晚播小麦叶片衰老代谢和粒重变化的比较研究

对７个小麦品种在晚播条件下的叶片衰老生理特性和粒重变化进行了比较研究。根据小麦叶片的衰老特征相差差异,将７个小麦品种区分为３个类型;后健型、早衰型和中间型。在小麦旗叶的衰老过程中,后健型小麦品种旗叶叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著高于早衰型,脂质过氧化产物ＭＤＡ含量显著低于早衰型,小麦粒重降幅依次为早衰型〉中间型〉后健型,并讨论了活性氧代谢在小麦叶片衰老过程中可能作用。     

不同施肥条件下冷、暖型小麦旗叶光合生理特性的研究

以2类4个小麦品种为试验材料,通过田间小区试验,比较了灌浆结实期冷、暖型小麦在不施肥(CK)、单施磷肥(P)、单施氮肥(N)和氮磷配施(NP)等4种施肥条件下旗叶的光合生理特性。结果表明,不同施肥条件下,冷型小麦的旗叶叶面积、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量及净光合速率均高于暖型小麦。其中,在不施肥和单施磷肥条件下,两类小麦之间各项生理指标的差异均达显著或极显著水平;在施用氮肥(单施氮肥和氮磷配施)条件下,两类小麦之间的差异有所减小,但冷型小麦仍然高于暖型小麦。冷型小麦旗叶优良的光合生理特性具有不随施肥条件的改变而发生根本性变化的特点,对土壤肥力状况有较强的适应性;而暖型小麦对土壤氮素营养要求较高。     

不同冬小麦品种衰老生理特性的比较研究

试验研究了超高产条件下 3个不同冬小麦旗叶衰老生理特性的差异。结果表明 ,大穗型品种郑州 8761和小穗型品种温麦 6号 ,旗叶衰老过程中 ,O- ·2 和 H2 O2 产生、MDA积累 ,可溶性蛋白质和光合色素降解及光合活性下降明显快于正常的中穗型品种洛阳 91 33,3个小麦品种产量高低顺序 :洛阳 91 33>温麦 6号 >郑州 8761。讨论了活性氧代谢在小麦旗叶衰老代谢中的可能作用 ,提出选择不早衰的小麦品种是实现超高产的重要措施。     

三种栽培模式下不同基因型冬小麦旗叶衰老代谢比较

为了探索冬小麦在不同栽培模式下功能叶片衰老代谢的生理机制,以cp02(213)、cp99(1)和陕农512为材料,比较研究了常规栽培、覆草栽培、地膜覆盖3种栽培模式下小麦旗叶衰老代谢特性.结果表明,覆草栽培叶面积、旗叶功能期、叶绿素含量、叶片保护酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT)显著高于常规栽培,膜脂过氧化程度较低,叶片衰老速度缓慢,代谢强度旺盛,有利于籽粒灌浆和光合产物的积累.灌浆前期,地膜覆盖叶面积、旗叶功能期、叶绿素含量、叶片保护性酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT)显著高于常规栽培,膜脂过氧化程度低于常规栽培;灌浆后期,叶绿素含量急剧下降,叶片衰老速度加快,膜脂过氧化程度加剧.参试品种(系)中陕农512叶片衰老速度缓慢,保绿性好.     

