高温对稻褐飞虱发育与生殖的影响

通过高温处理及交配产卵实验,探讨了高温对稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)发育与生殖的影响。研究了不同高温条件对褐飞虱若虫发育历期、产卵量、产卵前期、寿命等生物学特性的影响。34℃以上高温导致褐飞虱若虫发育历期延长。高温处理4龄若虫使羽化后的雌成虫产卵量减少。高温处理不同日龄雌成虫也致使其产卵量减少,其中以1日龄短翅型、3日龄长翅型的产卵量影响最大。高温处理后褐飞虱寿命缩短。高温恒温处理,对短翅型雌成虫的产卵前期影响不大,但能延长长翅型雌成虫的产卵前期;而高温变温处理致使短、长翅型雌成虫的产卵前期均延长。高温变温对褐飞虱生殖的影响程度大于高温恒温。高温处理组雌、雄成虫与对照组相应的成虫交配试验表明,高温对雌性的影响大于雄性。实验初步确定34℃为对褐飞虱发育与生殖产生影响的临界温度。     

氮肥促进Bt水稻和非Bt水稻上溴氰菊酯诱导的褐飞虱再猖獗能力

【目的】褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugnes是Bt水稻上重要的非靶标害虫之一,多种药剂会引起褐飞虱的再猖獗。本研究旨在探究氮肥使用下Bt水稻上褐飞虱对农药的生态适应性和再猖獗能力。【方法】取Bt水稻T1C-19(含cry1C*基因)和T2A-1(含cry2A*基因)稻苗分别施以0,100和250kg N/hm~2的氮肥,用不同浓度溴氰菊酯(0,1,3和6 mg/L)喷雾处理其上饲养的褐飞虱,分析氮肥处理的Bt水稻上褐飞虱对农药的生态适应性指标(若虫发育历期、若虫存活率、雌成虫体重、单雌产卵量和卵孵化率)。【结果】高浓度溴氰菊酯(6 mg/L)处理下褐飞虱的若虫存活率显著低于未处理组,而单雌产卵量则高于未处理组。方差分析表明,氮肥与溴氰菊酯相互作用可以显著影响褐飞虱的若虫存活率、雌成虫体重、单雌产卵量和卵孵化率。在0 kg N/hm~2处理下,溴氰菊酯处理对褐飞虱的产卵量无显著影响。在100和250 kg N/hm~2处理稻株上褐飞虱产卵量随着溴氰菊酯浓度的升高而增加。随着氮肥施用量的增加,褐飞虱若虫历期缩短,雌成虫体重增加,产卵量增加,褐飞虱若虫孵化率和存活率增高。相同氮肥施用量、溴氰菊酯同一浓度处理条件下,Bt水稻和常规水稻相比对褐飞虱的若虫发育历期、产卵量、卵孵化率和存活率均无显著影响。【结论】本研究结果表明,氮肥可以促进Bt水稻和非Bt水稻上溴氰菊酯诱导的褐飞虱再猖獗。     

转Bt基因水稻“赣绿1号”对非靶标害虫褐飞虱取食、产卵行为及生长发育的影响

【目的】研究转cry1Ab/Ac基因水稻"赣绿1号"对非靶标害虫褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的潜在影响。【方法】采用标准苗期集团筛选法研究"赣绿1号"对褐飞虱的抗性;利用取食和产卵选择性研究"赣绿1号"对褐飞虱取食、产卵行为的影响;用"赣绿1号"连续饲养褐飞虱5代,研究对褐飞虱生长发育(若虫发育历期、成虫体重)和繁殖(孵化子代若虫数量)的影响。【结果】"赣绿1号"与非转基因亲本对褐飞虱均表现为中抗;褐飞虱于"赣绿1号"上取食、产卵选择与非转基因亲本均无显著差异;除取食"赣绿1号"第2代褐飞虱第3龄龄期显著短于取食非转基因亲本水稻的褐飞虱外,第2代和第5代若虫各龄龄期均无显著差异,褐飞虱雌雄成虫体重和孵化若虫数均无显著差异。【结论】与对照水稻相比,转Bt基因水稻"赣绿1号"对非靶标害虫褐飞虱的苗期抗性、取食、产卵行为及生长发育等无明显的不利影响。     

