二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种侵袭与离开宿主习性的实验研究

本文对二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种侵袭与离开宿主的习性进行了实验研究,结果：(1)蚤攻击宿主距离平均在2cm以内,最大攻击距离不超过10cm。在有效侵袭范围内,蚤与宿主距离近时较距离远时吸血蚤数增多。(2)蚤对宿主的侵袭程度雌蚤大于雄蚤,繁殖蚤大于新羽化蚤,二齿新蚤大于方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种,对小白鼠大于对达乌尔黄鼠。(3)宿主死后一定时间内,仍有部份蚤侵袭其尸体。 死亡时间越长侵袭蚤数越少,呈logY=a-blogX型曲线。(4)蚤离开宿主时间呈偏态分布,温度越高偏态分布越明显。蚤离开死鼠和离开活鼠所需时间很接近。 二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种离开宿主时间几乎相同。二种蚤离开宿主平均时间与环境温度呈负相关,且呈曲线关系。     

蚤类在宿主体表的分布及温度和蚤数的关系

本文研究了方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种Citellophilus tesquorum sungaris和二齿新蚤Neopsylla bidentatiformis在小白鼠体表的分布及环境温度和体表蚤数的关系.结果证明,在各种温度下,鼠背部蚤数均多于腹部.5℃时,鼠前部蚤数多于后部;10—20℃时,前部与后部蚤数相近;25—40℃时,后部蚤数多于前部.鼠后背部蚤数随温度升高而增多,前腹部蚤数随温度升高而减少;温度越高二者之差越大,说明温度越高蚤越向后背部集中.鼠体蚤数较少时,背部与腹部,前部与后部,蚤数差别明显;鼠体蚤数过多时,各部位蚤数无大差别.     

二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种吸血习性的实验室观察

1983—1989年对二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种几种吸血习性进行了实验观察。1.新羽化蚤吸血蚤百分率与羽化后时间呈直线正相关。二齿新蚤至30小时左右,方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种至40小时左右,吸血蚤百分率约达90%,相当于繁殖蚤。2.蚤同宿主接触5分钟内即有部份吸血。接触半小时吸血蚤数最多,半小时至1小时吸血蚤数减少,也有少部份蚤至1小时尚未吸血。3.吸血蚤与未吸血蚤均可留于宿主体上,亦均能随时离开宿主体。     

两种未吸血幼蚤的耐饥力

1990年在实验室内观察了二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种末吸血幼蚤的耐饥力。证明新羽化蚤在不供给血液条件下也能存活很长或较长时间。共存活时间的长短,与环境温度、湿度有明显关系,而雌雄却无明显差别。     

二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种成虫在不同条件下寿命的观察

<正> 研究蚤的寿命在医学上具有重要意义。作者于1985～1987年研究了二齿新蚤Neopsylla bidentiformis(Wagner)和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种Citellophilus tesquorum sungaris(Jordan)在不同条件下的寿命,报道如下。     

脂肪酸气相色谱图鉴别方形黄鼠蚤各亚种的初步研究

方形黄鼠蚤４个亚种在脂肪酸组分和百分含量上具有明显不同,其中雌虫在１８个组分上有区别雄虫在１４个组分上有区别。此外,雌虫在Ｃ１６：１和Ｃ２０：０的含量上,雄虫在Ｃ１６：１的含量上,４个亚种之间均具有显著性差异。在Ｃ１２－Ｃ２２区间内有９个含量较高的主要组分,是４个亚种所共有的。方形黄鼠蚤在我国境内分布有４个亚种即松江亚种、蒙古     

两种蚤在宿主体表分布的聚集度

在８种温度下,方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种和二齿新蚤在鼠体上呈聚集分布,且聚集度呈两端高,中间低。当温度在１７～２０℃时,聚集度发生改变。蚤数量在约１００只时,两种蚤的聚集度的相关极为显著（ｒ＝０．９８８５,Ｐ＝０．０００１）。对４种聚集度指数,建议只需考虑某一种即可。     

