纽氏钝绥螨、尼氏钝绥螨及其猎物—桔全爪螨生态学特性的比较研究

本文从天敌与猎物的种群内禀增长力,天敌对猎物不同密度的功能反应及数值反应三个方面来评价和比较纽氏钝绥螨、尼氏钝绥螨时其猎物——枯全爪螨的控制作用。在五种温度下,两种捕食螨的种群内禀增长力都大于桔全爪螨。它们对猎物的功能反应属HollingⅡ型。尼氏钝绥螨的捕食量大于纽氏钝绥螨,在25℃时两种捕食螨捕食量最大,应用Rogers的模型能较好地对试验结果进行模拟。尼氏钝绥螨对桔全爪不同虫态的取食不存在选择效应,纽氏钝绥螨则嗜食若螨和幼螨。两种捕食螨对桔全爪螨的数值反应表明,仅供给桔全爪螨雌成螨作为食物,对两种捕食螨都不利,尤其对尼氏钝绥螨更为明显。综上所述,两种捕食螨能比较有效地控制桔全爪螨种群,当猎物密度较高时,尼氏钝绥螨控制效果优于纽氏钝绥螨,但纽氏钝绥螨控制效果优于纽氏钝绥螨,但纽氏钝绥螨田间种群数量比尼氏钝绥螨稳定。柑桔园中存在其它补充食物时对这两种捕食敌有利。     

柑橘全爪螨田间种群敏感性测定及三种主要解毒酶活性比较

为明确重庆地区柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)对常用杀螨剂的抗性水平,本研究采用阿维菌素、哒螨灵、三唑锡、螺螨酯4种不同类型杀螨剂对柑橘全爪螨重庆北碚种群、璧山种群、武隆种群和忠县种群进行了田间敏感性测定。结果表明,柑橘全爪螨4个种群对三唑锡表现最不敏感,致死中浓度LC50在209.9～370.9mg/L之间。璧山种群对阿维菌素敏感性最高,武隆种群和忠县种群对阿维菌素的相对抗性分别达12倍和11倍。哒螨灵监测结果表明,北碚种群的抗性水平显著高于其他3个种群。而北碚种群对螺螨酯的LC50仅为1.2mg/L,显著低于其他种群。柑橘全爪螨4个种群解毒酶活性研究发现,解毒酶活性的高低与不同种群抗性水平之间并没有明显相关性,这可能同各地区施药背景不同、综合防治措施不同、各杀螨剂作用机理不同、不同种群体内代谢抗性及靶标抗性水平差异有关。     

甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素对柑橘全爪螨的亚致死效应

通过叶碟饲养的方法, 利用生命表技术,研究了甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素亚致死剂量LC₂₀处理柑橘全爪螨若螨后,对试验种群当代(F₀)和后代(F₁、F₂代)生长发育及繁殖的影响.结果表明: 甲氰菊酯LC₂₀处理若螨后,当代雌成螨产卵量显著增加;F₁、F₂代的产卵前期缩短,后代雌性比例增大,且均与对照差异显著;同时,F₁和F₂代种群内禀增长率(r_m)和周限增长率(λ)增大,世代历期(T)和种群加倍时间(Dt)缩短,且F₂代与对照相比差异显著.用阿维菌素LC₂₀处理若螨后,当代种群雌成螨产卵量显著下降; F₁和F₂代的产卵量也显著下降,但后代雌性比例增大,产卵前期显著缩短;F₁和F₂代的种群r_m和λ增大,T和Dt缩短,且F₂代比F₁代更为明显.总体来看,甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素亚致死浓度LC₂₀对柑橘全爪螨的影响并不完全相同,甲氰菊酯能够促进当代种群的发展,而阿维菌素对当代种群有一定的抑制作用;但两种杀螨剂亚致死浓度处理柑橘全爪螨对后代种群都有一定的促进作用.研究结果对柑橘全爪螨综合防治策略的制定有一定的指导意义.     

