人嗅觉黏膜间充质干细胞来源的外泌体促进内皮细胞的血管生成

外泌体作为是细胞旁分泌的重要介质,在促血管形成方面有重要作用。在我们前期研究中,已经成功从嗅黏膜间充质干细胞（olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells,OM-MSCs）分离、鉴定了其外泌体,然而,OM-MSCs源外泌体对血管生成的影响尚不清楚。本研究旨在探讨OM-MSCs来源外泌体对内皮细胞血管生成能力的影响。采用PKH67 荧光标记OM-MSCs源外泌体,与人脑微血管内皮细胞（human brain microvessel endothelial cells, HBMECs) 共培养,观察 OM-MSCs外泌体能否进入 HBMECs。采用CCK-8法、Transwell 迁移实验和小管实验,观察 OM-MSCs外泌体对 HBMECs增殖、迁移及管状结构形成的影响。采用基质胶塞实验及CD31免疫荧光,观察OM-MSCs外泌体在体内对血管生成的影响。上述研究均以等量 PBS 作为对照。结果提示,OM-MSCs外泌体可被HBMECs 摄取。CCK-8 法检测显示,在处理1、2、3、4、5 d各时间点,实验组细胞增殖均优于对照组（1.32±0.14 vs. 0.98±0.04, 1.36±0.14 vs.1.04±0.06, 1.75±0.18 vs.1.33±0.11, 2.16±0.11 vs.1.50±0.19, 2.71±0.11 vs. 1.81±0.20, P<0.01）。Transwell 实验结果显示,实验组跨膜迁移细胞吸光度值较对照组显著增多（1.12±0.05 vs.0.02±0.02, P<0.05）。在体外小管实验中,从节点、交叉点、网眼数、血管分支数和总长度5个方面,实验组均高于空白对照组（374.33±127.74 vs. 193.33±44.79, 104.56±33.07 vs. 54.33±11.65, 20.11±11.20 vs. 7.56±3.64, 81.67±19.07 vs. 57.00±13.02, 11466.22±2781.03 vs. 8544.00±1848.61, P<0.05）;在体内实验中,实验组成血管及CD31阳性率（%）亦显著高于对照组（85.00±5.57 vs.8.00±2.08, P<0.05）。本研究表明：OM-MSCs外泌体可促进 HBMECs 增殖、迁移及管样结构形成,提示OM-MSCs外泌体可促进血管新生。     

人嗅觉黏膜间充质干细胞来源的外泌体促进内皮细胞的血管生成

外泌体作为是细胞旁分泌的重要介质,在促血管形成方面有重要作用。在我们前期研究中,已经成功从嗅黏膜间充质干细胞（olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells,OM-MSCs）分离、鉴定了其外泌体,然而,OM-MSCs源外泌体对血管生成的影响尚不清楚。本研究旨在探讨OM-MSCs来源外泌体对内皮细胞血管生成能力的影响。采用PKH67 荧光标记OM-MSCs源外泌体,与人脑微血管内皮细胞（human brain microvessel endothelial cells, HBMECs) 共培养,观察 OM-MSCs外泌体能否进入 HBMECs。采用CCK-8法、Transwell 迁移实验和小管实验,观察 OM-MSCs外泌体对 HBMECs增殖、迁移及管状结构形成的影响。采用基质胶塞实验及CD31免疫荧光,观察OM-MSCs外泌体在体内对血管生成的影响。上述研究均以等量 PBS 作为对照。结果提示,OM-MSCs外泌体可被HBMECs 摄取。CCK-8 法检测显示,在处理1、2、3、4、5 d各时间点,实验组细胞增殖均优于对照组（1.32±0.14 vs. 0.98±0.04, 1.36±0.14 vs.1.04±0.06, 1.75±0.18 vs.1.33±0.11, 2.16±0.11 vs.1.50±0.19, 2.71±0.11 vs. 1.81±0.20, P<0.01）。Transwell 实验结果显示,实验组跨膜迁移细胞吸光度值较对照组显著增多（1.12±0.05 vs.0.02±0.02, P<0.05）。在体外小管实验中,从节点、交叉点、网眼数、血管分支数和总长度5个方面,实验组均高于空白对照组（374.33±127.74 vs. 193.33±44.79, 104.56±33.07 vs. 54.33±11.65, 20.11±11.20 vs. 7.56±3.64, 81.67±19.07 vs. 57.00±13.02, 11466.22±2781.03 vs. 8544.00±1848.61, P<0.05）;在体内实验中,实验组成血管及CD31阳性率（%）亦显著高于对照组（85.00±5.57 vs.8.00±2.08, P<0.05）。本研究表明：OM-MSCs外泌体可促进 HBMECs 增殖、迁移及管样结构形成,提示OM-MSCs外泌体可促进血管新生。     