实验室饲养蚤的畸形

过去有很多蚤类畸形的报道,多采自自然界。本记述的畸形均为实验室饲养,标本有方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种Citellophilus tesquorum sugaris(Jordan,1929)和二齿新蚤Neopsylla bidentatiformis(Wagner,1893)。     

达乌尔黄鼠洞内蚤的空间分布

黄鼠洞内共发现9种及亚种蚤,其中以黄鼠蚤松江和二齿新蚤数量最多,其余各种蚤均为散见。前两种蚤在洞内各区段染蚤指数不等,但基本都有分布,巢内数量占据首位。松江黄鼠蚤的消长曲线呈双峰型,二齿新蚤的曲线比较平稳。两种蚤的空间分布特点是巢内多于洞干,洞干多于洞口。根据巢蚤数量二齿新蚤归属“巢型蚤”是无疑的,但松江黄鼠蚤是否隶属“皮型蚤”应进一步研究和讨论。在数量预测中采用O-MXC的公式较为适宜。根据蚤的空间分布图式,消灭跳蚤时应密切注意巢内的跳蚤。可采用滴滴涕或其他灭蚤有效的有机磷、氨基甲酸酯等粉剂,亦可采用缓释杀虫剂等进行毒杀。     

方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种幼虫形态及与同属蚤幼虫的比较

蚤类的幼虫形态,我国迄今已报告15种,其中蚤科Pulicidae 3种,多毛蚤科Hystrichopsyliidae 4种,细蚤科Leptopsyllidae 2种,蝠蚤科Ischnopsyllidae 1种,角叶蚤科Oeratophyllidae 5种。而角叶蚤科的黄鼠蚤属Citellophilus目前已报告2种,即方形黄鼠蚤指名亚种C.t.tesquorum(1961)和三鬃黄鼠蚤巴湖亚种C.trispinus balkhaschensis(叶瑞玉等,1982)。我们在探索方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种C.tesquorum sungaris的生物学特征中,对它的幼虫形态进行了研究,并与同属2个亚种的幼虫形态相比较。     

不同储存条件对大麻化学稳定性的影响

为探讨光照和温度对大麻植物中大麻酚类稳定性的影响,该研究将大麻植物检材以固体粉末和甲醇提取溶液的形式分别在室温(22±2)℃见光、室温(22±2)℃避光、4℃避光、-20℃避光条件下储存20 d后,采用超高效液相(UPLC-PDA)检测分析样本中Δ9-四氢大麻酚(Δ9-THC)、大麻二酚(CBD)和大麻酚(CBN)的含量变化情况。结果表明:3种大麻酚类在不同化学表型大麻中的含量变化趋势相同,固体粉末样本的Δ9-THC、CBD含量在室温光照条件下显著下降,CBN含量基本不变;甲醇提取样本中Δ9-THC、CBN和CBD含量在室温光照条件下均显著下降。避光条件下的室温(22±2)℃及低温(4℃、-20℃)可稳定保存两种形式的大麻样本。大麻中的精神活性成分Δ9-THC的降解满足一级反应动力学规律,光照是影响Δ9-THC降解的重要因素,如果在室温避光条件下储存,大麻或其甲醇提取物可稳定保存,可以更好地指导司法实践活动中短期内大麻检材的取证、运送、保存及鉴定。     

青阳参种子的萌发

青阳参（Cynanchum otophyllum）种子在11月成熟时有休眠习性。收获后将其种子种植在自然温室内,到第二年的春天种子才会萌发,且大多数种子在3月28至4月4日间萌发,这期间的日平均最高和最低温度分别为19．0℃和9．9℃。层积能有效地打破青阳参种子的休眠,休眠种子通过大约1周的层积便能萌发。种子在有光的条件下层积1周后转移到25／15℃的黑暗条件下萌发率可达到75．4％。青阳参种子不论在有光的条件下还是在黑暗环境中层积2～3周后转入30／20和25／15℃进行变温处理,其萌发率最低能达到66．4％,而转入20／10℃变温处理其萌发率最多只能达到20．1％,但若层积6周,即便在20／10℃变温处理的情况下其萌发率也可以达到65．3％以上。     