16种植物乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨的生物活性测定

测定了16种植物乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨成螨的产卵忌避、驱避及毒杀生物活性。试验结果表明,海芋、山苍子及盐肤木茎叶的乙醇提取物有明显的产卵忌避作用,忌避率在96.43%以上;山苍子、枫香植物乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨成螨的驱避作用明显,驱避率在80%以上;山苍子、盐肤木茎叶、牡荆和幌伞枫提取物对桔全爪螨成螨的毒杀效果明显,在处理72h后,死亡率在92%以上。     

桔全爪螨的抗药性选育及其解毒酶活力变化

在室内模拟田间药剂的选择压力,用齐墩螨素和甲氰菊酯对桔全爪螨Panonychus citri 逐代处理,以选育其抗药性种群。选育至12代,对齐墩螨素抗性增长到7.30倍,对甲氰菊酯抗性增长到17.11倍。增效剂和离体酶活性的测定结果表明,抗性种群的乙酰胆碱酯酶和多功能氧化酶的活性都提高了;推测羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、多功能氧化酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶比活力的增加是桔全爪螨对甲氰菊酯产生抗性的主要原因。     

桔全爪螨与柑桔相互作用的研究

研究了不同柑桔品种对桔全爪螨Ｐａｎｏｎｙｃｈｕｓｃｉｔｒｉ（ＭｃＧ）种群的影响,桔全爪螨危害对柑桔生理的影响以及柑桔叶片受受后对桔全爪螨种群的反馈作用,结果表明：供试的１０个柑桔品种对桔全爪螨种群生长发育,繁殖时明显的影响,品种间存在感螨性差异。     

新型杀螨剂—桔螨灵

<正> 桔螨灵是我们近来研制出的一种新型杀螨剂。该杀螨剂对三氯杀螨醇、乐果、苯螨特产生抗性的柑桔全爪螨及苹果红蜘蛛具有优越的防治效果,尤其是对卵、若螨、幼螨具有很高的毒杀作用,并有降低雌成螨产卵及孵化率之功效。一般使用浓度100—200ppm,残效期3—4周。     

柑橘全爪螨两个田间种群抗性监测及羧酸酯酶生化特性研究

采用叶碟浸渍法测定了重庆北碚和万州地区柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)田间种群对阿维菌素、毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯和哒螨灵的抗性水平。结果表明,同室内敏感品系相比,北碚种群对毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯和哒螨灵的相对抗性水平分别达到3倍、3倍和22倍;万州种群对阿维菌素、毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯和哒螨灵的相对抗性水平分别达到2倍、35倍、10倍和2倍。柑橘全爪螨2个地理种群的羧酸酯酶CarE的生化特性研究发现,CarE酶活的增高和毒死蜱的抗性存在一定的相关性。毒死蜱对不同地理种群柑橘全爪螨CarE的抑制效果不同,对抗性倍数较高的万州种群抑制效果最差。     

新型杀螨剂丁氟螨酯对土耳其斯坦叶螨亚致死效应

为了解新型杀螨剂丁氟螨酯Tetranychus turkestani对土耳其斯坦叶螨实验种群的亚致死效应,本研究采用叶碟法研究了其亚致死剂量对土耳其斯坦叶螨实验种群成螨和卵生命表参数的影响。结果表明:经丁氟螨酯LC20、LC10亚致死剂量处理成螨后,成螨的平均寿命、产卵量和次代卵的孵化率均显著降低;次代种群除了卵期、LC20幼螨期和LC10若螨期显著延长外,所有处理次代种群成螨期和雌螨寿命均显著缩短,其余处理次代种群幼螨期、若螨期和产卵前期均无显著差异;次代种群的净生殖率(Ro)和平均世代历期(T)均显著降低,内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)增加;存活率和平均每雌日产卵率显著降低。丁氟螨酯LC20、LC10亚致死剂量处理卵后,次代种群除了LC10处理卵期明显延长和幼螨期显著缩短外,所有处理次代种群若螨期、成螨期和雌螨寿命均显著缩短,其余处理卵期、幼螨期和产卵前期均无显著差异;净生殖率(Ro)和平均世代历期(T)均显著降低,内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)增加;存活率和平均每雌日产卵率显著降低。这些结果表明,新型杀螨剂丁氟螨酯亚致死剂量可以降低土耳其斯坦叶螨种群的发育速率,这对土耳其斯坦叶螨的综合防治策略的制定有积极意义。     