干细胞外泌体对内皮细胞增殖迁移和血管生成的影响

[目的]探究脂肪间充质干细胞来源的外泌体对人脐静脉内皮细胞的迁移和血管生成的影响。[方法]利用超速离心法提取脂肪间充质干细胞来源的外泌体;通过透射电子显微镜观察外泌体的形貌;通过免疫印迹法检测外泌体的标志蛋白;通过动态光散射法检测外泌体水合粒径;通过CCK-8法检测外泌体对HUVECs增殖的作用;通过划痕实验和Transwell实验检测外泌体对HUVECs迁移的影响;通过血管生成实验评估外泌体诱导HUVECs生成血管的能力。[结果]脂肪间充质干细胞外泌体的平均水合粒径约为151.9±12.3 nm,含有外泌体的标志蛋白CD63、TSG101。外泌体浓度为30μg/mL时,共孵育48 h后,EXO组HUVECs的增殖率高于NC组14%;划痕实验中NC组的平均迁移率约为0.45±0.05,EXO组约为0.63±0.05,EXO组的迁移率显著高于NC组约为0.18±0.07,而Transwel中48 h时NC组的单位面积平均转移细胞数约为167±24,EXO组约为728±49。4 h的成血管实验显示外泌体组管的NC组平均结点数约为495±52,EXO组约为658±76;NC组单位图像平均分支...     

骨髓间充质干细胞外泌体miR-190a-5p通过靶向KLF15抑制肺癌细胞迁移和侵袭

目的:探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)来源的外泌体miR-190a-5p对肺癌细胞的影响。方法:通过超速离心获得BMSCs外泌体,透射电镜观察外泌体形态,采用纳米颗粒示踪分析(NTA)检测外泌体粒径,利用Western印迹检测外泌体上的标志蛋白CD63、CD9及HSP70;选取肺癌细胞系A549、LK79、H1975和HCC827,以及人正常上皮细胞BEAS-2B检测对比miR-190a-5p在这些细胞中和BMSCs衍生的外泌体(BMSC-exosome)中的表达量;双萤光素酶报告基因检测验证Krüppel样因子15(KLF15)是否为miR-190a-5p的靶基因;定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和Western印迹检测miR-190a-5p对KLF15的表达调控;Transwell法检测外泌体对肺癌细胞迁移和侵袭的影响。结果:BMSCs外泌体呈圆形,粒径集中在150～200 nm,标志蛋白CD63、CD9及HSP70阳性表达;BMSCs外泌体中miR-190a-5p的相对表达量均高于在4种肺癌细胞及正常肺细胞BEAS-2B中的表达;双萤光素酶报告基因检测KLF15是miR-190a-5p的靶基因;BMSCs外泌体与miR-190a-5p mimics均能使肺癌细胞中的miR-190a-5p含量升高,并抑制KLF15的mRNA和蛋白表达,从而抑制肺癌细胞迁移和侵袭。结论:BMSCs外泌体miR-190a-5p通过下调KLF15抑制肺癌细胞迁移和侵袭,为肺癌的诊断和治疗提供了新的思路。     

