巨噬细胞吞噬试验的简单方法

巨噬细胞是机体免疫系统中重要的细胞成分之一,可以吞噬微生物和其他异物颗粒,在机体免疫应答中起着相当重要的作用。目前,高校在普通微生物学、免疫学等内容的教学中都有巨噬细胞吞噬实验,但常规的体内吞噬法对巨噬细胞吞噬和消化异物的时间不容易掌握。因巨噬细胞不是未吞噬就是吞噬物已被消化,     

巨噬细胞吞噬凋亡中性粒细胞及吞噬诱导巨噬细胞死亡的实时动态观察

巨噬细胞有效地吞噬清除凋亡的中性粒细胞,对急性炎症的消退、恢复机体的稳态至关重要.但目前对巨噬细胞吞噬凋亡中性粒细胞的动态过程以及巨噬细胞吞噬凋亡中性粒细胞后的命运转归还知之甚少.本研究动态观察了巨噬细胞吞噬凋亡中性粒细胞的全过程,发现巨噬细胞吞噬凋亡中性粒细胞过程也可分为识别黏附、内吞、消化和残体外排等阶段,同时观察记录了吞噬凋亡中性粒细胞后巨噬细胞被诱导激活死亡的动态过程.通过透射电子显微镜、激光共聚焦扫描显微镜以及特殊染色法显示,吞噬凋亡中性粒细胞诱导巨噬细胞死亡的方式有自噬、凋亡和胀亡等,其中自噬率为(8.00±2.00)%、凋亡率为(12.33±2.08)%、胀亡率为(3.66±1.50)%.这些结果表明,巨噬细胞吞噬凋亡中性粒细胞后自身也经历自噬和凋亡过程,可能是巨噬细胞参与免疫反应的新机制.     

氦氖激光对离体小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响

为探索低功率激光照射治疗的机理,本实验用氦氖激光照射离体小白鼠腹腔巨噬细胞观察其吞噬鸡红细胞折功能。当照射１５分钟时,巨噬细胞蚕噬功能达到最大值,以后开始下降,照射至４０分时,巨噬细胞吞噬功能下降至对照组以下,出现抑制现象。     

转移因子对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响和E玫瑰花形成的作用

本文报道了转移因子对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响和对脾细胞E玫瑰花形成的作用。转移因子为本单位从健康猪脾细胞提取的针剂,含多核苷酸和多肽等低分子生物活性物质,每支含量为3×10~3个脾细胞提取物,每天一次0.5ml剂量注入小鼠体内,连续5次后取动物腹腔巨噬细胞和脾细胞悬液,测定其吞噬功能并观察E玫瑰花形成作用。结果表明,转移因子对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬的百分率和吞噬指数与对照组比有明显差异(P<0.01),对小鼠脾细胞E玫瑰花形成作用与对照组比差异也极显著(P<0.01)。从而看出,转移因子能使小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能增强,亦能使特异的玫瑰花形成细胞中T淋巴细胞增多,增强了机体的免疫功能。     

口服短小双歧杆菌活菌制剂对机体免疫功能的增强效应

探讨短小双歧杆菌（Bifidobacteriumbreve）对正常机体免疫功能的影响及对免疫低功机体的免疫功能调整作用。以环磷酰胺制备免疫低功模型,检测活菌制剂应用后,小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能,自然杀伤（NK）细胞杀伤活性,特异性抗体产生能力及IL—2诱生活性等指标的变化。结果表明短小双歧杆菌活菌制剂口服后可显著提高小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能,NK细胞杀伤活性,特异性抗体产生能力3项指标,IL—2诱生活性与对照组相比有一定提高,但差异无显著性。结果提示短小双歧杆菌对提高正常机体的免疫功能,对免疫低功机体有明显的调整作用。     

中药提取物FAC的抗肿瘤作用及其机制的初步研究

目的:探讨中药提取物FAC对H22肝癌实体瘤的作用及其机制.方法:制备人肝癌H22荷瘤小鼠模型,观察中药提取物FAC对H22肝癌实体瘤的抑制作用及其对荷瘤小鼠免疫器官、存活期、巨噬细胞吞噬功能、淋巴细胞转化功能的影响.结果:小鼠灌服中药提取物FAC10 d后,中、大剂量组抑瘤作用显著,荷瘤小鼠存活期明显延长,反映免疫功能的胸腺指数和脾指数显著增加,巨噬细胞吞噬功能和淋巴细胞转化功能明显增强.结论:中药提取物FAC可抑制人肝癌H22实体瘤的生长,并能提高荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能.提示中药提取物FAC可能通过增强机体免疫功能而发挥抗肿瘤作用.     

