苹果蠹蛾不同虫态体征及雌雄个体的快速鉴别方法

【目的】通过对苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella (L.)不同虫态的形态特征进行识别描述和定量观测,比较分析并研究提出苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫、蛹及成虫雌雄个体的快速、准确鉴别特征与方法。【方法】利用体式显微镜拍照、测量记录苹果蠹蛾不同虫态雌雄个体间的形态特征、体征参数等。【结果】苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫雌雄个体的体征差异:雄性腹节背面有明显肾形斑,雌性无斑。蛹雌雄个体的体征差异:雄蛹腹面翅尖后有4条明显体节线,第9腹节腹面中央有一纵裂缝,裂缝两侧各有一半圆形的瘤状突起;而雌蛹翅尖后有3条明显体节线,第8腹节腹面前缘有一纵裂缝,与腹节线相连形成类似"Y"形,裂缝两侧平坦无突起。成虫雌雄个体的体征差异:雄虫前翅反面中室后缘有一黑褐色条斑,雌虫无此条斑;雄虫腹部狭长,抱器瓣常开张,呈钳状,雌虫腹部圆筒状,末端较细。【结论】研究结果揭示了苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫、蛹及成虫等不同虫态雌雄个体间的体征差异,比较研究并提出了便于快速鉴别雌雄个体的典型特征和识别方法。     

异斑酷大蚕蛾幼虫、蛹和成虫的性别鉴定

本文描述了一种准确、快速鉴定异斑酷大蚕蛾末龄幼虫、蛹和成虫性别的方法。通过对蛹和成虫性别特征比较可知,雌虫生殖孔位于第8和第9腹节,且第8腹节不愈合,雄虫生殖孔仅位于第9腹节上,且生殖孔两侧有瘤状突起。雌性末龄幼虫头壳的蜕裂线附近浅色区域较多,雄性浅色区域较少,且雌性后唇基区域的颜色较雄性更浅。雌雄成虫差异较大,雄虫触角羽状,前翅一般无透明斑或透明斑很小;雌虫为近丝状的羽状触角,前翅有3个较大且连续排列的透明斑。经过对30对雌雄蛹的测量后,发现在蛹长、蛹宽与蛹重等体型数据上,雌雄蛹之间都存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。     

松梢隐翅虫对松梢挥发物的选择

为研究松梢挥发物与松梢隐翅虫之间的化学信息联系,本文利用"Y"型嗅觉仪测定了松梢隐翅虫雌、雄成虫对松树健康梢、微红梢斑螟幼虫虫害梢以及虫粪的选择行为。结果表明:马尾松、火炬松、黑松虫害梢对松梢隐翅虫雌、雄成虫的引诱作用都显著高于对照,其中马尾松虫害梢对雌、雄成虫的引诱作用最强。对健康梢、一、二年生马尾松虫害梢以及虫粪的选择结果表明,雌成虫选择顺序为:微红梢斑螟幼虫虫粪二年生虫害梢一年生虫害梢;雄成虫选择顺序:二年生虫害梢微红梢斑螟幼虫虫粪一年生虫害梢。总体上,松梢隐翅虫雌、雄成虫都明显选择虫害梢,对健康梢有一定的驱避性。本文可作为进一步研究松梢隐翅虫成虫林间扩散行为、探索其作为载体昆虫携带病原物开展微红梢斑螟生物防治的参考。     

幼虫密度对美国白蛾生活史参数的影响

美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea原产于北美地区,1979年首次在我国辽宁省丹东地区发现,目前已扩散至江苏省南京市等地区,并有进一步扩散的趋势。由于其寄主范围广,适应能力强,危害严重,因此给我国林业生产造成了重大损失。美国白蛾1~4龄幼虫常聚集危害,4龄后开始破网分散危害。本文旨在探明幼虫密度变化对其生活史参数的影响,为解析美国白蛾种群动态变化规律提供科学依据。于温度25℃±1℃和光周期16 L∶8 D条件下,设置5头、10头、20头、40头和80头幼虫/容器5个密度处理组,待幼虫化蛹和成虫羽化后,分别检测幼虫龄期与成活率、蛹的体型（体长和体宽）与体重及成活率、成虫体型（成虫头幅宽度、前翅长度和后足腿节长度）与寿命及繁殖力等生活史参数。结果表明,幼虫密度增加缩短了幼虫发育历期,同时降低了幼虫成活率。幼虫密度增加对蛹重、蛹长、雌蛹宽度及蛹成活率有明显的负效应,但对雄蛹宽度无显著影响。幼虫密度增加对雌虫头幅宽度、雌虫繁殖力、成虫寿命与卵直径具明显负面影响,对雄虫头幅宽度与雌虫前翅长度无显著影响,对成虫后足腿节长度、雄虫前翅长度则具正面影响。因此,本研究表明幼虫密度对美国白蛾不同阶段的生活史参数具调控作用,其中幼虫密度增加对幼虫成活率、蛹的体型与体重及成活率、雌虫繁殖力与卵直径及成虫寿命的负面影响对其种群适合度可能是不利的;然而,成虫对幼虫密度增加会采取一定的适应策略,高密度条件下羽化的成虫具较长的后足腿节与前翅长度以提高其迁移扩散半径,有助于减轻子代种内竞争压力,进而提高种群适合度。     