烟粉虱MED隐种抑制蛋白基因Btarrestin的克隆及特性分析

【目的】明确烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci MED隐种抑制蛋白基因Btarrestin是否参与吡虫啉耐药性。【方法】根据已有烟粉虱转录组数据,利用RT-PCR克隆Btarrestin的全长序列,进行生物信息学分析。通过qPCR分析Btarrestin在烟粉虱MED隐种各个龄期(卵,1-2龄、3龄、4龄若虫,雌、雄成虫)以及吡虫啉处理(100 mg/L)后成虫中的表达量变化,明确其时空表达模式。利用RNAi技术沉默Btarrestin,观察沉默前后Btarrestin表达量和烟粉虱MED隐种成虫死亡率变化。【结果】成功克隆烟粉虱MED隐种Btarrestin的cDNA序列(GenBank登录号: MK204377),编码区全长1 227 bp,编码409个氨基酸,预测所编码的蛋白分子量约为45.33 kD,理论等电点(pI)为8.38。保守结构域分析表明,Btarrestin具有Arrestin_N和Arrestin_C两个超家族保守结构域,符合抑制蛋白家族特征。分子系统树分析表明,Btarrestin与褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的Arrestin亲缘关系最近。Btarrestin的表达量随烟粉虱MED隐种的生长发育逐渐升高,成虫期表达量最高。100 mg/L吡虫啉处理成虫24 h后Btarrestin的表达量较对照增加了2.39倍。RNAi干扰Btarrestin后进行生物测定,烟粉虱MED隐种成虫的死亡率上升了31.27％。【结论】Btarrestin可能与烟粉虱MED隐种对吡虫啉的耐药性有关。     

营养对褐飞虱生长和繁殖信号通路的影响

【目的】昆虫感知外界营养状态,在体内营养信号通过许多信号通路进行传递,进而调控昆虫的生长和繁殖。本研究旨在为营养调控褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens生长和繁殖的分子机制作出初步探索。【方法】在不同营养条件［100%浓度饲料(全纯人工饲料D-97, 对照)、50%浓度人工饲料和25%浓度人工饲料］下饲喂褐飞虱3龄第2天若虫至成虫,统计体重、发育历期、存活率和每卵巢成熟卵量;利用荧光定量PCR检测羽化后第2天褐飞虱成虫不同组织(卵巢、脂肪体和其他组织)中IIS, TOR以及AMPK信号通路相关基因(InR1, InR2, AKT, FoxO, TOR, S6K, 4EBP, AMPKα,AMPKβ和AMPKγ)的表达量;利用Western blot方法检测羽化后第6天褐飞虱成虫卵巢和其他组织中Akt, FoxO和AMPK蛋白磷酸化水平;同时检测羽化后第6天褐飞虱成虫不同组织中的ROS水平以及不同龄期褐飞虱体内保幼激素(juvenile hormone, JH)和蜕皮激素(20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E)滴度。【结果】与饲喂100%浓度人工饲料的对照相比,用低浓度人工饲料饲喂褐飞虱至成虫导致5龄第2天至成虫体重显著降低,从3龄第2天若虫至成虫发育历期缩短,死亡率提高,每卵巢成熟卵量显著降低。取食低浓度人工饲料后,羽化后第2天成虫IIS, TOR以及AMPK信号通路相关基因InR2, TOR, 4EBP, AMPKα在卵巢、脂肪体和其他组织中, AKT, S6K和AMPKγ在脂肪体和其他组织中,以及InR1, FoxO和AMPKβ在其他组织中表达量较对照均显著下降,但卵巢中InR1, AKT, FoxO和AMPKγ的表达量相对稳定;羽化后第6天成虫卵巢和其他组织中AKT, FoxO以及AMPK的磷酸化水平显著增加。随着人工饲料饲喂浓度的降低,羽化后第6天褐飞虱成虫不同组织中的ROS水平显著增加。不同营养条件下褐飞虱4龄第2天若虫体内JH滴度无显著差异,低营养条件下5龄第2天若虫体内JH滴度较对照显著降低,而在羽化后第2天成虫体内JH滴度则较对照显著增加;低营养条件导致褐飞虱若虫以及成虫体内20E滴度均显著增加。【结论】褐飞虱在面临营养缺失的情况下,营养信号传导通路(IIS, TOR以及APMK通路)的关键基因表达均下降,而ROS水平显著上升,通过调节AKT, FoxO以及AMPK的磷酸化水平,进而影响JH以及20E的生物合成。     