脂肪干细胞外泌体对子宫内膜癌HEC-251细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

为了探讨脂肪干细胞外泌体对子宫内膜癌HEC-251细胞增殖和凋亡的影响及分子机制,本研究从人体脂肪组织中分离脂肪干细胞并提取纯化其外泌体。实验分为3组:对照组、脂肪干细胞外泌体组和TGF-β阻断剂组。CCK8检测脂肪干细胞外泌体及TGF-β阻断剂对子宫内膜癌HEC-251细胞活力;流式检测脂肪干细胞外泌体及TGF-β阻断剂对子宫内膜癌细胞凋亡的影响;Western blotting检测脂肪干细胞外泌体及TGF-β阻断剂对子宫内膜癌细胞Smad2、p-smad2、Bcl2和TGF-β蛋白表达水平。CCK8结果显示,脂肪干细胞外泌体能够显著增强子宫内膜癌HEC-251细胞的增殖能力,TGF-β阻断剂能够显著抑制外泌体对子宫内膜癌的增殖促进作用,流式检测结果显示脂肪干细胞外泌体能够显著抑制子宫内膜癌HEC-251细胞的凋亡,TGF-β阻断剂能够显著抑制外泌体对子宫内膜癌的细胞凋亡的抑制作用,Western blotting检测显示脂肪干细胞外泌体能够显著抑制子宫内膜癌HEC-251细胞p-smad2、Bcl2和TGF-β蛋白表达。初步研究表明,脂肪干细胞外泌体通过促进TGF-β/smad通路促进子宫内膜癌HEC-251细胞增殖,抑制细胞凋亡。     

前列腺癌细胞来源的外泌体诱导巨噬细胞极化

外泌体(exosome)是直径约30～150 nm的由细胞分泌的一种具有生物学活性的囊泡。有些来自癌细胞的外泌体可以将巨噬细胞(macrophages,Mφ)极化为M2亚型,但前列腺癌细胞来源的外泌体在巨噬细胞极化中的作用仍缺乏研究。本研究采用超滤法提取前列腺癌细胞PC-3M-2B4和PC-3M-IE8条件培养基中的外泌体(PCa-exo)。分别用透射电子显微镜、纳米粒径分析及Western印迹对外泌体形态、颗粒大小和表面的特异性分子标志进行分析鉴定。用PKH67标记外泌体,观察PCa-exo能否被巨噬细胞吸收。免疫荧光分析PCa-exo处理巨噬细胞后,M2型巨噬细胞表面分子标志CD206的表达差异。用q-PCR观察PCa-exo诱导后的巨噬细胞中IL-10、IL-1β等细胞因子的表达。电镜、Western印迹和纳米粒径分析的结果显示,PCa-exo形态多为圆形,直径约为40～150 nm,PCa-exo能被巨噬细胞大量吸收。PCa-exo诱导后,巨噬细胞中CD206荧光表达显著增高,IL-10、IL-1β及IL-12等炎症因子的表达水平与M2/TAM亚型巨噬细胞的表达谱一致。本研究表明,前列腺癌细胞来源的外泌体能诱导巨噬细胞极化为M2表型。     