稻显纹纵卷叶螟的形态特征及其与稻纵卷叶螟的比较

【目的】水稻纵卷叶螟是我国大部分水稻种植区中的一类重要害虫,主要包括稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis和稻显纹纵卷叶螟C.exigua。由于稻显纹纵卷叶螟的研究报道很少,加上形态特征和危害习性相似,稻纵卷叶螟和稻显纹纵卷叶螟常被混淆鉴定。本研究旨在明确快速准确地鉴定稻纵卷叶螟和稻显纹纵卷叶螟的形态特征。【方法】描述了稻显纹纵卷叶螟幼虫、蛹和成虫,以及稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的外部形态特征,解剖了稻显纹纵卷叶螟雌雄成虫的生殖系统,比较了稻显纹纵卷叶螟和稻纵卷叶螟幼虫和成虫的形态差异。【结果】稻显纹纵卷叶螟幼虫淡黄色,前胸、中后胸和腹部分别有骨片2,12和5个,分成1,3和2排;蛹末端有指状突起,其上着生8根毛;成虫前翅淡黄色,条带褐色,前缘横带宽,外缘纵带呈C形,内线和外线平行,中线达翅后缘;雄性睾丸金黄色,射精管和附腺长,贮精囊和输精管短,抱器瓣骨化弱,表面密被长毛,阳茎囊有两根骨刺;雌性卵巢短,侧、中输卵管长度相似,交配囊长。幼虫胸部的骨片颜色和中后胸骨片的排列方式,成虫翅颜色、条带的形状和长度及内线和外线的排列,抱器瓣的骨化程度和结构以及阳茎囊上的骨化物等可分别作为稻纵卷叶螟和稻显纹纵卷叶螟幼虫和成虫准确鉴别的依据。【结论】本研究结果保证了稻纵卷叶螟和稻显纹纵卷叶螟的准确鉴定,为稻纵卷叶螟的精准测报奠定了基础。     

山药叶蜂的研究

<正> 山药叶蜂Senocliclea decorus Konow是山药的主要害虫之一,近年来在我县随着山药的经济效益及栽培面积的扩大,为害也趋于严重。为摸清生物学习性,提供防治措施,自1979～1987年对该虫进行了较系统的调查及防治方法的探讨,现整理如下,供参考。 一、形态特征 成虫头部唇基及上唇黄白色,体蓝黑色,胸腹均具蓝紫色光泽,3对足黑色,仅胫节一半黄白色。雌虫体长9mm,翅展10～11mm,雄虫体长7.5mm,翅展8～9mm,前翅大部黑色,仅翅端色淡。老熟幼虫蓝黑色,半圆筒形,胸部有横褶,体长21mm。各龄幼虫及主要特征如表。     

斑翅肩花蝽对铁杉球蚜的捕食作用

室内用铁杉球Adelges tsugae Annand(Hemlock woolly adelgids)蚜卵、1～4龄若虫、成虫饲养斑翅肩花蝽Tetraphleps galchanoides Ghauri,研究斑翅肩花蝽对铁杉球蚜Adelges tsugae Annand(Hemlock woolly adelgids)的捕食效应。结果表明,斑翅肩花蝽对铁杉球蚜的捕食功能反应属于HollingⅡ型反应,对球蚜密度的捕食干扰反应可能存在种内的干扰作用。对于同一发育期同一密度猎物,斑翅肩花蝽成虫或若虫在高密度条件下的日均捕食量均显著高于低猎物密度下的日均捕食量;而对于不同发育期不同密度猎物,斑翅肩花蝽在低猎物密度时对测定的铁杉球蚜6个不同虫态无明显选择性;在中、高密度时斑翅肩花蝽对测定的铁杉球蚜的不同虫态表现出明显喜好性差异,若虫最喜好食铁杉球蚜卵和1龄若虫,成虫最喜好食铁杉球蚜4龄若虫和成虫。为评价和利用斑翅肩花蝽对铁杉球蚜防治作用进行了讨论。     