褐飞虱自噬相关基因NlATG13的表达与功能分析

【目的】自噬参与多种细胞生理过程,自噬相关蛋白ATG13是ATG1/13复合物的组成部分, 在启动自噬中发挥着重要作用。本研究旨在分析ATG13在褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens中发挥的功能,评估其作为害虫防治靶标的潜力。【方法】基于褐飞虱转录组数据,利用RACE克隆褐飞虱NlATG13的cDNA全长序列;应用生物信息学技术分析NlATG13的核苷酸和氨基酸序列特征。利用RT-qPCR检测其在褐飞虱不同发育阶段(1-5龄若虫和雌雄成虫)和不同组织(5龄若虫头、胸、中肠和脂肪体以及刚羽化雌成虫的卵巢)中的表达模式。通过显微注射dsNlATG13至3龄若虫进行RNAi敲减NlATG13的表达,探究其对褐飞虱生存和中肠细胞自噬的影响;利用RT-qPCR检测RNAi 4 d时3龄若虫中糖原合成与代谢通路相关基因NlGSK3, NlGS和NlGP的表达量。【结果】克隆得到NlATG13的cDNA全长序列(GenBank登录号: MF805752),其开放阅读框长1 203 bp,编码一个含400个氨基酸的蛋白质(GenBank登录号: AWW05678.1)。系统发育分析表明,在纳入分析的物种中,NlATG13蛋白与半翅目温带臭虫Cimex lectularius和茶翅蝽Halyomorpha halys的ATG13蛋白进化关系较为接近。发育表达谱结果表明NlATG13在褐飞虱3和5龄若虫中的表达量显著高于在1-2龄若虫、雌成虫和雄成虫中的; 组织表达谱结果表明NlATG13在5龄若虫头部和脂肪体中的相对表达量较高,在胸部的表达量最低。RNAi结果显示,与dsGFP对照组相比dsNlATG13处理组中褐飞虱中肠细胞中存在明显的糖原颗粒积累,NlGS, NlGSK3和NlGP的表达量均无显著变化,组织ATP含量显著降低;褐飞虱的存活率显著降低,处理第10天时褐飞虱存活率下降到41.4%,而dsGFP对照组的存活率保持在85.6%的较高水平。【结论】 RNA干扰NlATG13基因对褐飞虱的生存和中肠细胞自噬具有显著的抑制效果,NlATG13基因具有作为褐飞虱防治靶标的潜力。     

褐飞虱基因BphMIF1克隆及表达分析

【目的】克隆水稻重要害虫褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens唾液蛋白基因BphMIF1,探析BphMIF1在响应褐飞虱取食过程中的表达谱。【方法】采用RT-PCR法克隆了褐飞虱唾液蛋白基因BphMIF1,测序后对序列进行生物信息学分析,使用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)对褐飞虱1-5龄若虫及成虫以及不同成虫虫体部位BphMIF1的表达量进行分析,同时对BphMIF1进行了原核表达分析。【结果】克隆得到BphMIF1基因,编码119个氨基酸。qPCR结果表明BphMIF1基因在若虫4龄期表达会迅速上调,在成虫的头、胸、腹均有表达,以腹部表达量最高。原核表达结果显示褐飞虱BphMIF1基因以0.5mmol?L-1的IPTG作为诱导浓度,诱导时间为4h表达效果较好。【结论】BphMIF1基因在褐飞虱成虫头、胸、腹部均有表达,在若虫不同发育历期其表达量有所差异且在4龄若虫时期表达量有显著上调。该结果可为BphMIF1在褐飞虱取食过程中的功能研究奠定基础。     