施氮量和栽培模式对旱地冬小麦旗叶衰老及其活性氧代谢的影响

以冬小麦小偃22为试验材料,研究3种栽培模式(常规栽培、覆草栽培、地膜覆盖)和3种施氮水平(施纯氮0、120和240 kg/hm2)下旗叶衰老与活性氧代谢特性.结果表明,与常规栽培(CK)相比较,覆草栽培条件下叶绿素含量始终较高(P<0.05),叶片衰老速度缓慢,代谢强度旺盛,有利于籽粒灌浆和光合产物的积累,产量显著增加(P<0.05).在灌浆前期,地膜覆盖条件下叶片叶绿素含量增加(P<0.05),叶片保护性酶活性(POD、CAT)提高,膜脂过氧化程度低;但在灌浆后期,叶绿素含量急剧下降,叶片衰老速度加快,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,产量仍显著增加(P<0.05).施用氮肥在一定范围内可提高旗叶叶绿素含量和保护性酶活性(POD、CAT),降低膜脂过氧化程度;施氮量为120 kg/hm2时,冬小麦旗叶叶绿素含量最高,叶片衰老迟缓,代谢强度降低缓慢,膜脂过氧化程度低,有利于小麦后期生长和籽粒灌浆,在3种栽培模式下产量均最高.     

干旱胁迫对小麦旗叶活性氧代谢及灌浆速率的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,研究了干旱胁迫对小麦旗叶活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明,小麦旗叶内H2O2和O-·2水平随干旱胁迫的加剧和衰老进程的加快而逐渐升高,活性氧清除系统中的SOD和CAT活性逐渐下降,膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量升高,导致叶片内可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量下降,是干旱胁迫造成对籽粒产量贡献较大的旗叶伤害的主要原因之一,从而导致穗粒重下降.     

温度和光照强度对不同品质类型小麦旗叶光合特性和衰老的影响

以两个蛋白质含量不同的小麦品种豫麦34（高蛋白）和扬麦9号（低蛋白）为材料,研究不同温光条件对小麦灌浆期旗叶光合特性和衰老的影响.结果表明：高温、弱光处理显著降低了小麦旗叶净光合速率（P_n）及叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m和Φ_PSⅡ,但高温和弱光对小麦旗叶造成伤害的生理机制不同,高温主要降低了叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和P_n,灌浆后期P_n下降幅度达50％;而弱光主要降低了叶绿素荧光参数,抑制了光合系统PSⅡ的活性.高温使小麦旗叶丙二醛（MDA）含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和可溶性蛋白质含量下降,加速了植株衰老;而弱光下SOD活性较高,小麦衰老进程较高温缓慢,植株对弱光的耐受性较强.豫麦34对高温、弱光逆境的反应比扬麦9号敏感.     

砷胁迫对小麦根系生长及活性氧代谢的影响

在水培和盆载条件下研究了砷对小麦根系生长及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明：随砷浓度的提高,小麦胚根、次生根条数减少,总根长度、胚芽长度缩短、根体积、干重也较对照冯少超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性下降趋势,质脂过氧化产物（ＭＤＡ）含理增加,质膜相对透性增大、泪科越冬期,拔节期、灌浆期表现出同样的趋势。     

干旱条件下小麦冠层温度及其性状的关联研究

通过对小麦冠层温度和有关性状的长期观测,发现自然界存在冠层温度持续偏低的小麦,在干旱条件下,它的叶片功能期、叶绿素含量、蒸腾速率、净光合速率、可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性等重要性状明显优于冠层温度持续偏高的小麦品种,且丙二醛(MDA)积累速度慢,在籽粒灌浆期表现尤为明显。冷型小麦表现出干旱胁迫下仍然具有代谢功能较好、活力旺盛和抗早衰能力较强的特征,这进一步拓展了冷型小麦的应用范围,对于加速适应于干旱条件的优良品种选育并将其推向生产具有十分重要的意义。     

施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶衰老及粒重的影响

在防雨池栽培条件下,研究了施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶衰老和粒重的影响.结果表明：各氮肥处理下,小麦旗叶SPAD值、可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和光合速率（P_n）均表现为：花后土壤含水量60%～70%处理>80%～90%处理>40%～50%处理,小麦旗叶丙二醛（MDA）含量表现为：花后土壤含水量40%～50%处理>80%～90%处理>60%～70%处理,表明花后土壤含水量过高或过低均可导致小麦旗叶早衰,影响籽粒灌浆,降低粒重.在花后相同土壤含水量条件下,旗叶SPAD值、可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD活性、CAT活性和P_n均随施氮量的增加而升高,MDA含量随施氮量的增加而降低,表明增施氮肥可以延缓小麦旗叶衰老,但过量施用氮肥则不利于小麦粒重的提高,尤其是在花后土壤缺水的情况下,施用过多氮肥可导致小麦粒重下降.在小麦生产中可以将施用氮肥和控制花后土壤水分含量相结合,延缓小麦植株衰老,提高粒重.     