濒危植物秦岭冷杉种子萌发特性的研究

 秦岭冷杉(Abies chensiensis)为中国特有种,主要分布于中国秦巴山地,现为渐危种,被列为国家二级保护植物。经测定,秦岭冷杉种子千粒重为(33.92±1.01)g,与其它冷杉属的种子比较,其种子千粒重较大。四唑（TTC,1.0 %）染色测种子生活力的结果表明:有生活力的种子占26.00%,空粒占20.50%,涩粒占33.75%,说明秦岭冷杉种子饱满度很差,反映了比较高的种子败育率;染色结果与对比发芽实验的结果很接近,说明用四唑染色来测定秦岭冷杉种子的生活力是较准确的方法。把种子进行0、14、21、28d低温(4℃)层积处理,发现低温层积可以显著提高种子发芽率和发芽势,但是层积21d与28d发芽势没有差异。设置恒温20℃、25℃和变温20～30℃ 3种温度条件下发芽比较,发现最终的发芽率并没有差异,但是发芽势差异显著,恒温25℃达到最大发芽率的90%的时间要比另外两种温度下提前9d,可见25℃是秦岭冷杉种子发芽的适宜温度。光照(8 h·d-1,100μmol·m-2·s-1)和黑暗下种子的最后发芽率差异不显著,但是光照发芽势高,可见光照可以促进秦岭冷杉种子发芽迅速、整齐。实验证明,用砂床做发芽基质与用纸床做发芽基质相比,前者的发芽率和发芽势均比后者高。     

铁皮石斛叶片光合作用的碳代谢途径

 利用LI-6400光合测定系统测定了不同天气条件下铁皮石斛（Dendrobium officinale）叶片24h CO2吸收的动态以及CO2吸收对光强和温度的响应。晴天的白天和夜间铁皮石斛都能吸收CO2,中午CO2吸收速率为负值, CO2的交换方式具景天酸代谢途径(CAM)的特点。阴雨天,只有白天吸收CO2,夜间表现为暗呼吸,光合作用碳代谢的途径为C3途径。在多云的天气条件下,白天吸收CO2,并持续至日落后。夜间21∶00仍有CO2吸收,23∶00以后至次日凌晨处于暗呼吸状态。在500 μmol·m-2·s-1光照件下,20℃出现最大CO2吸收值。在夜间,25℃时CO2的吸收速率最高。有光和无光条件下,低温或高温引起CO2吸收速率下降均为非气孔因素所致。晴天上午,铁皮石斛叶片的表观量子产额为0.035,光合补偿点为2.9μmol·m-2·s-1,饱和光强为500μmol·m-2·s-1,强光下出现光抑制现象。叶片受到强光预先照射后,即使光照减弱光抑制效应仍保持一段时间,致使光合补偿点升高,表观量子产额下降,相同光强下的CO2吸收效率降低。结果表明：铁皮石斛为兼性CAM植物,随着环境条件的变化,其光合作用在景天酸代谢途径(CAM)与C3途径间变化。     

Human Retinal Light Sensitivity and Melatonin Rhythms Following Four Days in Near Darkness

The rods in the retina are responsible for night vision, whereas the cone system enables day vision. We studied whether rod function in humans exhibits an endogenous circadian rhythm and if changes occur in conditions of prolonged darkness. Seven healthy subjects (mean age±SD: 25.6±12.3 yr) completed a 4.5‐day protocol during which they were kept in complete darkness (days 1 and 4) and near darkness (<0.1 lux red light, days 2 and 3). Electroretinography (ERG) and saliva collections were done at intervals of at least 3 h for 27 h on days 1 and 4. Full‐field ERGs were recorded over 10 low‐intensity green light flashes known to test predominantly rod function. As a circadian marker, salivary melatonin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. The ERG data showed that rod responsiveness to light progressively diminished in darkness (significantly lower a‐ and b‐wave amplitudes, longer b‐wave implicit time). The decrease in amplitude (b‐wave) from day 1 to day 4 averaged 22±14%. After correction for the darkness‐related linear trend, the circadian variations in ERG indices were weak and usually non‐significant, with slightly higher responsiveness to light during the day than night. Rod sensitivity (by K index) tended to decrease. Strikingly, the overall amount of melatonin secretion (area under 24 h curve) also decreased from day 1 to day 4 by 33.1±18.9% (p=.017). The drift of the melatonin rhythm phase was within the normal range, less than 56 min over three days. There was no significant correlation between the changes in ERG responses and melatonin. In conclusion, scotopic retinal response to (low‐intensity) light and the amount of melatonin secreted are diminished when humans are kept in continuous darkness. Both processes may have a common underlying mechanism implicating a variety of neurochemicals known to be involved in the regulation of both photoreceptor and pineal gland function.     