硫激肽及其受体调控褐飞虱取食行为

【目的】明确硫激肽(sulfakinin, SK)及硫激肽受体(sulfakinin receptor, SKR)在褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens取食行为中的作用。【方法】PCR克隆褐飞虱硫激肽基因Nlsk及其受体基因Nlskr cDNA全长序列并进行生物信息学分析；利用qRT-PCR检测Nlsk及Nlskr在褐飞虱不同发育阶段(卵、1-5龄若虫、雄成虫和雌成虫)和雌成虫不同组织(头、触角、翅、口针、足、肠道和马氏管)中的表达量；褐飞虱3龄若虫注射dsNlskr进行基因沉默，qRT-PCR检测4龄若虫中Nlskr的表达量，测定4龄若虫的取食量；基于已构建的Nlskr RNAi后的4龄若虫转录组数据库进行差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs)的GO和KEGG分析以及取食相关基因的qRT-PCR验证。【结果】PCR克隆得到了褐飞虱Nlsk(GenBank登录号：AB817281)及Nlskr(GenBank登录号：BAO01059.1)的cDNA全长序列。序列比对结果显示，褐飞虱NlSK成熟肽具有与其他物种保守的C端FMRFam...     

褐飞虱核糖体小亚基蛋白S8基因NlRPS8的克隆及其表达分析

【目的】核糖体蛋白在生物体内具有重要作用,本研究旨在探明核糖体蛋白S8在褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens生长发育过程中的表达规律和功能。【方法】本文根据褐飞虱基因表达谱提供的差异表达基因信息及转录组提供的基因核心序列,结合褐飞虱基因组比对分析,对褐飞虱核糖体S8基因进行了预测,并通过RT-PCR获得了褐飞虱核糖体小亚基蛋白S8的全长c DNA序列,命名为NlRPS8(Gen Bank登录号:KU341337)。【结果】NlRPS8基因全长627 bp,编码208个氨基酸。进化分析表明,褐飞虱与桑粉介壳虫Maconellicoccus hirsutus亲缘关系最为接近。应用荧光定量PCR分析了基因NlRPS8的表达规律,结果表明,NlRPS8基因在褐飞虱怀卵雌虫中表达量最高,而在雄成虫、初羽化雌成虫与1~5龄若虫表达量相对较低;在褐飞虱体内,NlRPS8基因在卵巢中表达量最高,中肠次之,在其他部位表达量较低。在抗性品种ASD7和RHT上,NlRPS8基因表达量分别为感性品种TN1上的1.99倍和2.14倍。NlRPS8基因在经过饥饿处理1 d的褐飞虱组中表达量为正常组的1.6倍。【结论】研究结果显示NlRPS8基因在褐飞虱生长、繁殖中发挥作用,为进一步研究NlRPS8基因在褐飞虱生长发育和对抗性品种适应中的功能提供了线索。     