枸杞子提取物对小鼠免疫功能和果蝇寿命的影响

枸杞子提取物能显著提高小鼠机体的体液免疫和细胞免疫功能,使小鼠血清ＩｇＧ含量、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬百分率和吞噬指数明显增加,并可延长雌性果蝇的平均寿命及半数成活期,具有一定的抗衰老和增强免疫功能作用。     

病原菌逃避单核-巨噬细胞杀灭策略的研究进展

单核-巨噬细胞具有强大的吞噬功能,在机体固有免疫和适应性免疫中均发挥着重要作用,可有效保护宿主免受多种致病菌的感染。病原菌在与宿主单核-巨噬细胞的长期相互作用过程中,逐渐形成多种逃避杀灭的有效策略,得以在宿主体内存活并增殖。本文从病原菌抗巨噬细胞吞噬作用、抗巨噬细胞内吞噬溶酶体降解作用、诱导和抑制巨噬细胞凋亡或坏死4个方面,综述近年来国内、外关于病原菌逃避单核-巨噬细胞杀灭策略的研究进展。     

胎肝细胞输注与全胚注射液治疗再生障碍性贫血的机理探讨

本文对胎肝细胞输注或全胚注射液治疗再生障碍性贫血的可能机理作了一些实验性探讨。研究结果表明: 1.胎肝细胞在培养或解体过程中释放某些刺激红系造血的因子,有利于已经损伤的造血功能的恢复。 2.对正常小鼠注射无细胞胎肝制剂或全胚注射液后,骨髓红系细胞的分裂指数明显升高,骨髓中粒/红比值趋于降低,反映了骨髓中红系细胞增生活跃的状态。 3.对正常小鼠注射无细胞胎肝制剂或全胚注射液后,外周血网织红细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬指数趋于平行增高,其增高程度和持续时间随注射次数的增加而加强。 小鼠注射无细胞胎肝制剂或全胚注射液后,巨噬细胞吞噬指数的增加,反映了巨噬细胞激活,这种作用除了提高机体的非特异性免疫功能,增强机体的抵抗力外,还可能通过巨噬细胞的活化,直接或间接地调控机体红系细胞的增殖,因而,对巨噬细胞在造血调控中的作用以及它在再生障碍性贫血发病机理研究中的意义提出了讨论。     

姜黄素调节小鼠免疫功能的实验研究

目的探讨姜黄素对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用及其可能机制.方法通过噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法研究姜黄素对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖及小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能的影响;用Western blot法检测脾淋巴细胞胞核NF-κB p65蛋白的表达.结果姜黄素能够增加小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能;小剂量姜黄素能够增加小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖;大剂量姜黄素能够抑制小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖;姜黄素能够抑制脾淋巴细胞胞核NF-κB p65蛋白的表达.结论姜黄素具有调节机体免疫功能的作用,且与剂量相关;可能的机制与抑制NF-κB的活性有关.     

Photo-enhancement of macrophage phagocytic activity via Rac1-mediated signaling pathway: Implications for bacterial infection

Phagocytosis and the subsequent destruction of invading pathogens by macrophages are indispensable steps in host immune responses to microbial infections. Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) has been found to exert photobiological effects on immune responses, but the signaling mechanisms underlying this photobiomodulation of phagocytosis remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that LPLI enhanced the phagocytic activity of macrophages by stimulating the activation of Rac1. The overexpression of constitutively activated Rac1 clearly enhanced LPLI-induced phagocytosis, whereas the overexpression of dominant negative Rac1 exerted the opposite effect. The phosphorylation of cofilin was involved in the effects of LPLI on phagocytosis, which was regulated by the membrane translocation and activation of Rac1. Furthermore, the photoactivation of Rac1 was dependent on the Src/PI3K/Vav1 pathway. The inhibition of the Src/PI3K pathway significantly suppressed LPLI-induced actin polymerization and phagocytosis enhancement. Additionally, LPLI-treated mice exhibited increased survival and a decreased organ bacterial load when challenged with Listeria monocytogenes, indicating that LPLI enhanced macrophage phagocytosis in vivo. These findings highlight the important roles of the Src/PI3K/Vav1/Rac1/cofilin pathway in regulating macrophage phagocytosis and provide a potential strategy for treating phagocytic deficiency via LPLI.     