胶质瘤来源外泌体通过高迁移率族蛋白B1促进胶质瘤干细胞形成

摘要 目的：研究胶质瘤来源外泌体中高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGB1）对胶质瘤干细胞形成的影响及其意义。方法：使用外泌体提取试剂盒提取原代胶质母细胞瘤来源外泌体,通过透射电子显微镜、纳米粒度电位仪和Western blotting对外泌体进行鉴定;采用Western blotting检测外泌体中HMGB1的表达量;通过qRT-PCR、Western blotting、克隆球计数检测外泌体对胶质瘤干细胞形成的影响;siRNA敲低HMGB1的表达水平,并通过qRT-PCR、Western blotting、克隆球计数检测外泌体中HMGB1对胶质瘤干细胞形成的影响。结果：原代胶质瘤细胞可以分泌外泌体到肿瘤微环境并且外泌体中存在HMGB1;原代胶质瘤细胞来源外泌体可以上调邻近胶质瘤细胞干性相关分子CD133、OCT4、NANOG、SOX2的表达并促进干细胞克隆球的形成;通过siRNA敲低原代胶质瘤细胞HMGB1的表达后,外泌体中HMGB1的含量降低并且外泌体促进胶质瘤干细胞形成的作用减弱。结论：胶质瘤细胞来源外泌体可以通过HMGB1促进胶质瘤干细胞的形成。     

脂肪间充质干细胞来源外泌体的功能

外泌体是细胞外膜质纳米囊泡,将蛋白质、核酸(DNA和RNA)转运到靶细胞中,介导局部和系统的细胞间通信,从而改变受体细胞的行为。这些小泡在许多生物功能中发挥重要作用,如脂肪合成、免疫调节、神经再生和肿瘤调节等。脂肪间充质干细胞目前被认为是细胞治疗和再生医学领域中一种功能丰富的工具,可产生和分泌多种外泌体,继承细胞的多种功能。本文主要介绍来自脂肪间充质干细胞的外泌体特点,描述其在不同生物学过程中的作用,总结最新研究成果,为脂肪间充质干细胞来源外泌体的研究提供理论依据。     

间充质干细胞来源外泌体对脑内小胶质细胞极化和炎症因子释放的影响及机制研究

摘要 目的：探究间充质干细胞外泌体对脑内小胶质细胞极化和炎症因子释放的影响及其机制。方法：收集体外培养的间充质干细胞上清，超高速冷冻离心获取外泌体。采用纳米颗粒系统和透射电子显微镜分别检测外泌体粒径大小、形态结构和功能完整性。通过免疫荧光、ELISA和细胞流式等方式检测LPS刺激下，外泌体对BV2细胞的表型极化和炎症因子释放的影响。采用Western Blot法检测间充质干细胞外泌体对BV2细胞JAK1/STAT3通路活化的影响。结果：（1）间充质干细胞分泌的外泌体粒径大小主要介于40-100 nm，透射电镜显示外泌体形态呈典型膜性"杯盘"状结构；（2）流式结果表明，相比于对照组，LPS组能显著激活M1型小胶质细胞表面标志物CD11b和M2型小胶质细胞表面标志物CD206的表达，而经外泌体处理，CD11b的表达显著被抑制，CD206显著升高。同时ELISA结果证实，相比于LPS组，外泌体组分泌的促炎症因子（IL-1β、IL-6）和NO水平显著降低（P<0.05），抗炎因子（IL-10）显著升高 (P<0.05)；（3）间充质干细胞外泌体显著提高了BV2细胞JAK1/STAT3通路的磷酸化水平。结论：间充质干细胞外泌体通过激活JAK1/STAT3通路有效促进脑内小胶质细胞M1型向M2型极化。     

大熊猫脐带间充质干细胞外泌体的分离鉴定及miRNAs富集分析

大熊猫脐带间充质干细胞(Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, UC-MSCs)通过旁分泌所释放的外泌体在大熊猫保健与疾病治疗方面具有一定的应用前景。本研究旨在建立大熊猫UC-MSCs外泌体分离方法,开展生物学特征分析和分子鉴定,并研究UC-MSCs外泌体中miRNAs的种类与功能。采用超速离心法从大熊猫UCMSCs培养上清中成功分离外泌体,通过透射电子显微镜进行形态学观察,纳米颗粒跟踪分析仪检测粒径大小,蛋白免疫印迹法检测特异性分子标记表达。采用Small RNA测序技术对UC-MSCs外泌体中的miRNAs进行鉴定,并对其靶基因进行了预测与功能分析。结果显示,大熊猫UC-MSCs外泌体呈圆形杯托状结构,直径为(79.15±4.81) nm,外泌体标志蛋白CD81与TSG101呈阳性表达而CALNEXIN呈阴性表达。大熊猫UC-MSCs外泌体中的miRNA主要为miR-148-3p (30.28%)与miR-21-5p (21.72%)。本研究首次从大熊猫UC-MSCs培养上清中分离出外泌体,并对其所含的miRNAs进行富集分析及功能预测,为大熊...     