危害枇杷的潜蛾属一新种(鳞翅目,潜蛾科)

记述了潜蛾属(潜蛾亚科)1新种,枇杷潜蛾Lyonetia eriobotryae sp.nov..该文提供了成虫外形、茧与幼虫的危害状照片及雌雄外生殖器解剖图.模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所.成虫将卵产在枇杷嫩叶反面的端部边缘,位于内外表皮之间.卵孵化后向叶基部钻蛀,沿叶片的主脉蛀入嫩梢内,导致嫩梢枯死,严重影响枇杷的生长和结实.老熟幼虫爬到一片新叶的背面结一白色丝茧,在其中化蛹.在云南省蒙自县枇杷的受害株率达80%～90%.该虫在云南蒙自1年发生多代,世代重叠.枇杷潜蛾,新种Lyonetia eriobotryae sp.nov.(图1～8)正模♂,副模5♂♂,5♀♀,云南省蒙自县,2005-07-10,武春生、李正跃采.新种的外生殖器与桃潜蛾L.derkella(Linnaeus)很相似,但成虫前翅无中室端斑,雄性外生殖器的颚形突末端小四叉形(桃潜蛾为大二叉形),雌性外生殖器的囊突明显长于桃潜蛾.成虫花纹与台湾产的石楠潜蛾L.anthemopaMeyrick(也分布在日本)相似,但新种前翅缺前缘纹,雌性外生殖器有1枚长的囊突(石楠潜蛾前翅有前缘纹,雌性外生殖器无囊突).词源:新种名来自寄主植物的属名.     

黑膝愈片隐翅虫形态特征与生物学特性观察

黑膝愈片隐翅虫在武昌一年发生1代,以成虫越冬;成虫、幼虫均能捕食同翅目、缨翅目昆虫的若虫及鳞翅目昆虫的卵与初孵幼虫;成虫在一年中于4月中、下旬,7月上、中旬有二次活动高峰期。     

蓖麻夜蛾的发生与防治

<正> 蓖麻夜蛾Achaea meliccrta(Drury)又称拟尺蠖,属鳞翅目夜蛾科。幼虫为害蓖麻叶,严重时对其产叶或产籽影响极大。 一、形态特征及生活习性 1.成虫 头胸部红褐色。前翅灰褐色,自前缘至后缘有两条红褐色至灰褐色的波纹中线,中室有两个不很明显的黑点,外缘线波纹状明显,后翅黑褐色,中有带蓝色的白色宽大斑,外缘亦有三个稍带蓝色的白色近似圆形纹,翅基部暗褐色。     

Trophic influence on the development of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) and the forecast of its abundance

Results of a long-term investigation on the development of the Armenian population of Lymantria dispar L. are reported. A list of host plants with their comparative characteristics and data on their effect on different developmental phases of the pest (larvae, pupae, adults, and embryos) are given. Biochemical changes in the leaves of host plants are shown to play a significant role in regulation of the L. dispar population density. Population growth can be expected when population develops on primary hosts with sufficient content of nutrients in the leaves and a certain carbohydrate to protein ratio, as well as a certain ratio of water-and alkali-soluble protein fractions. Intense weakening of the plants caused by the larval feeding affects the food value of the leaves and, subsequently, the pest metabolism, negatively affecting its general physiological condition and fecundity, which eventually results in decline of the pest population.     