UVB irradiation suppresses cytokine production and innate cellular immune functions in mice

We examined whether ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation (6 kJ/m2) alters cytokine production and other innate immune reactions by murine peritoneal macrophages and peripheral neutrophils. Along with these experiments, serum IgG levels were also assessed. In addition, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) we observed macrophages that had been exposed to UVB in vitro. Results showed that UVB irradiation: (1) decreased IL-12 production while increasing IL-1alpha secretion from macrophages, but had no effect on IL-1alpha from neutrophils; (2) suppressed phagocytosis of macrophages but not of neutrophils; (3) diminished active oxygen production of macrophages but not of neutrophils; (4) had no effect on serum IgG levels; and (5) caused significant cell destruction of macrophages in vitro. These results suggested: (1) that UVB irradiation could induce characteristic suppression of innate immunity; (2) that innate cellular immunity was more susceptible to the effects of UVB irradiation than humoral immunity.     

Suppressive effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in vitro on phagocytosis by murine macrophages

Incubation of normal mouse peritoneal cells consisting of over 90% phagocytizing macrophages with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) resulted in a inhibition of phagocytic function. The THC in a dose-related manner suppressed the percentage of macrophages per culture which ingested yeast and the average number of yeast particles ingested by the phagocytizing macrophages. The vehicle used to suspend the THC in vitro, i.e., DMSO, had no detectable effect on macrophage function. Suppression of phagocytosis with no effects on viability or cell number occurred with doses of 10 micrograms or less THC per milliliter culture medium. Measurable suppression also occurred after 24- to 48-hr treatment of the macrophages with the THC. This compound had little if any detectable effect on phagocytosis when added directly to the cultures shortly before testing for phagocytosis. Further studies concerning the effects of THC on macrophage function appear warranted.     

The influence of stress and methionine-enkephalin on macrophage functions in two inbred rat strains

The aim of our current study was to investigate the effect of acute exposure to electric tail shock stress (ES) and to a stress witnessing procedure (SW), as models for physical and psychological stress paradigms, respectively, on phagocytosis and H(2)O(2) production in peritoneal macrophages isolated from Albino Oxford (AO) and Dark Agouti (DA) rats. In addition, we studied the in vitro effects of methionine-enkephalin (ME) on phagocytosis and H(2)O(2) production in peritoneal macrophages isolated from both AO and DA rats that had been exposed to ES and SW procedures. The results showed that peritoneal macrophages isolated from DA rats were less sensitive to the suppressive effects of ES and SW than macrophages isolated from AO rats. In vitro treatment of macrophages isolated from AO rats with ME mimicked to some extent the suppressive effects of ES and SW on phagocytosis and H(2)O(2) production and additionally diminished H(2)O(2) release in macrophages isolated from AO rats previously exposed to ES or SW. ME did not have any effect on phagocytosis in macrophages isolated from DA rats, but changed H(2)O(2) production in a concentration-dependent manner. In macrophages isolated from DA rats previously exposed to stress the effect of ME was dependent on the macrophage function tested and the particular stress paradigm employed. Our results emphasise the fact that both beneficial and detrimental effects of stress on immune system functions could be attributed to the individual variations in the macrophage's response to stress mediators.     

Effect of Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor (aFGF) on Phagocytosis in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages

The effects of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) on phagocytosis in peritoneal macrophages from thioglycollate-elicited mice were examined using flow cytometry. aFGF enhanced phagocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled latex particles in a dose-dependent manner. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) also enhanced phagocytosis. This study suggests that aFGF can modulate an important activity of macrophages.     

Dose and time-related in vitro effects of glucocorticoid on phagocytosis and nitrite release by splenic macrophages of wall lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis

Glucocorticoids (GC) are usually considered to be immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory. However, recent studies in mammals have demonstrated the diverse effects of GC on non-specific host-defense mechanism, depending on dose or duration of treatment. Hence, in the present study in vitro dose and time-related effects of glucocorticoid, i.e. hydrocortisone (HC) on phagocytosis and nitrite production by LPS-induced splenic macrophages in wall lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis has been investigated. Hydrocortisone suppressed percentage phagocytosis, phagocytic index and nitrite production by splenic macrophages even at the lowest concentration (10(-13) M) for a short-term exposure (4 h). Hydrocortisone-induced suppression enhanced with the increase of concentration or duration of exposure time. The suppressive effect of hydrocortisone on phagocytic and cytotoxic activities of splenic macrophages was further corroborated since the pre-exposure of macrophages to glucocorticoid-receptor blocker (RU 486) considerably reduced the hydrocortisone-induced suppression of phagocytosis and nitrite production. The present study suggests that GC instead of diverse effects, has dose- and time-dependent immunosuppressive effect on non-specific host-defense immune responses in wall lizard H. flaviviridis.     