Identification and characterization of hADSC-derived exosome proteins from different isolation methods

Exosomes are secreted into the extracellular space by most cell types and contain various molecular constituents, which play roles in many biological processes. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) can differentiate into a variety of cell types and secrete a series of paracrine factors through exosomes. ADSC-derived exosomes have shown diagnostic and therapeutic potential in many clinical diseases. The molecular components are critical for their mechanisms. Several methods have been developed for exosome purification, including ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, density gradient purification, size-based isolation, polymer precipitation and immuno-affinity purification. Thus, we employed four methods to isolate exosomes from the hADSC culture medium, including ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, ExoQuick-TC precipitation and ExoQuick-TC ULTRA isolation. Following exosome isolation, we performed quantitative proteomic analysis of the exosome proteins using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labelling, combined with 2D-LC-MS/MS. There were 599 universal and 138 stably expressed proteins in hADSC-derived exosomes. We proved that these proteins were potential hADSC-derived exosomes markers, including CD109, CD166, HSPA4, TRAP1, RAB2A, RAB11B and RAB14. From the quantitative proteomic analysis, we demonstrated that hADSC-derived exosome protein expression varied, with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment, in the different isolation methods. Pathway analysis and proliferation, migration and endothelial tube formation assays showed varying effects in cells stimulated with hADSC-derived exosomes from different isolation methods. Our study revealed that different isolation methods might introduce variations in the protein composition in exosomes, which reflects their effects on biological function. The pros and cons of these methods are important points to consider for downstream research applications.     

人脐血血浆外泌体提取方法的比较北大核心CSCD

为探寻高效且稳定的提取人脐血血浆外泌体的方法,利用超高速离心法、蔗糖垫密度梯度离心法、改良超速离心法和聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG)沉淀法提取人脐血血浆外泌体,并比较4种方法的优劣。利用透射电镜、动态光散射技术观察外泌体的形态、结构及大小;聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(bicinchoninic acid, BCA)法测定外泌体蛋白总量;Western blotting检测外泌体表面标志蛋白CD63、HSP70以及外泌体阴性蛋白GM130 (高尔基标志蛋白)的表达。结果表明,与提取外泌体的“金标准”,即超高速离心法相比,蔗糖垫密度梯度离心法稳定性好,获取的外泌体粒径较均一,但操作较复杂,耗时长;改良超速离心法操作较简单,纯度较高;PEG沉淀法提取的外泌体蛋白量最高,操作时间最短,但杂质较多。结果表明,4种方法均能从人脐血血浆中获取外泌体,但在操作时间、纯度、提取量等方面存在一定差异。因此,应根据实验目的和具体要求选择合适的提取人脐血血浆外泌体的方法。     

Proteomic analysis of exosomes from human neural stem cells by flow field-flow fractionation and nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Exosomes, small membrane vesicles secreted by a multitude of cell types, are involved in a wide range of physiological roles such as intercellular communication, membrane exchange between cells, and degradation as an alternative to lysosomes. Because of the small size of exosomes (30-100 nm) and the limitations of common separation procedures including ultracentrifugation and flow cytometry, size-based fractionation of exosomes has been challenging. In this study, we used flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF) to fractionate exosomes according to differences in hydrodynamic diameter. The exosome fractions collected from FlFFF runs were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to morphologically confirm their identification as exosomes. Exosomal lysates of each fraction were digested and analyzed using nanoflow LC-ESI-MS-MS for protein identification. FIFFF, coupled with mass spectrometry, allows nanoscale size-based fractionation of exosomes and is more applicable to primary cells and stem cells since it requires much less starting material than conventional gel-based separation, in-gel digestion and the MS-MS method.     