Studies of the effect of environmental factors on the rotifer predator–prey system in freshwater

The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of environmental factors: temperature and photoperiod on the zooplankton predator–prey system. Rotifers, an important and cosmopolitan group of zooplankton in freshwater, were used in our study. We investigated the effect of temperature (20, 23, and 30°C) and of photoperiod (L:D = 12:0 and 0:12) on the predatory rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli consuming rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus as prey. Under A. brightwelli predation, populations of B. calyciflorus prey were consumed more slowly at 20 ± 1 and 30 ± 1°C as compared to 23 ± 1°C. Prey consumption by A. brightwelli increased from 0.63 ± 0.09 ind. predator⁻¹ at 20°C to a peak of 1.22 ± 0.12 ind. predator⁻¹ at 23°C, then decreased significantly to 0.93 ± 0.14 ind. predator⁻¹ at 30 ± 1°C. In addition, predation responded to temperature changing sensitively and rapidly. Statistical analysis showed that the prey consumption were significant different under altered temperature periods during 12 h. Photoperiod also significantly influenced the rate of A. brighwelli predation. B. calyciflorus suffered less predation in darkness than in light. The rate of prey consumption in light (1.06 ind. predator⁻¹) was twice the average of that in darkness (0.51 ind. predator⁻¹). Furthermore, predation rate varied under changing photoperiod but predators moved back into the light did not resume their original consumption rate. Our results demonstrate that whether the predation in rotifer successfully or not is strongly influenced by temperature and photoperiod.     

不同温度对麦蛾茧蜂实验种群生长发育的影响

在15,20,25和30℃4个温度梯度下,测定了麦蛾茧蜂Habrobracon hebetor(Say)成蜂寿命、生殖力、发育历期等生物学参数。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,卵期在15℃最长,为(9.50±1.39)d;幼虫发育历期在20℃最长,为(6.60±1.41)d;蛹期在15℃最长,为(23.71±2.63)d。雌蜂的寿命在15℃时最长,为(50.15±6.9)d;30℃时最短,为(9.20±3.12)d雄蜂的寿命在15℃时最长,为(11.45±3.52)d;30℃时最短为(5.90±1.62)d。产卵量在25℃最大,为(208.50±40.12)粒;羽化数、羽化率在30℃最高,分别为(23.60±9.33)%和(35.87±13.87)%;温度变化对麦蛾茧蜂雌成蜂生物学参数具有显著影响。     

Effect of photoperiod and cold acclimation on survival of mice in cold

Male albino mice (Swiss-Webster) were raised at 5 °C under short (8L:16D) and long (16L:8D) light periods. All mice were housed in groups of three to five individuals in plastic mouse cages (16 × 12 × 28 cm) until 42 days of age with food and water ad libitum and cold exposed to ?40 °C between 10:00 am and 4:00 pm to determine survival time or time until loss of righting response occurred (CT min). Under short photo-periods, survival time was 49.3 ± 4.4 min and under long photoperiods it was 38.7 ± 1.9 min (P < 0.05). A second group of mice was maintained from birth at thermoneutral temperature (22 °C) under constant darkness, short day lengths (4L:20D), or constant light in the same fashion as mentioned above. When exposed to ?20 °C survival time was found to be 80.0 ± 5.0 min for the animals kept in constant darkness, 61.1 ± 2.3 min for animals raised in short photo-periods (4L:20D) (P < 0.01), and 52.4 ± 2.3 min for mice raised in constant light (P < 0.05). After 30 min mean rectal temperature was 32.1 ± 0.47 °C for constant-darkness animals, 30.5 ± 0.43 °C for short-day animals (P < 0.02), and 28.5 ± 0.74 °C for animals raised in constant light (P < 0.05). After 60 min mean rectal temperatures for constant-dark, 4L:20D, and constant-light animals were compared and body temperature was found to be 23.7 ± 1.6, 17.3 ± 1.5 (P < 0.01), and 12.8 ± 0.87 °C (P < 0.05), respectively. From these data, it is obvious that photoperiod influences cold resistance at both cold and thermoneutral acclimation temperatures although when considered individually, cold acclimation enhances cold survival to a greater degree than does reduced light exposure.     