褐飞虱丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因Nlserpin4的克隆及表达模式分析

摘要: 【目的】克隆和分析褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因Nlserpin4,并探明其时空表达谱和病原真菌诱导表达模式。【方法】基于褐飞虱转录组和全基因组序列数据,利用PCR技术克隆得到褐飞虱Nlserpin4基因的全长cDNA序列;利用生物信息学手段分析其核苷酸和蛋白质序列特征;通过qRT-PCR技术检测其在褐飞虱不同发育时期(卵、1-5龄若虫和初羽化雌雄成虫)和5龄若虫不同组织(脂肪体、肠道、血淋巴和剩余虫体)中的时空表达谱,以及金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae注射感染褐飞虱5龄若虫不同时间后的诱导表达模式。【结果】克隆获得褐飞虱Nlserpin4基因全长cDNA序列(GenBank登录号: MN822802),其开放阅读框长1 227 bp,编码408个氨基酸,蛋白的相对分子质量和等电点分别为45.91 kD和6.23。氨基酸序列分析表明,Nlserpin4蛋白无糖基化位点,N端包含一段由23个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽,C端具有serpin蛋白家族典型的RCL区,且含有能被靶标蛋白酶识别的活性裂解位点。系统发育分析表明,Nlserpin4与半翅目其他昆虫的serpin亲缘关系较近,其中与蔗黄伪毛蚜Sipha flava serpin4的亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR分析表明,Nlserpin4基因表达具有明显的时空特异性,其在成虫中的表达量显著高于在其他龄期的,且在雄成虫中表达量最高;Nlserpin4基因在褐飞虱5龄若虫脂肪体、肠道、血淋巴和剩余虫体中均有表达,且在剩余虫体组织中表达量最高;病原真菌金龟子绿僵菌诱导48 h内Nlserpin4表达量均显著下调,但随着诱导时间的增加,Nlserpin4表达量呈回升趋势。【结论】褐飞虱Nlserpin4基因在褐飞虱不同发育阶段、不同组织以及病原真菌金龟子绿僵菌诱导不同时间下差异表达。研究结果为深入研究Nlserpin4在褐飞虱生长发育和免疫调节中的功能奠定了基础。     

Epigenetics and aging: the targets and the marks

'Aging epigenetics' is an emerging field that promises exciting revelations in the near future. Here we focus on the functional and biological significance of the epigenetic alterations that accumulate during aging and are important in tumorigenesis. Paradigmatic examples are provided by the global loss of DNA methylation in aging and cancer and by the promoter hypermethylation of genes with a dual role in tumor suppression and progeria, such as the Werner syndrome (WRN) and lamin A/C genes. Another twist is provided by sirtuins, a family of NAD-dependent deacetylases that act on Lys16 of histone H4, which are emerging as a link between cellular transformation and lifespan.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

Connections between the globus pallidus and putamen and the hypothalamus and subthalamus

In 16 adult cats with electrolytically destructed external and internal parts of the globus pallidus and in 8 cats with destructed putamen direct strio-pallido-hypothalamic and strio-pallido-subthalamic pathways have been studied. Degeneration of the axonal preterminals and terminals have been examined in preparations treated after Nauta--Gygax, Nauta--Laidlow, Finck--Heimer with simultaneous additional staining of the nuclei with cresyl violet after Kawamura--Niimi. Direct pallido- and putamen-hypothalamic pathways to nuclei of the grey tubercle, posterior and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus were stated. Direct pathways from the putamen to the subthalamic nucleus have been revealed, however, these pathways are represented in less degree than those of pallido-subthalamic connections. Direct pathways from the external portion of the globus pallidus and putamen to the subthalamic nucleus are more pronounced and represented by greater numbers of projections than those of strio-pallido-hypothalamic origin.     

The Choroid Plexuses and the Barriers Between the Blood and the Cerebrospinal Fluid

1. The fluid homeostasis of the brain depends both on the endothelial blood–brain barrier and on the epithelial blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier located at the choroid plexuses and the outer arachnoid membrane.2. The brain has two fluid environments: the brain interstitial fluid, which surrounds the neurons and glia, and the CSF, which fills the ventricles and external surfaces of the central nervous system.3. CSF acts as a fluid cushion for the brain and as a drainage route for the waste products of cerebral metabolism.4. Recent findings suggest that CSF may also act as a third circulation conveying substances secreted into the CSF rapidly to many brain regions.     

Phymosomatoid echinoids from the campanian and the maastrichtian of Belgium and the Netherlands

Phymosomatoid echinoids from the Campanian and the Maastrichtian of Belgium and the Netherlands are systematically revised. Ten species, belonging to four genera are identified and described. One new species is introduced:Gauthieria?mosae sp. nov.