白眉野草螟的生物学特性和监测防控对策

【目的】白眉野草螟Agriphila aeneociliella是近年来在山东莱州市、山西泽州县等地新发现的小麦害虫,对其生物学特性进行观察和研究,以期为有效监控提供科学依据。【方法】通过田间调查、网室观察、配对饲养和灯光诱测等方法,系统研究了白眉野草螟年生活史与田间生活习性。【结果】在我国黄淮海麦区,白眉野草螟1年发生l代,11月至翌年2月以低龄幼虫越冬,3月至4月为害麦苗,5月至8月以老熟幼虫结土茧滞育越夏,9月至10月化蛹羽化、交配产卵,并孵化出幼虫越冬。成虫具有趋光性,产卵在土壤颗粒缝隙中或土表;幼虫喜趋嫩为害,田间呈点片分布;越冬幼虫抗寒性强;滞育茧不耐水淹。【结论】秋季成虫羽化期、早春低龄幼虫为害始期、夏季滞育期是白眉野草螟监测防控的关键时期。     

Effects of adult‐derived carbohydrates and amino acids on the reproduction of Plutella xylostella

The use of floral resources to improve the efficiency of natural enemies has grown in recent years, although their effect on pest populations has been overlooked. To understand how access to food resources by adults of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) affects their reproduction, the effects of amino acids and carbohydrates (i.e. fructose, glucose and sucrose) on the longevity, lifetime fecundity, egg viability and population growth of this important pest of brassicas are evaluated. Carbohydrate intake increases longevity, oviposition period and lifetime fecundity of P. xylostella. Oviposition period and fecundity are six‐fold higher in females that consumed carbohydrates. By contrast, amino acid intake by adults does not affect reproductive parameters, even when mixed with carbohydrates. The estimated demographic parameters indicate that the adult diet is important for pest population growth because the net reproductive rate and the intrinsic rate of increase are higher when females have access to carbohydrates. These results are important from both physiological and ecological points of view. The increasing use of flowering plants as a microhabitat and food source for natural enemies may also result in benefits for herbivorous insects, compromising any success in pest control.     

黑尾卷象的初步研究

黑尾卷象ApoderusnigroapicatusJekel近年来在山东荣成地区是危害刺槐的主要害虫。1年发生2代,以成虫于土中越冬。5～9月危害,10月上旬入土越冬。卵、幼虫、蛹在卷叶筒内生活;成虫食叶危害。本文报告了该虫的形态特征、年生活史、生活习性及天敌等,并提出了防治措施。     

劳氏粘虫的发生危害和防治研究进展

劳氏粘虫Mythimna loreyi是粘虫Mythimna seperata的近缘种,两者在形态上相近,为害特征基本相同,但在不同地区的发生危害规律可能存在一定差异。近些年来,劳氏粘虫在许多国家和地区频繁暴发危害,已成为一种普遍发生的农业害虫。为今后深入研究劳氏粘虫的暴发成灾规律和综合防控技术,本文在分析国内外研究资料的基础上,对劳氏粘虫的研究进展进行了综述。目前,劳氏粘虫已分布于亚洲、欧洲、非洲、大洋洲和北美洲的近80个国家和地区。以幼虫取食危害玉米、水稻和小麦等多种禾本科作物和杂草;3龄前幼虫食量小,5-6龄幼虫食量增大,进入暴食期。幼虫具有聚集性、杂食性和暴食性,成虫具有迁飞性,发生危害时具有隐蔽性、偶发性和暴发性。劳氏粘虫的发生和为害规律常因地区、年份和季节的不同而存在差异。气候条件、食物和天敌是影响劳氏粘虫发生危害的主要因素,而气候因素、人类活动和害虫的生物学特征是导致近些年来劳氏粘虫发生范围扩大,危害程度加重的重要原因。性诱剂、天敌和生物农药是近些年来劳氏粘虫生物防治研究的主要方向。根据目前劳氏粘虫在我国的发生情况及研究现状,我们建议今后从以下3个方面开展工作：(1)借鉴粘虫的防控策略和防治经验,从空中和地面两个方面加强预测预报工作,建立和完善预测预报系统;(2)从农业防治、物理防治、生物防治和化学防治等方面开展综合防治工作;(3)将生物技术和现代农业信息技术等现代化的技术和方法应用于暴发成灾规律和综合防治研究中,并建立综合防控技术系统。     

The effects of a winter cover crop on Diabrotica virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) populations and beneficial arthropod communities in no-till maize