糜子根系与旗叶协同衰老的生理生化机理研究

以榆糜3号糜子为试验材料,测定了拔节至成熟期糜子根系与旗叶生长指标、保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量等变化,初步分析了其根系与旗叶协同衰老的生理生化机制.结果表明:从拔节期到成熟期,糜子根系活性、表面积和干物质重,旗叶绿叶面积和干物质重,以及根系与旗叶的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,并均在拔节后34~41 d(籽粒灌浆前期~中期)达到最大值;根系与旗叶的可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐降低,而丙二醛(MDA)含量却持续大幅度上升;糜子旗叶的保护酶(SOD、CAT、POD)活性、可溶性蛋白含量始终极显著高于同期根系,而其MDA含量却始终极显著低于同期根系.研究发现,在糜子生育后期,其光合产物分配中心转移,造成根系和旗叶中光合产物亏缺;同时其旗叶和根系中保护酶活性逐渐降低,清除活性氧的能力减弱,引起细胞内活性氧积累和膜氧化伤害逐渐加重,最终导致植株逐渐衰老;在植株衰老过程中,根系与叶片衰老密切相关,并且根系抗氧化酶的活性相对较弱.     

不同环境条件下小麦氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒品质

研究了两种环境条件下3个不同蛋白含量小麦品种的氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒品质的差异.结果表明,龙口试验点的小麦旗叶硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷胺酰氨合成酶(GS)和籽粒谷胺酰氨合成酶活性均显著高于泰安试验点,3个品种间的酶活性顺序均为：济麦20＞优麦3号＞PH971942.优质强筋小麦品种的籽粒综合品质性状在龙口试验点的表现优于泰安试验点. 灌浆期环境因素与小麦籽粒品质和酶活性存在显著的相关性,灌浆期间的较高气温、适当干旱和寡照环境有利于提高小麦籽粒品质.龙口试验点的中、强筋小麦品种和泰安试验点的中筋小麦品种蛋白质含量与旗叶NR和GS活性均达显著正相关.小麦品种用途不同,对环境条件的要求不同,适宜的环境条件提高了氮代谢关键酶的活性,利于改善小麦品质.     

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Content and Degradation in Diploid,Tetraploid, and Hexaploid Wheat Species during Monocarpic Senescence

Wheat provides a unique genetic system in which variable sink size is available across the ploidies. We characterized monocarpic senescence in diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheat species in flag leaf from anthesis up to full grain maturity at regular intervals. Triticum tauschii Acc. cv. EC-331751 showed the fastest rate of senescence among the species studied and the rate of loss per day was highest in terms of photosynthesis rate, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) content, and flag leaf N content coupled with a higher rate of gain in grain N content. Cultivars Kundan and HD 4530 maintained high flag leaf N content throughout grain filling as compared to the diploids and showed a slower rate of senescence. RuBPCO content was higher in the diploids as compared to Kundan and HD 4530 at anthesis. However, the rate of decline in RuBPCO content per day was also higher in the diploids. This degradation in RuBPCO was mediated by high endoproteolytic activities in the diploids which in turn supported its higher rate of N mobilization as compared to the tetraploid and hexaploid wheat. Acidic endopeptidases were responsible for the mobilization of flag leaf nitrogen in wheat across ploidy levels (r=–0.582, p<0.01).     

