膜下滴灌土壤湿润范围对棉花根层土壤水热环境和根系耗水的影响

为探明膜下滴灌土壤湿润范围对棉花根区水热环境及棉花根系耗水的影响,设置滴头流量1.69（W₁₆₉）、3.46（W₃₄₆）和6.33 L·h^-1（W₆₃₃）3个水平,观测分析了棉花生育期土壤基质势、土壤温度及棉花根系生长和耗水分布状况.结果表明： 膜下滴灌土壤温度主要受光照影响;不同类型土壤湿润区之间的土壤温度差异不明显,不同土壤湿润区的膜下土壤温度对棉花根系耗水也没有明显影响.但是随着土壤湿润区由窄深型向宽浅型过渡,棉花根区土壤基质吸力在水平方向上分布更趋于均匀,而棉花根系耗水强度主要受土壤基质吸力分布的影响.宽浅型土壤湿润区（W₆₃₃）的棉花膜下内、边行根系耗水强度差值平均为0.67 mm·d^-1,有利于内、边行棉株生长整齐;窄深型土壤湿润区（W₁₆₉）的内、边行根系耗水强度差值平均为0.88 mm·d^-1,不利于内、边行棉株均匀生长.可见,膜下滴灌技术设计中,土壤湿润区不应小于覆膜宽度,应使膜下土壤整体湿润.     

滴灌与沟灌栽培杨树人工林土壤水分动态与生产力

在北京大兴区永定河故道沙地上对9年生杨树人工林进行滴灌和沟灌栽培,于根系主要分布土层(20、40、60、80 cm)布设土壤水分传感器并利用智能采集器实时监测土壤含水率,分析不同灌溉措施下的土壤水分动态变化及杨树人工林生产力。结果表明: 单次有效的滴灌和沟灌后,沿树行形成的湿润体垂直深度分别为72和143 cm,湿润体横切面的面积分别为0.41和2.71 m²;灌溉量分别为79.20和776.47 m³·hm^-2,后者为前者的9.8倍,灌溉后杨树吸收根主要分布土层(0～40 cm)的土壤含水率下降到水分轻度亏缺临界值(土壤含水率为田间持水量的70%)的历时均为11 d左右。2019年4—10月,沟灌5、7、9月3次总灌溉量为2329.41 m³·hm^-2;滴灌18次,总灌溉量为1425.60 m³·hm^-2。沟灌下杨树人工林土壤水分中度亏缺(土壤含水率低于田间持水量的60%)累计天数达109 d,而滴灌下的杨树人工林土壤水分始终未发生中度亏缺。滴灌下杨树人工林蓄积年生长量为38.92 m³·hm^-2,是沟灌(25.43 m³·hm^-2)的1.5倍,表明不同灌溉措施下杨树人工林生产力差异显著。     

根际土壤通透性对玉米水分和养分吸收的影响

为改善作物根系生长微环境,探索根际土壤通透性对作物水分和养分吸收的影响,在3个灌溉水平下（灌水量分别为每次600、400和200 ml）,采用盆栽玉米不通气、每隔2 d通1次气、每隔4 d通1次气等处理方法,研究了根际土壤通透性对盆栽玉米生理指标及水分和养分吸收的影响.结果表明：在相同灌水条件下,通气处理促进了玉米株高、叶面积的增长,提高了叶绿素含量;促进了玉米对土壤养分的吸收;显著提高了玉米的根系活力,灌水量为每次600 ml时,拔节期每隔4 d通气处理的玉米根系活力最大（8.24 mg·g^-1·h^-1）,较不通气处理（4.94 mg·g^-1·h^-1）提高了66.7%;根际土壤通气处理对盆栽玉米蒸腾的影响不显著,说明根际通气可提高玉米对水分与养分的吸收利用效率,促进植株生长发育.     

根区交替控制灌溉条件下玉米根系吸水规律

为了阐明根区交替控制灌溉(CRDAI)条件下玉米根系吸水规律,通过田间试验,在沟灌垄植模式下采用根区交替控制灌溉研究玉米根区不同点位(沟位、坡位和垄位)的根长密度(RLD)及根系吸水动态。研究表明,根区土壤水分的干湿交替引起玉米RLD的空间动态变化,在垄位两侧不对称分布,并存在层间差异;土壤水分和RLD是根区交替控制灌溉下根系吸水速率的主要限制因素。在同一土层,根系吸水贡献率以垄位最大,沟位最低;玉米营养生长阶段,10—30 cm土层的根系吸水速率最大;玉米生殖生长阶段,20—70 cm为根系吸水速率最大的土层,根系吸水贡献率为43.21%—55.48%。研究阐明了交替控制灌溉下根系吸水与土壤水分、RLD间相互作用的动态规律,对控制灌溉下水分调控机理研究具有理论意义。     