南非盲走螨实验种群的发育历期及生命表

在27℃条件下,以粗脚粉螨Acarus siro L.为饲料饲养观察南非盲走螨Typhlodromus(Anthoseius) transvaalensis(Nesbitt)的生长发育和繁殖情况,组建实验种群生命表。结果表明,南非盲走螨行孤雌生殖,卵、幼螨、前若螨、后若螨、成螨产卵前期各阶段发育历期分别为2.00,0.72,1.96,1.53,1.77d,完成1个世代发育需7.98d,雌成螨平均寿命14.82d、平均产卵量25.75粒,各种群生命参数分别为:净增殖率R0=25.01,世代平均周期T=13.71,内禀增长率rm=0.23,周限增长率λ=1.26,种群倍增所需日数t=2.95。采用小空间湿度控制法,测定不同湿度对南非盲走螨卵的孵化和成螨产卵的影响。结果表明,卵发育和孵化的最适湿度为75.0%~85.0%,96.0%的相对高湿度对成螨的产卵和存活均有不利影响。以橘全爪螨Panonychus citri McGregor不同螨态为猎物时,南非盲走螨对橘全爪螨幼螨的捕食量最大,日平均捕食量为5.40头,而对橘全爪螨雌成螨则几乎不取食。     

非嗜食植物提取物对桔全爪螨产卵的驱避性测定

The oviposition repellency of the alcohol extracts from 50 species of non-preferable plants and azadirachtin against citrus red mite ( Panonychus cirri ) was determined using laboratory bioassays. In choice tests, the extracts from 42 of the 50 plant species and 1% azadirachtin (2000×) significantly reduced oviposition 1d after treatment.The repellency effect of the extracts from the 42 plant species was better than that of azadirachtin. Mikania micrantha extract had the best result, with an Interference Index of Population Control (IIPC) of 0.087 1 d after treatment, and significantly reduced oviposition for 9 d, while the extracts from Sesbania cannabina, Allium tuberosum , Paederia scandens , Duranta erecta and Dicranopteris pedata also had good effects, with an oviposition repellency of over 70 % 1 d after treatment, and significantly reduced oviposition for 4 - 6 d. The effect became weaker as time went on. None of the extracts showed significant oviposition attraction.     

Development of Iphiseiodes quadripilis (Banks) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on pollen or mite diets and predation on Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in the laboratory

Development and reproduction of Iphiseiodes quadripilis (Banks) were evaluated on single food diets of pollen (Malephora crocea Jacquin [ice plant] or Quercus sp. [oak]), spider mites, [Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor) or Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae)], or the citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Acari: Eriophyidae). Experiments were conducted in an environmental chamber at 28 degrees +/- 1 degrees C, 14:10 (L:D) daylength, and 45% RH. I. quadripilis completed development and laid viable eggs that subsequently hatched on diets of either ice plant or oak pollen or eggs and motile stages of E. banksi. P. citri was acceptable as prey, but survival of larvae to adults was only 36%, whereas survival on E. banksi, ice plant pollen, and oak pollen was 48, 60, and 68%, respectively. The webbing produced by P. citri seemed to inhibit foraging behavior of I. quadripilis larvae and nymphs. Larvae of I. quadripilis developed only to the second nymphal instar on a diet of P. oleivora alone or water alone. Starved I. quadripilis females and deutonymphs were observed preying on the pink citrus rust mite, Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) (Eriophyidae). During 4-min observation trials, two series of I. quadripilis fed on 1.8 +/- 0.47 and 3.5 +/- 0.45 A. pelekassi motile stages after being starved for 6 and 24 h, respectively. I. quadripilis females did not prey on P. oleivora in arenas containing both rust mite species.     