冬小麦叶片持绿能力及其衰老特征研究

以12个冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种为供试材料,通过田间实验连续2年于开花后定期测定各品种的绿叶数目、绿叶面积、叶绿素和MDA含量以及SOD和CAT活性等指标,并以生理成熟时的保绿度、衰老启动时间为指标进行Hierarchical聚类分析,对小麦品种持绿能力进行分级.结果表明,参试冬小麦品种可分为持绿和非持绿两种类型,‘潍麦8号'(WM8)和‘豫麦66'(YM66)两年均表现为持绿型小麦.在整个灌浆期,持绿型小麦品种绿叶数目、面积、叶绿素含量明显高于非持绿型品种,叶片保护酶SOD与CAT活性也较非持绿小麦强,而其MDA含量明显低于非持绿型小麦品种.持绿型小麦叶片衰老启动时间延迟,生育后期绿叶面积较大,光合作用时间延长,具有较高的产量.本研究结果为冬小麦的品种选育、布局等相关研究奠定基础.     

Differences in Sugar Accumulation and Mobilization between Sequential and Non-Sequential Senescence Wheat Cultivars under Natural and Drought Conditions

Wheat leaf non-sequential senescence at the late grain-filling stage involves the early senescence of younger flag leaves compared to that observed in older second leaves. On the other hand, sequential senescence involves leaf senescence that follows an age-related pattern, in which flag leaves are the latest to undergo senescence. The characteristics of sugar metabolism in two sequential senescence cultivars and two non-sequential senescence cultivars under both natural and drought conditions were studied to elucidate the underlying mechanism of drought tolerance in two different senescence modes. The results showed that compared to sequential senescence wheat cultivars, under natural and drought conditions, non-sequential senescence wheat cultivars showed a higher leaf net photosynthetic rate, higher soluble sugar levels in leaves, leaf sheaths, and internodes, higher leaf sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity, and higher grain SS activity, thereby suggesting that non-sequential senescence wheat cultivars had stronger source activity. Spike weight, grain weight per spike, and 100-grain weight of non-sequential senescence cultivars at maturity were significantly higher than those of sequential senescence cultivars under both natural and drought conditions. These findings indicate that the higher rate of accumulation and the higher mobilization of soluble sugar in the leaves, leaf sheaths and internodes of non-sequential senescence cultivars improve grain weight and drought tolerance. At the late grain-filling stage, drought conditions adversely affected leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, soluble sugar and sucrose content, SS and SPS activity, gain SS activity, and weight. This study showed that higher rates of soluble sugar accumulation in the source was one of the reasons of triggering leaf non-sequential senescence, and higher rates of soluble sugar mobilization during leaf non-sequential senescence promoted high and stable wheat yield and drought tolerance.     

Monocarpic senescence in wheat: Influence of sterile glumes and ear

The senescence of sterile glumes, flag leaf and the other two leaves below the ear of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sonalika) was studied in relation to grain development and surgical manipulation. The senescence of sterile glumes was faster than that of the leaves in terms of chlorophyll and protein degradation. The flag leaf senesced later than the other two leaves below it. Removal of sterile glumes markedly reduced the harvest index (crop: straw ratio) and average dry weight per grain as compared to removal of the flag leaf. Maximum grain weight was achieved after the glumes had senesced completely. Removal of the ear delayed senescence of all the three leaves. It is concluded that sterile glumes are important suppliers of assimilate for grain filling and that nutrient drainage is the primary cause of the monocarpic senescence in wheat.     

烯效唑干拌种对小麦叶片衰老期间有关酶活性的影响

研究不同浓度(0、10、20、40mg·kg-1)烯效唑干拌种对小麦品种川麦30不同叶序(3叶、7叶、旗叶)叶片衰老期间酶活性影响的结果表明,烯效唑干拌种后,不同叶序叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性增强,衰老后期仍维持较高水平;而核糖核酸酶(RNase)活性水平及上升速率则受抑,叶片中丙二醛(MDA)积累量减少,可溶性蛋白质含量下降缓慢.