Effects of Light and Temperature on Flower-opening of Pharbitis nil

Flower buds of Pharbitis nil cut from plants growing in thefield opened rapidly when kept in darkness for 8 hr followedby continuous light at 20–25°C, but those kept indarkness for 4 hr opened promptly oniy when the temperatureduring the following light period was kept at 23°C or lower.Buds exposed to continuous light at 25°C did not open, butthose exposed to continuous light at 23°C opened slowly.At a lower temperature, the buds opened rapidly even in continuouslight. When the buds were placed in darkness at 25°C at13:30, 17:30 and 21:30 (artificial light from 17:30 to 21:30),they opened about 10 hr after the onset of darkness regardlessof the time of the onset of darkness, but when the buds werekept at 20°C in light from 13:30, 17:30 and 21:30, theyopened at 3:30–5:30 regardless of the time of transferto the lower temperature. The biological clock which controlsthe time of flower-opening is suggested to be easily reset bya light-off signal, but not by a shift from a normal to lowertemperature (20°C). At the lower temperature, the time offlower-opening probably is determined by the time of the latestpreceding light-off (or light-on) signal. ¹Dedicated to Professor Dr. Erwin Biinning on the occasion ofhis 75th birthday. (Received October 23, 1980; Accepted December 15, 1980)     

The Light-Sensitivity of Germination of Ficus benjamina var. nuda (Moraceae) Seeds and Its Ecological Significance

In this paper , Ficus benjamina L . var . nuda seeds were used as experimental materials, effects of temperature, light , phytohormone ( gibberellin , 6-benzyladenine and ethylene ) , nitrogenous compounds ( sodium nitroprusside,nitrate , and nitrite ) on seed germination were studied , and ecological significance of light in seed germination was discussed. Under alternating photoperiod (14 h light , 10 h dark , 12μmol m- 2 s - 1 ) , final germination percentage of seeds was 87. 5% , 100% , 100% , 100% , 98% , 89% and 100% , respectively, at 15℃ , 20℃ , 25℃ , 30℃ , 35℃ , 40℃ and 30℃􊄯20℃ , mean germination time of seeds was 34 . 7 d , 16 . 3 d , 5. 6 d , 4 .8 d , 6 . 4 d , 9 d and 6 .3 d , respectively. Germination percentage of seeds which were incubated for 35 d at 15℃ , 20℃ , 25℃ , 30℃ , 35℃ , 40℃ , 30℃􊄯20℃ and dark was zero , and these seeds rapidly germinated after addition of alternating photoperiod . Light intensity of 0 . 5 - 20μmol m- 2 s - 1 markedly increased final germination percentage of seeds . However , different light intensity influencedhardly final germination percentage of seeds, but altered germination rate of seeds . Under photoperiod of 24 h , final germination percentage of seeds notably increased with increasing length of light duration . The seeds treated for 24 h ,36 h , and 48 h by continuous light could germinate at subsequent dark. Different concentrations of exogenous gibberellin, 6-benzyladenine, ethylene, sodium nitroprusside , nitrate and nitrite could not replace light and not accelerate seed germination, and these seeds rapidly gained germinablity after addition of alternating photoperiod . Germination behavior of F. enjamina L . var . nuda seeds was closely related to long-term adaptation for tropical forest .