strain. These results indicate that biological constraints are associated with insecticide resistance in the codling moth. We also found that fitness estimates of the Rv strain did not differ statistically from those of the Rt strain. Enhanced mixed-function oxidase and glutathione-S-transferase activities have been shown to be involved in insecticide resistance in both Rt and Rv strains. This suggests that the fitness cost described in both resistant strains was mainly associated to metabolic resistance. The impact of such deleterious pleiotropy of insecticide resistance in C. pomonella in terms of resistance management in the field is discussed.     

Fitness traits of insecticide resistant and susceptible strains of tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Heteroptera: Miridae)

We compared the biological traits of insecticide resistant and susceptible field populations of tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse. The insecticide resistant population of the conventional Tea Estate “Chuapara” of the Dooars, Jalpaiguri, differed significantly from the susceptible strain of the organic Tea Estate “Makibari” of Darjeeling. Both these tea plantation areas are located in the northern part of West Bengal, India. Adverse changes in biological and developmental traits were observed mainly in: (i) reduction in oviposition period; (ii) fecundity; and (iii) prolongation of nymphal and total developmental period. However, all other parameters such as pre- and post oviposition periods, egg incubation period, hatchability and adult longevity were not significantly different. These results clearly demonstrated that only certain fitness components in the resistant strains appear to be adaptively changed and lowered.     

Anopheles funestus resistant to pyrethroid insecticides in South Africa

Northern Kwazulu/Natal (KZN) Province of South Africa borders on southern Mozambique, between Swaziland and the Indian Ocean. To control malaria vectors in KZN, houses were sprayed annually with residual DDT 2 g/ m2 until 1996 when the treatment changed to deltamethrin 20-25 mg/m2. At Ndumu (27 degrees 02'S, 32 degrees 19'E) the recorded malaria incidence increased more than six-fold between 1995 and 1999. Entomological surveys during late 1999 found mosquitoes of the Anopheles funestus group (Diptera: Culicidae) resting in sprayed houses in some sectors of Ndumu area. This very endophilic-vector of malaria had been eliminated from South Africa by DDT spraying in the 1950s, leaving the less endophilic An. arabiensis Patton as the only vector of known importance in KZN. Deltamethrin-sprayed houses at Ndumu were checked for insecticide efficacy by bioassay using susceptible An. arabiensis (laboratory-reared) that demonstrated 100% mortality. Members of the An. funestus group from Ndumu houses (29 males, 116 females) were identified by the rDNA PCR method and four species were found: 74 An. funestus Giles sensu stricto, 34 An. parensis Gillies, seven An. rivulorum Leeson and one An. leesoni Evans. Among An. funestus s.s. females, 5.4% (4/74) were positive for Plasmodium falciparum by ELISA and PCR tests. To test for pyrethroid resistance, mosquito adults were exposed to permethrin discriminating dosage and mortality scored 24h post-exposure: survival rates of wild-caught healthy males were 5/10 An. funestus, 1/9 An. rivulorum and 0/2 An. parensis; survival rates of laboratory-reared adult progeny from 19 An. funestus females averaged 14% (after 1h exposure to 1% permethrin 25:75cis:trans on papers in WHO test kits) and 27% (after 30 min in a bottle with 25 microg permethrin 40:60cis:trans). Anopheles funestus families showing >20% survival in these two resistance test procedures numbered 5/19 and 12/19, respectively. Progeny from 15 of the families were tested on 4% DDT impregnated papers and gave 100% mortality. Finding these proportions of pyrethroid-resistant An. funestus, associated with a malaria upsurge at Ndumu, has serious implications for malaria vector control operations in southern Africa.     