Life history of the predatory mite Lasioseius athiasae (Acari, Ascidae) on various kinds of food substances: a polypeptide analysis of prey consideration

The predacious ascid mite Lasioseius athiasae Nawar and Nasr was found in association with herbaceous plants, fallen leaves and in debris under deciduous fruit trees. The larvae fed and developed on different prey, such as 'motile stages of the eriophyid grass mite Aceria dioscoridis (Soliman and Abou-Awad), eggs of house fly Musca domestica L., nymphs of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, and eggs of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood. Eriophyids of grasses caused the immature stages to develop faster than did other prey. During the oviposition period, daily consumtion by a female of L. athiasae was 97  A. dioscoridis , four M. domestica eggs, and 10 T. urticae nymphs . The average number of eggs/female per day was 3.21, 1.63 and 1.26 for the above-mentioned prey, respectively. A low rate was recorded on M. incognita eggs (0.35). The intrinsic rate of increase ( rm ) was increased when fed on A. dioscoridis , but decreased on other prey species. The multiplication per generation ( R _o) was 44.73 times in a generation time ( T ) of 17.92 days when fed on eriophyids. The eriophyid grass mite proved to be the more suitable prey. The polypeptide analysis of different prey revealed that A. dioscoridis has the most important contents in both number (11 polypeptides) or total molecular weight (682 kDa).     

薇甘菊乙醇提取物对假眼小绿叶蝉自然种群的控制作用及其对蜘蛛的影响

研究薇甘菊Mikania micrantha乙醇提取物对假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis自然种群的控制作用,并比较其与常用药剂0．3％印楝素EC1000倍液、10％吡&#183;仲EC500倍液的控制效果,结果表明薇甘菊乙醇提取物4gDW／100mL、2gDW／100mL、1gDW／100mL和2个常用药剂的种群干扰作用控制指数均小于1,其中控制效果最佳的是薇甘菊4gDW／100mL,其干扰作用控制指数最低,仅为0．2392,其次为0．3％印楝素ECl000倍液,干扰作用控制指数为0．2787。田间调查结果表明,薇甘菊乙醇提取物3个不同浓度的处理以及0．3％印楝素EC1000倍液处理下的蜘蛛数量与对照相比显著不差异,而10％吡&#183;仲EC500倍液处理下蜘蛛的数量明显少于其它处理。室内观察表明,薇甘菊4gDW／100mL处理后,田间优势天敌银斑蛛Argyrodessp．、旋转后丘蛛Dipoenura cyclosides的取食量与对照没有显著差异,说明薇甘菊乙醇提取物对假眼小绿叶蝉天敌较安全。     

薇甘菊甲醇提取物对二疣犀甲生长发育的影响

【目的】探讨入侵杂草薇甘菊Mikania micrantha的利用价值, 及其在棕榈害虫二疣犀甲Oryctes rhinoceros生态防控中的应用前景。【方法】采用浸渍法和室内饲喂法, 研究了薇甘菊甲醇提取物对二疣犀甲取食量、 卵孵化、 化蛹、 羽化及幼虫发育等的影响。【结果】薇甘菊提取物对二疣犀甲具有很好的生长发育调节活性。拒食活性研究结果表明, 在不同供试浓度下, 其对二疣犀甲3龄幼虫均表现拒食活性, 且拒食率与处理浓度呈正相关。薇甘菊提取物处理二疣犀甲的卵后, 孵化率明显降低, 且孵化期延长, 10 mg/mL提取物处理后孵化率仅达66.66%, 孵化期比对照延迟3 d, 同时初孵幼虫死亡率也高达40.43%。采用添加薇甘菊提取物的饲料饲喂1龄幼虫后, 幼虫体重增长减缓, 在处理浓度为10和5 mg/g时, 处理后90 d体重增加量分别为3.83 g和4.53 g, 而对照组体重增加量达到6.87 g。薇甘菊提取物处理老熟幼虫后, 对其化蛹具有抑制作用, 造成化蛹率降低, 化蛹时间延长及蛹的畸形。经薇甘菊提取物处理二疣犀甲蛹后, 成虫羽化率降低, 羽化时间明显延长, 且畸形成虫数量增加, 主要表现为翅无法正常伸展、 虫体瘦小、 无法正常爬行等。【结论】薇甘菊具有开发为生物源昆虫生长调节剂、 并在二疣犀甲防控中应用的潜力。     