控制性分根区交替滴灌对苹果幼树形态特征与根系水分传导的影响

采用固定滴灌(根区一侧固定供水)、控制性分根区交替滴灌(根区两侧交替供水)和常规滴灌(紧贴幼树基部供水)3种灌水方式和3种灌水定额(固定滴灌和交替滴灌均为10、20和30 mm,常规滴灌为20、30和40 mm),对比研究了控制性分根区交替滴灌对苹果幼树形态特征与根系水分传导的影响.结果表明： 交替滴灌的根区两侧土壤出现反复干湿交替过程,常规滴灌的根区两侧土壤含水率差异不显著.在灌水定额相同时,灌水侧的土壤含水率在3种灌水方式间差异不显著.与常规滴灌和固定滴灌相比,交替滴灌显著增加了苹果幼树的根冠比、壮苗指数和根系水分传导,在30 mm灌水定额处理下,交替滴灌的根冠比分别增加31.6%和47.1%,壮苗指数增加34.2%和53.6%,根系水分传导增加9.0%和11.0%.3种灌水方式下,根干质量和叶面积均与根系水分传导呈显著线性正相关.控制性分根区交替滴灌增强了苹果幼树根系水分传导的补偿效应,促进了根系对水分的吸收利用,有利于干物质向各个器官均衡分配,显著提高了根冠比和壮苗指数.     

控制性分根区交替滴灌对苹果幼树形态特征与根系水分传导的影响

采用固定滴灌(根区一侧固定供水)、控制性分根区交替滴灌(根区两侧交替供水)和常规滴灌(紧贴幼树基部供水)3种灌水方式和3种灌水定额(固定滴灌和交替滴灌均为10、20和30 mm,常规滴灌为20、30和40 mm),对比研究了控制性分根区交替滴灌对苹果幼树形态特征与根系水分传导的影响.结果表明： 交替滴灌的根区两侧土壤出现反复干湿交替过程,常规滴灌的根区两侧土壤含水率差异不显著.在灌水定额相同时,灌水侧的土壤含水率在3种灌水方式间差异不显著.与常规滴灌和固定滴灌相比,交替滴灌显著增加了苹果幼树的根冠比、壮苗指数和根系水分传导,在30 mm灌水定额处理下,交替滴灌的根冠比分别增加31.6%和47.1%,壮苗指数增加34.2%和53.6%,根系水分传导增加9.0%和11.0%.3种灌水方式下,根干质量和叶面积均与根系水分传导呈显著线性正相关.控制性分根区交替滴灌增强了苹果幼树根系水分传导的补偿效应,促进了根系对水分的吸收利用,有利于干物质向各个器官均衡分配,显著提高了根冠比和壮苗指数.     

沟灌水氮耦合对毛白杨林木生长及水氮吸收利用的影响

为探索沟灌水氮耦合对幼年生毛白杨林木生长及水氮吸收利用的影响,以4年生砂地三倍体毛白杨为对象,研究3个灌溉水平(W₂₀、W₃₃、W₄₅,即沟渠正下方40 cm土壤水势分别达到-20、-33和-45 kPa时灌溉),4个施N水平(N₁₂₀、N₁₉₀、N₂₆₀、N₀,即施肥量为120、190、260和0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)和自然条件(对照,CK)下幼年生毛白杨林木生长和水氮吸收利用规律,并结合林木生长状况,分析4年生三倍体毛白杨的最佳沟灌水氮耦合策略。结果表明:W₂₀N₁₂₀(高水低肥;土壤水势-20 kPa,施N量120 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)处理对三倍体毛白杨的林地生产力提升最为显著,其林地生产力最高可达33.37 m³·hm^-2·a^-1,仅有树高和总株生物量受到水氮耦合交互作用的显著影响。增加灌溉量或施N量都会提高林木吸氮量,但吸氮量主要受施N量影响;W₂₀N₂₆₀处理总株吸氮量最高,达112.17 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,较CK增加74.0%。各处理中,W₂₀N₁₂₀氮吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力最高,且显著高于其他处理,其总株、地上部、地下部氮吸收效率可达36.8%、28.5%、6.4%,总株氮肥偏生产力可达221.4 kg·kg^-1。不同水氮耦合处理灌水量对灌溉水的利用效率影响显著,其中,W₄₅N₂₆₀灌溉水利用效率最高,达13.66 g·kg^-1;而W₂₀N₁₂₀吸水量和水吸收效率最高,分别为13268.28 t·hm^-2和129.4%。为达到较大的收益,在三倍体毛白杨的幼年生长期间,应保持充足的水分灌溉(-20 kPa)和相对偏低的施氮量(120 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)促进幼年生毛白杨的生长发育。     