桔小实蝇抗敌百虫品系的实验种群生物学比较研究

【目的】研究明确桔小实蝇 Bactrocare dorsalis (Hendel) 抗药性品系与敏感品系的基本生物学特征以及相对适合度、内禀增长率等种群生物学参数差异。【方法】实验室条件下筛选出对敌百虫具中抗和高抗的桔小实蝇品系,观察记录其与敏感品系的生物学特性,比较三者之间的主要生物学参数。【结果】桔小实蝇敏感品系与2个抗性品系的卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期、化蛹率、产卵前期、雌雄虫寿命、存活时间及雌虫比率均无显著差异。中抗品系卵孵化率和成虫羽化率分别为68.33%和93.73%,均显著低于敏感品系（分别为88.33%和97.93%）和高抗品系（分别为86.67%和98.21%）。与敏感品系的产卵量864.61粒/雌和高抗品系的产卵量750.70粒/雌相比,中抗品系的产卵量降低至630.87粒/雌。3个品系雌虫日产卵量动态规律比较一致,均呈开始产卵后短时间内进入产卵盛期,继而产量达到高峰,之后产卵量波动下降。但是与敏感品系相比,2个抗性品系雌虫较早进入产卵高峰。对成虫存活率动态拟合方程参数c值均大于1,符合I型存活曲线基本模型,表明在实验室理想条件下3个品系成虫均能达到其平均寿命。敏感品系种群趋势指数（I）最高,为339.41,其次为高抗品系（I =307.82）,最小为中抗品系（ I =175.79）,表明对敌百虫产生抗性抑制了桔小实蝇种群的增长,中抗品系抑制程度更大。敏感和高抗品系实验种群净增殖率较高,分别为327.89和284.29;中抗品系显著较低,为217.49。2个抗性品系内禀增长率（r_m）和周限增长率（λ）间无显著差异,且均显著大于敏感品系,世代历期（T）则显著缩短。基于种群净增殖率获得的敌百虫高抗和中抗品系相对适合度分别为0.8670和0.6633。【结论】在敌百虫的选择压力下,桔小实蝇抗药性品系的世代周期、中抗品系卵的孵化率和蛹的羽化率显著降低,其他多项生物学特征无显著变化。抗性品系的繁殖力和种群世代增长量受到抑制,以中抗品系更为明显;但与敏感品系相比,抗性品系种群增长潜力更大。     

Mating behaviour and reproductive output in insecticide‐resistant and ‐susceptible strains of the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais)

Insecticide resistance is a broadly recognised and well‐studied management problem resulting from intensive insecticide use, which also provides useful evolutionary models of newly adapted phenotypes to changing environments. Two common assumptions in such models are the existence of fitness costs associated with insecticide resistance, which will place the resistant individuals at a disadvantage in insecticide‐free environments, and the prevalence of random mating among insecticide‐resistant and ‐susceptible individuals. However, cases of insecticide resistance lacking apparent fitness disadvantages do exist impacting the evolution and management of insecticide resistance. Assortative mating, although rarely considered, may also favour the evolution and spread of insecticide resistance. Thus, the possible existence of both conditions in the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais), a key pest of stored cereals, led to the assessment of the mating behaviour and reproductive fitness of insecticide‐resistant and ‐susceptible weevil strains and their reciprocal crosses. The patterns of female and male mating choice also were assessed. Although mating behaviour within and between weevil strains was similar without mate choice, mating within the resistant strain led to higher reproductive output than within the susceptible strain; inter‐strain matings led to even higher fertility. Thus, no apparent fitness cost associated with resistance seems to exist in these weevils, favouring the evolution of this phenotype that is further aided by the higher fertility of inter‐strain matings. Mate choice reduced latency to mate and no inter‐strain preference was detected, but female weevils were consistent in their mate selection between 1st and 2nd matings indicating existence of female mating preference among maize weevils. Therefore, if female mate selection comes to favour trait(s) associated with insecticide resistance, higher reproductive fitness will be the outcome of such matings favouring the evolution and spread of insecticide resistance among maize weevil populations reverting into a management concern.     

Laboratory selection for resistance to sulfoxaflor and fitness costs in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae

Sulfoxaflor is a newly released fourth-generation neonicotinoid insecticide for management of sap-feeding pests that have developed resistance to established insecticide groups. The risk of resistance developing to this pesticide in target pests is unclear. We selected a strain of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), for resistance to sulfoxaflor in the laboratory, which showed 199-fold resistance after 45 generations compared to the starting population. Life table analysis showed that the resistant strain had a fitness of 0.83 compared to the susceptible strain. Adult longevity of the resistant strain was reduced by 9.55% compared to the susceptible strain. The period when adults of the resistant strain produced offspring was reduced by 17.19%, while the mean fecundity of the resistant strain was reduced by 15%. These findings suggest that M. persicae can develop a high level of resistance to sulfoxaflor, but fitness costs may result in a recovery of sensitivity when field populations are no longer exposed to sulfoxaflor.     