Predation of Galendromus helveolus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Brevipalpus californicus (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)

The false spider mite, Brevipalpus californicus (Banks), is a major citrus pest in Texas. This phytophagous mite causes damage to fruit, leaves and stems of citrus, and is also a vector of citrus leprosis virus. Galendromus helveolus (Chant) is one of the most prevalent predacious mite species found on Texas citrus. The predation potential of G. helveolus on different stages of B. californicus was evaluated in the laboratory. An individual immature G. helveolus mite consumed an average of 30.7 eggs, 53.6 larvae, or 22.7 nymphs of B. californicus before developing to an adult. An individual adult female G. helveolus consumed an average of 164.8 eggs, 369.6 larvae, or 80.9 nymphs of B. californicus. Both immature and adult G. helveolus never fed on adult stage of B. californicus and never completed development. The development times of the immature stages of G. helveolus were 4.5, 4.1 and 4.6 days when fed on eggs, larvae and nymphs of B. californicus, respectively. When G. helveolus fed on the larval stage of B. californicus, the adults had the longest longevity (18.5 days) and the highest fecundity (14.0 eggs/female).     

Biology of three species of Agistemus (Acari: Stigmaeidae): life table parameters using eggs of Panonychus citri or pollen of Malephora crocea as food

The biology and life table parameters of Agistemus industani Gonzalez, A. cyprius Gonzalez, and A. floridanus Gonzalez (Acari: Stigmaeidae) were studied under laboratory conditions using two food sources: Panonychus citri (McGregor) eggs or ice plant, Malephora crocea (Jacquin) Schwantes pollen at 25 degrees C. The larval, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult stages of A. industani fed on citrus red mite eggs. All active stages of A. industani, except the larva, fed on all P. citri stages and the larval stage could not feed on P. citri adults. All immature stages of A. industani fed on M. crocea pollen. Agistemus cyprius larvae fed on P. citri eggs and larvae or ice plant pollen. The nymphal stages fed on P. citri eggs, larvae, and protonymphs but not deutonymphs or adults while A. cyprius deutonymphs and adults fed on all P. citri stages. Adult and nymphal stages of A. cyprius fed on ice plant pollen and successfully completed their development while A. floridanus did not. Agistemus floridanus larvae fed only on P. citri eggs, while the other stages fed on P. citri eggs, larvae, and protonymphs. The developmental times from egg to adult for A. industani and A. cyprius when fed M. crocea pollen were 11.3 and 13.4 days, respectively. Agistemus floridanus was unable to complete its life cycle on a diet of only M. crocea pollen. Agistemus industani, A. cyprius, and A. floridanus completed development from egg to adult in 11.7, 13.8, and 10.8 days, respectively, when fed P. citri eggs. The intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)) values for A. cyprius and A. industani were 0.0311 and 0.1201 per day on the pollen diet. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was 3.58 for A. cyprius and 10.07 for A. industani with generation times (T) of 45.2 and 35.1 days, respectively, on the ice plant pollen diet. The r(m) values for A. cyprius, A. floridanus, and A. industani on the P. citri egg only diet were: 0.0562, 0.1001, and 0.1031 per day, respectively. The Ro values for each species fed P. citri eggs only were: 6.36, 7.90, and 18.70 for A. cyprius, A. floridanus, and A. industani and the generation times (T) for each of the three species were: 35.2, 29.9 and 37.8 days, respectively.     