交替地下滴灌对春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

采用自动式遮雨棚水分精量控制试验研究了交替地下滴灌条件下不同灌溉定额对春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:交替地下滴灌春玉米需水关键时期为拔节-抽雄期、抽雄-灌浆期,具体表现为耗水模系数与耗水强度大,且对水分敏感性高,在灌溉条件有限的情况下要优先满足春玉米这两个时期的水分需求.随着灌溉定额的增加,产量呈现增加趋势;灌溉定额小于2764.5 m³·hm^-2时产量随灌溉定额增加快速增加,大于2764.5 m³·hm^-2时产量随灌溉定额增加缓慢增加;当灌溉定额为3357.1 m³·hm^-2时产量最高,达12109.0 kg·hm^-2.与固定地下滴灌相比,在灌溉定额相同条件下,交替地下滴灌产量提高5.4%,水分利用效率提高1.4%,灌溉水利用效率提高5.6%.与固定地下滴灌相比,灌溉定额减少20%时,交替地下滴灌虽然产量下降1.8%,但水分利用效率提高11.0%,灌溉水利用效率提高22.7%.综合考虑产量、水分利用效率两个指标,确定试验区春玉米交替地下滴灌的适宜灌溉定额为1600.4～3357.1 m³·hm^-2.     

基于双稳定同位素和MixSIAR模型的冬小麦根系吸水来源研究

灌溉和施肥措施对农田水文循环具有重要影响,根系吸水是联系植物蒸腾和土壤水分运动的关键水文过程,定量识别灌溉施肥影响下作物根系吸水来源对农业用水优化管理具有重要意义。氘氧稳定同位素(D和18O)是追溯农田水分运移过程的理想天然示踪剂。基于2013—2015年北京市典型农田不同灌溉施肥处理冬小麦水分运移试验,利用D和18O双稳定同位素和MixSIAR贝叶斯混合模型,量化冬小麦主要根系吸水深度及其贡献比例,阐明作物水分来源的季节变化及不同处理间的差异,分析根系吸水与土壤水分分布变化的相互关系。研究结果表明:两季冬小麦返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗、抽穗-灌浆和灌浆-收获期主要根系吸水深度均值分别为0—20 cm(67.0%)、20—70 cm(42.0%)、0—20 cm(38.7%)和20—70 cm(34.9%),但季节变化差异显著,2014季主要吸水深度随作物的生长发育而逐渐增加,2015季则主要集中于浅层土壤(0—70 cm)。返青-抽穗期仅灌水20 mm或施肥105 kg/hm2N促使拔节-抽穗期深层(70—200 cm)土壤水分利用率平均增加29%,而前期充分灌水且大量施肥(≥当地施肥量210 kg hm-2N)时拔节-抽穗期根系吸水深度为土壤表层0—20 cm。在干旱少雨的冬小麦生长季内作物吸水来源与土壤水分消耗变化基本一致。     

根区不同灌溉方式对苹果幼苗水流阻力的影响

研究了滴灌条件下根区不同灌溉方式（交替滴灌ADI、固定滴灌FDI和常规滴灌CDI）和灌水量对苹果幼苗及各组成部分水流阻力、气孔导度和叶面积的影响.结果表明：根区灌溉方式和灌水量对苹果幼苗水流阻力（R）的影响显著; 在相同的根区灌溉方式下,苹果幼苗根系阻力（R_r）随着灌水量的减少而增大,冠层阻力（R_s）随着灌水量的减少而减小.在相同灌水量下,与常规滴灌相比,交替滴灌和固定滴灌均提高了苹果幼苗叶片和叶柄阻力（R_l+p）,降低了幼苗全株阻力（R_t）、R_r、R_s以及侧枝和主杆阻力（R_lb+mr）.在20 mm和30 mm灌水定额下,交替滴灌的R_l+p分别比常规滴灌高1.06%和0.63%.在平均节水达33%的前提下,交替滴灌和固定滴灌的平均R_l+p分别比常规滴灌高19.65%和24.34%,但交替滴灌和固定滴灌的平均R_lb+mr分别降低了4.83%和14.97%.交替滴灌和固定滴灌等局部根区不同灌溉方式通过有效减小苹果气孔导度和叶面积,提高了R_l+p,从而减少了叶片的蒸腾失水,提高了苹果幼苗的水分利用效率,通过降低R_r和R_lb+mr提高了苹果幼苗调控水分的能力和抗干旱能力.     