Cancer-associated fibroblasts–derived exosomes-mediated transfer of LINC00355 regulates bladder cancer cell proliferation and invasion

The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory mechanism of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) exosome in bladder cancer (BC) cell proliferation and invasion. CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) were isolated from tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues of BC patients, and examined by immunocytochemistry for the expression of fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Exosomes were extracted from CAFs and NFs and observed under a transmission electron microscope, and expression of the exosome markers CD9 and CD63 was confirmed by western blotting. The distribution and intensity of fluorescence were observed by confocal laser microscopy to analyze exosomes uptake by BC cell lines T24 or 5367. BC cell proliferation and invasion were detected by MTT and Transwell assays, respectively. LINC00355 levels in CAFs, NFs, CAFs exosome, NFs exosome, and BC cells were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results showed that CAFs exosome significantly promoted BC cell proliferation and invasion relative to NFs exosome. LINC00355 expression was significantly elevated in CAFs exosome when compared with that in NFs-exosome. Up-regulated LINC00355 expression was observed both in T24 and 5367 cells co-incubated with CAFs exosome. Exosomes derived from LINC00355 siRNA-transfected CAFs observably repressed BC cell proliferation and invasion when compared with control siRNA-CAFs exosome. In conclusion, CAFs exosome–mediated transfer of LINC00355 regulates BC cell proliferation and invasion. Significance of the study. In this study, our data suggest that the exosomes released from CAFs promote BC cell proliferation and invasion. The mechanism of this effect is, at least in part, related to the increased LINC00355. Regulation of LINC00355 expression in exosomes released from CAFs might be a putative therapeutic strategy against the pathogenesis of BC.     

Comparison of ultracentrifugation, density gradient separation, and immunoaffinity capture methods for isolating human colon cancer cell line LIM1863-derived exosomes

Exosomes are 40–100 nm extracellular vesicles that are released from a multitude of cell types, and perform diverse cellular functions including intercellular communication, antigen presentation, and transfer of oncogenic proteins as well as mRNA and miRNA. Exosomes have been purified from biological fluids and in vitro cell cultures using a variety of strategies and techniques. However, all preparations invariably contain varying proportions of other membranous vesicles that co-purify with exosomes such as shed microvesicles and apoptotic blebs. Using the colorectal cancer cell line LIM1863 as a cell model, in this study we performed a comprehensive evaluation of current methods used for exosome isolation including ultracentrifugation (UC-Exos), OptiPrep? density-based separation (DG-Exos), and immunoaffinity capture using anti-EpCAM coated magnetic beads (IAC-Exos). Notably, all isolations contained 40–100 nm vesicles, and were positive for exosome markers (Alix, TSG101, HSP70) based on electron microscopy and Western blotting. We employed a proteomic approach to profile the protein composition of exosomes, and label-free spectral counting to evaluate the effectiveness of each method. Based on the number of MS/MS spectra identified for exosome markers and proteins associated with their biogenesis, trafficking, and release, we found IAC-Exos to be the most effective method to isolate exosomes. For example, Alix, TSG101, CD9 and CD81 were significantly higher (at least 2-fold) in IAC-Exos, compared to UG-Exos and DG-Exos. Application of immunoaffinity capture has enabled the identification of proteins including the ESCRT-III component VPS32C/CHMP4C, and the SNARE synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2) in exosomes for the first time. Additionally, several cancer-related proteins were identified in IAC-Exos including various ephrins (EFNB1, EFNB2) and Eph receptors (EPHA2–8, EPHB1–4), and components involved in Wnt (CTNNB1, TNIK) and Ras (CRK, GRB2) signalling.