马缨丹乙醇提取物对美洲斑潜蝇种群的控制作用

应用作用因子生命表方法以及在此基础上提出的干扰作用控制指数法评价了马缨丹(LantanacamaraL.)乙醇提取物(干重1g·100mL-1)在美洲斑潜蝇LiriomyzasativaeBlanchard种群控制中的作用。结果表明,马缨丹乙醇提取物对保护菜豆(PhaseolusvagarisL.)免受美洲斑潜蝇为害起着明显的作用。处理区的干扰作用控制指数为0.135,即对美洲斑潜蝇的防治效果可达86.5%。马缨丹乙醇提取物对美洲斑潜蝇寄生性天敌的作用无影响。     

Efficacy of Curcuma aeruginosa rhizome and Adhatoda vasica plant extracts, on red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae in Livistona rotundifolia

Queen palm, Livistona rotundifolia foliage contributes greatly in export industry. Red spider mite (RSM) (Tetranychus urticae) infests on the foliage and reduces its affordable market quality. T. urticae is found in dry environment and is one of the phytophagous mite belongs to family Tetranychidae. Different chemicals such as 80% sulphur + Diazinon @ (50g+12ml/10L) are recommended against red spider mite, but these have lesser effect on this tiny mite. Since these chemicals are not environment friendly, Green Farms Ltd., in Sri Lanka prefers to use biological agents for mite management. Extracts of Curcuma aeruginosa rhizome and Adhatoda vasica plant parts were studied separately causing mortality on T. urticae. Field experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of C. aruginosa extract for controlling RSM on L. rotundifolia leaves. Curcuma aruginosa was tested at concentrations of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g/L and a control with equal amount of water. C aruginosa extracts of different concentrations were treated six times at five days interval on the palms separately. Living spider mites and eggs were pre-counted in marked leaves before applying C. aruginosa extracts. Next count was taken a day prior to next spraying. The result revealed that all the concentrations except 2 g/L were found to be effective compared to control. However there was no difference between the concentrations from 5 to 25 g/L. Hence C. aruginosa rhizome extract at its lowest concentration of 5 g/L is equally effective for the control of RSM on L. rotundifolia leaves. In another experiment extracts of Adhatoda vasica bark, leaves, and flower and water as control were applied thrice with three days interval. Pre treatment counting of living spider mites and eggs were taken in marked leaves. Post count was taken a day prior to next spraying. Third and forth counting were done after three days and four weeks from final spraying respectively. The results revealed that bark, flowers were found to be more effective compared to control. Flowers and bark were the best and hence there is no need of third sprayings as almost all the spider mites population were eradicated after second spraying. Flower extraction showed best performance until three months since final spraying. Flower and bark extracts showed higher acaricidal property and leaf showed moderate acaricidal property.     

取食不同食料植物对安婀珍蝶的营养利用及中肠四种酶活力的影响

分别用薇甘菊Mikania micrantha HBK、飞机草Chromolaena odorata L.、革命菜Gynura crepidioides Benth、菜心Brassica parachinensis Bailey和白菜Brassica chinensis L.饲养安婀珍蝶Actinote anteas,计算各龄期试虫的存活率;测定不同食料植物对安婀珍蝶4龄幼虫的营养利用以及中肠中淀粉酶、海藻糖酶、蔗糖酶和羧酸酯酶活性的影响。结果表明：薇甘菊饲养的试虫,其4、5、6龄的存活率高于其他供试食料植物上的试虫;取食薇甘菊的安婀珍蝶4龄幼虫相对生长率和食物利用率明显高于取食其他3种食料植物的试虫,但其相对取食量明显较低;取食薇甘菊的安婀珍蝶4龄试虫羧酸酯酶比活力明显高于以其他3种植物为食的试虫;取食白菜的4龄试虫,其蔗糖酶、海藻糖酶和淀粉酶比活力较低。这些研究结果表明安婀珍蝶对革命菜、菜心和白菜存在不同程度的取食利用障碍,由此判定他们不会成为安婀珍蝶的寄主植物。