Comparison of APRI and Hydrus-2D models to simulate soil water dynamics in a vineyard under alternate partial root zone drip irrigation

Alternate partial root zone irrigation (APRI) is a new water-saving irrigation technique. It can reduce irrigation water and transpiration without reduction in crop yield, thus increase water and nutrient use efficiency. Understanding of soil moisture distribution and dynamic under the alternate partial root zone drip irrigation (APDI) can help to develop the efficient irrigation schemes. In this paper, a two-dimensional (2D) root water uptake model was proposed based on soil water dynamic and root distribution of grape vine, and a function of soil evaporation related to soil water content was defined under the APDI. Then the soil water dynamic model of APDI (APRI-model) was developed based on the 2D root water uptake model and soil evaporation function combined with average measured soil moisture content at 0–10 cm soil layer. Soil water dynamic in APDI was respectively simulated by Hydrus-2D model and APRI-model. The simulated soil water contents by two models were compared with the measured value. The results showed that the values of root-mean-square-error (RMSE) range from 0.01 to 0.022 cm³/cm³ for APRI-model, and from 0.012 to 0.031 cm³/cm³ for Hydrus-2D model. The average relative error between the simulated and measured soil water content is about 10% for APRI-model, and from 11% to 29% for Hydrus-2D model, indicating that two models perform well in simulating soil moisture dynamic under the APDI, but the APRI-model is more suitable for modeling the soil water dynamic in the arid region with greater soil evaporation and uneven root distribution.     

三倍体毛白杨速生林土壤养分因子及pH值动态变化

通过连续4a测定2年生三倍体毛白杨(B304)及其对照二倍体(1319)林地内0-20cm、20-40cm和40-60cm土层中土壤理化指标(包括pH值、有机质、全N、碱解N、全P、有效P、全K和速效K含量),以明确三倍体毛白杨种植对土壤养分及其理化性质的影响。试验结果表明,(1)在4a生长期内林地土壤的pH值呈现碱性增强变化;B304的平均pH值由8.13升至8.43,1319由8.12升至8.78,虽然二者没有显著差异,但三倍体对林地的pH值影响相对较小,更利于土壤酸碱平衡及土壤缓冲力的稳定性;(2)土壤中有机质及碱解N含量呈现先降低后升高的变化特点,品种间差异不显著;(3)在2006年,毛白杨林地土壤中有效P和速效K含量显著下降,降幅均为0-20cm20-40cm40-60cm;(4)年份、土层及年份和土层的交互作用对毛白杨土壤pH值及所测定的全部养分因子影响均达显著水平(P0.05);而品种、年份、土层三者的交互效应对土壤pH值、有机质、全N、全P和速效K的含量影响也达到了显著性水平。体现了三倍体毛白杨速生林种植对当地不同土层理化性质和养分因子影响的时间效应,生产中应采取积极措施改善或减缓土壤环境恶化,促进林木更好生长。     

宽窄行栽植模式下三倍体毛白杨根系分布特征及其与根系吸水的关系

采用剖面法对宽窄行栽植模式下三倍体毛白杨(triploid Populus tomentosa)的根系分布特征进行了研究;采用管式TDR系统对土壤剖面含水率变化动态进行了连续观测,并据此计算林木根系吸水速率,以探讨土壤含水率、根系分布和根系吸水分布之间的相关关系。研究结果表明:毛白杨的总平均根长密度在林带两侧和不同径向距离处非常接近(P>0.05);但在不同土层间变化很大(P<0.01),其中0-20和60-150 cm土层为根系主要分布区域,其根系所占比例共达86%;不同径阶间的根长密度差异显著(P<0.01),且其比例关系会随空间位置的改变而发生变化。不同栽植方位下,林带东侧毛白杨根系分布的浅层化程度高于西侧,且在径向240-280 cm内其0-0.5 mm的极细根显著多于西侧(P<0.05)。因此,宽窄行栽植模式下,深度和径阶是毛白杨根系分布的主要影响因子,而栽植方位会对其形态构型产生影响。毛白杨根系吸水模式受细根分布的影响,但会随土壤剖面水分有效性分布的变化而变化:当表土层水分有效性增加时,根系吸水主要集中在表土层;当表土层水分有效性降低时,深层土壤根系的吸水贡献率会逐渐增加;当土壤剖面水分条件异质性较高时,根系吸水主要集中在根系密度与水分有效性均较高的区域;当土壤剖面水分分布均匀且不存在水分胁迫时,根系吸水分布与细根分布最为一致。     