The effects of an autumn-planted, spring-killed, grass cover crop (Elymus trachycaulus [Link] Gould ex Shinners) on populations of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte and its predator community were evaluated in South Dakota maize fields over two seasons. Abundance and size of D. virgifera larvae and adults and sex ratio of adults were measured in maize produced under two treatments (i.e., a winter cover crop or bare soil), as were maize root damage and the abundance and diversity of the predator communities collected on the soil surface and in the soil column. First and second instars and adults of D. virgifera were similarly abundant in the two treatments, but third instars were significantly fewer in maize planted after a winter cover crop. Larvae developed at different rates in the two treatments, and second instars were significantly smaller (head capsule width and body length) in the maize planted after a cover crop. First and third instars and adults were of similar size in the two treatments, and adult sex ratios were also similar. Although initially similar, predator populations increased steadily in the cover-cropped maize, which led to a significantly greater predator population by the time D. virgifera pupated. There was significantly less root damage in the cover-cropped maize. Predator communities were similarly diverse in both treatments. Predator abundance per plot was significantly and negatively correlated with the abundance of third instars per plot. Clearly, winter cover crops reduce D. virgifera performance and their damage to the crop, and we suspect that this reduction is caused by both environmental effects of the treatment on D. virgifera size and development, and of increased predation on the third instars of the pest. Additional data on the impact of cover crops on actual predation levels, grain yield and quality, and farmer profitability, and correlations among pest performance, crop characteristics, and predator populations and behaviors are key components of this system that remain to be addressed.     

Spatio-temporal dynamics of willow beetle (Phratora vulgatissima) in short-rotation coppice willows grown as monocultures or a genetically diverse mixture

1 Phratora vulgatissima (Chrysomelidae) is the major pest of short-rotation coppice willows in the U.K., capable of causing severe defoliation in monoculture plantations. As this beetle shows feeding preferences between willow clones, knowledge of the spatio-temporal dynamics of P. vulgatissima is needed in order to assess the effects of mixed clonal plantings on the management of this pest. 2 Distribution patterns of adult P. vulgatissima were monitored over a season at a spatial scale of every tree or every other tree in single clone plantings (monocultures) of three willow clones and in a regular row mixture of these clones. 3 Distribution indices (deviation from Complete Spatial Randomness) demonstrated that P. vulgatissima adults were spatially aggregated on favourable clones in the monocultures and the mixture. The degree of aggregation (measured by the k-parameter of the negative binomial) differed between willow clones. Beetles were highly aggregated at the start of the season, but less so later. 4 Dispersal studies of P. vulgatissima adults over time showed a pattern of beetle infestation along rows of the preferred clones in a regularly structured mixture. In the monocultures, movement was less directional. 5 Plantation design offers some potential for more effective non-chemical pest management for P. vulgatissima. Monitoring of the pest must take account of our findings that adults occur in mobile aggregations.     

橄榄片盾蚧的生物学特性及其防治

研究表明库尔勒香梨上发生的蚧壳虫优势种 ,并非习惯上称呼的梨圆蚧Quadraspidiotuspernicio sus (Comstock) ,而是橄榄片盾蚧Parlatoriaoleae (Colv e)。橄榄片盾蚧 1年发生 2代 ,以受精雌成虫在枝干上越冬 ,产卵繁殖后代 ,严重危害寄主枝条、果实及叶片。防治的关键时期是 5月中旬     

谢氏宽漠王的生物学特性及行为

谢氏宽漠王Mantichorulasemenowi是荒漠半荒漠地区的有害昆虫之一。该文主要探讨了该虫的生物学特性和部分行为。该虫 2年发生 1代 ,世代不整齐 ,以成、幼虫越冬。卵期 1 0～ 1 8d ,幼虫共有 7龄 ,化蛹时间为 6月下旬至 8月上旬 ,蛹经过 1 1～ 1 7d羽化为成虫。食性杂。喜光 ,活动有明显的节律性。     

桑蓟马在桑树中空间分布的研究

桑蓟马Pseudodendrothrips mori是桑树的一种主要害虫。它的寄生直接影响供桑叶的质量和产量。我们通过泰勒幂法则和Morisita的散度指标对桑树蓟马在植株和桑园内的空间分布进行检验,结果显示:P.mori种群在植株内和桑园里的分布都存在局部化。桑树中蓟马的分布在树内显示出幼虫蓟马位于低层(从上面叶子起5-10层),但成虫更喜欢上层(从上面叶子起1-5层)。同一植株叶子的不同方向上蓟马密度没有出现明显变化。桑园内蓟马主要分布在桑园东部、南部和北部的植株上,中部,西部植株上的蓟马密度较低。P.mori的成虫和幼虫在叶子上的分布呈现明显聚集化。