Fitness cost associated with carbosulfan resistance in Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

In order to collect basic information for a resistance management program of Aphis gossypii Glover to carbosulfan, studies to evaluate fitness costs associated to this resistance were conducted under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, we studied the stability of carbosulfan resistance in A. gossypii populations with differing initial frequencies of resistance and compared life-history traits of carbosulfan-susceptible and resistant strains. The stability of resistance was followed in three populations with initial frequencies of 20, 50 and 80% of resistant individuals. The susceptibility to carbosulfan was monthly estimated by using the diagnostic concentration of 32 ppm. The biology of carbosulfan-susceptible and resistant strains was evaluated in cotton plants kept under controlled climatic conditions. The resistance to carbosulfan was unstable, that is, there was a significant increase in the susceptibility of different populations of A. gossypii to this insecticide in the absence of selection pressure. Comparison of biological traits between carbosulfan-susceptible and resistant strains showed that there is a fitness cost associated with resistance. The resistant strain showed lower fecundity, shorter reproductive period and lower longevity than the susceptible strain. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was 14.04 and 43.18 and the finite rate of increase (lambda) was 1.25 and 1.30 females/female/day for the resistant and susceptible strains respectively. Therefore, the instability of carbosulfan resistance in A. gossypii can be exploited in resistance management programs.     

褐飞虱抗吡虫啉品系生物适合度研究

毒力测定结果显示 ,虽然褐飞虱NilaparvatalugensSt l田间品系对吡虫啉还没有表现出明显的抗性 ,但室内筛选品系已经出现了一定水平的抗性 ,抗性品系 1 (R1)和抗性品系 2 (R2 )的抗性倍数分别为 2 5 3 8和 68 92。通过建立抗性品系、田间种群和敏感品系的生命表 ,发现抗性品系适合度显著下降 ,而且R2 品系下降的幅度明显大于R1品系。存在显著变化的因素有低龄若虫存活率、成虫羽化率、交配率、产卵量和孵化率下降 ,雌虫寿命缩短 ;R2 品系还表现为卵历期延长 ,3龄若虫至 5龄若虫存活率下降。R2 品系产卵高峰期迟 ,高峰期日虫量显著低于敏感品系和田间种群。用种群数量趋势指数 (I)来确定抗性品系的相对生物适合度 ,发现与敏感性品系相比 ,R1品系和R2 品系的相对适合度分别为0 60 9和 0 2 45。     

Effect of insecticide resistance on development, longevity and reproduction of field or laboratory selected Aedes aegypti populations

Aedes aegypti dispersion is the major reason for the increase in dengue transmission in South America. In Brazil, control of this mosquito strongly relies on the use of pyrethroids and organophosphates against adults and larvae, respectively. In consequence, many Ae. aegypti field populations are resistant to these compounds. Resistance has a significant adaptive value in the presence of insecticide treatment. However some selected mechanisms can influence important biological processes, leading to a high fitness cost in the absence of insecticide pressure. We investigated the dynamics of insecticide resistance and its potential fitness cost in five field populations and in a lineage selected for deltamethrin resistance in the laboratory, for nine generations. For all populations the life-trait parameters investigated were larval development, sex ratio, adult longevity, relative amount of ingested blood, rate of ovipositing females, size of egglaying and eggs viability. In the five natural populations, the effects on the life-trait parameters were discrete but directly proportional to resistance level. In addition, several viability parameters were strongly affected in the laboratory selected population compared to its unselected control. Our results suggest that mechanisms selected for organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance caused the accumulation of alleles with negative effects on different life-traits and corroborate the hypothesis that insecticide resistance is associated with a high fitness cost.