Root zone solute dynamics under drip irrigation: A review

Infiltration and subsequent distribution of water and solutes under cropped conditions is strongly dependent on the irrigation method, soil type, crop root distribution, and uptake patterns and rates of water and solutes. This review discusses aspects of soil water and solute dynamics as affected by the irrigation and fertigation methods, in the presence of active plant uptake of water and solutes. Fertigation with poor quality water can lead to accumulation of salts in the root zone to toxic levels, potentially causing deterioration of soil hydraulic and physical properties. The high frequency of application under drip irrigation enables maintenance of salts at tolerable levels within the rooting zone. Plant roots play a major role in soil water and solute dynamics by modifying the water and solute uptake patterns in the rooting zone. Modeling of root uptake of water and solutes is commonly based on incorporating spatial root distribution and root length or density. Other models attempt to construct root architecture. Corn uptake rate and pattern of nitrate nitrogen was determined from field studies of nitrate dynamics under drip irrigation using TDR monitoring. The determined nitrate nitrogen uptake rates are within literature values for corn. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of N application frequency on nitrogen uptake efficiency in Citrus trees

Two irrigation systems were used to compare nitrogen uptake efficiency in citrus trees and to evaluate the NO₃⁻ runoff in «Navelina» orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] on Carrizo citrange rootstock (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata Raf.). These were fertilized with 125 g N as labelled K¹⁵NO₃ and grown outdoors in containers filled with a sand-loamy soil. Two groups of 3 trees received this N dose either in five equally split applications by a flooding irrigation system or in 66 applications by drip. Trees were harvested at the end of the vegetative cycle (December) and the isotopic ratios of ¹⁵N/¹⁴N were measured in the soil-plant system. The N uptake efficiency of the whole tree was higher with drip irrigation (75 percnt;) than with flooding system (64 percnt;). In the 0-90 cm soil profile, the N immobilized in the organic fraction was similar for both irrigation methods (around 13 percnt;), whereas the N retained as NO₃⁻ was 1 percnt; of the N applied under drip and 10 percnt; under flooding. In the last case, most of NO₃⁻ remained under root system and it could be lost to leaching either by heavy rainfalls or excessive water applications. These results showed that a drip irrigation system was more efficient for improving water use and N uptake from fertilizer, in addition to potentially reduced leaching losses.     

毛白杨根系液流与水力再分配特征

为确定毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)根系是否存在水力再分配现象,并探究其发生特征与影响因子,该研究以四年生毛白杨为研究对象,利用热比率法对3株样树的共计7条侧根(R1–R7)进行长期液流监测,并对土壤水分以及气象因子进行同步测定。结果显示:毛白杨存在两种水力再分配模式,分别为干旱驱动的水力提升和降雨驱动的水力下降,水力再分配的发生模式与特征受侧根分布深度与直径大小的影响。在整个生长季尺度上,毛白杨根系再分配的水量较低;但在极端干旱条件下,部分侧根再分配的水量可达其日总液流量的64.6%,表明水力再分配会为干旱侧根提供大量水分。根系吸水与气象-土壤的耦合因子(太阳辐射(R_s)×土壤含水率(SWC)、水汽压亏缺(VPD)×SWC、参考蒸散发(ET_o)×SWC)间存在显著相关关系,但水力再分配与所选因子基本不相关。此外,毛白杨浅层根中存在特殊的日间逆向液流现象,其液流量最高可占日液流总量的79.2%(R1)到90.7%(R2),该现象可能对浅层根系抗旱起到重要作用。     

Root distribution and water uptake patterns of corn under surface and subsurface drip irrigation

Information on root distribution and uptake patterns is useful to better understand crop responses to irrigation and fertigation, especially with the limited wetted soil volumes which develop under drip irrigation. Plant water uptake patterns play an important role in the success of drip irrigation system design and management. Here the root systems of corn were characterized by their length density (RLD) and root water uptake (RWU). Comparisons were made between the spatial patterns of corn RWU and RLD under surface and subsurface drip irrigation in a silt loam soil, considering a drip line on a crop row and between crop rows. Water uptake distribution was measured with an array of TDR probes at high spatial and temporal resolution. Root length density was measured by sampling soil cores on a grid centered on crop row. Roots were separated and an estimation of root geometrical attributes was made using two different image analysis programs. Comparisons of these programs yielded nearly identical estimates of RLD. The spatial patterns of RWU and RLD distributions, respectively normalized to the total uptake and root length, were generally similar only for drip line on a crop row, but with some local variations between the two measures. Both RLD and RWU were adequately fitted with parametric models based on semi-lognormal and normal Gaussian bivariate density functions (Coelho and Or, 1996; Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60, 1039–1049).