Low‐level laser therapy 810‐nm up‐regulates macrophage secretion of neurotrophic factors via PKA‐CREB and promotes neuronal axon regeneration in vitro

Macrophages play key roles in the secondary injury stage of spinal cord injury (SCI). M1 macrophages occupy the lesion area and secrete high levels of inflammatory factors that hinder lesion repair, and M2 macrophages can secrete neurotrophic factors and promote axonal regeneration. The regulation of macrophage secretion after SCI is critical for injury repair. Low‐level laser therapy (810‐nm) (LLLT) can boost functional rehabilitation in rats after SCI; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. To explore this issue, we established an in vitro model of low‐level laser irradiation of M1 macrophages, and the effects of LLLT on M1 macrophage polarization and neurotrophic factor secretion and the related mechanisms were investigated. The results showed that LLLT irradiation decreased the expression of M1 macrophage‐specific markers, and increased the expression of M2 macrophage‐specific markers. Through forward and reverse experiments, we verified that LLLT can promote the secretion of various neurotrophic factors by activating the PKA‐CREB pathway in macrophages and finally promote the regeneration of axons. Accordingly, LLLT may be an effective therapeutic approach for SCI with clinical application prospects.     

Apoptotic cells can deliver chemotherapeutics to engulfing macrophages and suppress inflammatory cytokine production

Immunosuppression via cell-cell contact with apoptotic cells is a well studied immunological phenomenon. Although the original studies of immune repression used primary cells, which undergo spontaneous cell death or apoptosis in response to irradiation, more recent studies have relied on chemotherapeutic agents to induce apoptosis in cell lines. In this work, we demonstrate that Jurkat cells induced to die with actinomycin D suppressed inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages, whereas cells treated with etoposide did not. This immune repression mediated by actinomycin D-treated cells did not require phagocytosis or cell-cell contact and thus occurs through a different mechanism from that seen with primary apoptotic neutrophils. Moreover, cells induced to die with etoposide and then treated for a short time with actinomycin D also suppressed macrophage responses, indicating that suppression was mediated by actinomycin D independent of the mechanism of cell death. Finally, phagocytosis of actinomycin D-treated cells caused apoptosis in macrophages, and suppression could be blocked by inhibition of caspase activity in the target macrophage. Together, these data indicate that apoptotic cells act as "Trojan horses," delivering actinomycin D to engulfing macrophages. Suppression of cytokine production by macrophages is therefore due to exposure to actinomycin D from apoptotic cells and is not the result of cell-receptor interactions. These data suggest that drug-induced death may not be an appropriate surrogate for the immunosuppressive activity of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, these effects of cytotoxic drugs on infiltrating immune phagocytes may have clinical ramifications for their use as antitumor therapies.     

Inhibition by adiponectin of IL-8 production by human macrophages upon coculturing with late apoptotic cells

Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, reportedly suppresses the production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 by LPS-stimulated human or porcine macrophages, and the phagocytosis of microbeads by human macrophages. In this study, we used a high molecular weight form of adiponectin purified from human plasma to examine its effects on the phagocytosis of late apoptotic cells by human macrophages and the subsequent IL-8 production. Adiponectin suppressed both the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and the IL-8 production. In contrast, adiponectin augmented both the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and the IL-8 production in the presence of LPS. These results suggest that adiponectin is not an anti-inflammatory hormone but rather a dual modulator of innate responses.     

Effects of weak laser radiation (632.8 nm) on isolated mouse immune cells

The dose dependence of in vitro effects of low-intensity radiation of a He-Ne laser (632.8 nm, 0.2 mW/cm²) on the functional activity of peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes of mouse spleen was studied. The exposure of isolated cells was varied from 5 to 180 s. If the exposure did not exceed 60 s, stimulation of secretory activity was observed: increased production of interleukin 2, interferon γ, and interleukin 6 in lymphocytes; increased production of tumor necrosis factor α, nitric oxide, and interleukin 6 in macrophages; and enhanced activity of natural killer cells. A longer exposure (up to 180 s) either had no effect on the synthesis of certain cytokines (interleukin 2 in lymphocytes and interleukin 6 in macrophages) or inhibited it, which was expressed in decreased production of interleukin 6 and interferon γ in lymphocytes and nitric oxide in macrophages, as well as in suppression of the activity of natural killer cells. Conversely, the production of interleukin 3 decreased after a short-term exposure but increased after 180-s irradiation. The high sensitivity of cells to extremely weak laser light also manifested itself as a considerable increase in expression of the inducible heat shock protein 70; this effect was observed at all doses studied, including the 5-s exposure. In contrast, expression of the heat shock protein 90 slightly decreased after irradiation of cells with laser light.