淮北第四纪原始牛化石

文中描述了安徽省蒙城县肖塘—原始牛宿县亚种(Bos primigenius suxianensis)头骨化石,时代为晚更新世.它是我国原始牛中角心最长的标本,其化石点也是我国除台湾新化以外的原始牛最南产地.     

河南许昌灵井遗址的晚更新世偶蹄类

系统记述了在近两年从河南省许昌市灵井旧石器遗址出土的偶蹄目化石:李氏野猪(Sus lydekkeri)、更新獐(Hydropotes pleistocenica)、河套大角鹿(Megaloceros ordosianus)、马鹿(Cervus(Elaphus)elaphus)、普氏原羚(Procapra przewalskii)和原始牛(Bos primigenius)6个种。灵井遗址的李氏野猪是这个种最晚的代表,马鹿和原始牛是欧洲晚更新世地层中常见的种类,也是我国北方地区晚更新世地层中的常见种类,这一现象不仅说明了马鹿和原始牛是扩散和适应能力很强的动物,而且还证明了在晚更新世期间欧亚大陆存在着动物群的交流     

江西萍乡上栗杨家湾洞晚更新世长鼻类化石:兼论东方剑齿象–亚洲象组合

江西萍乡杨家湾1、2号洞出土了40余种哺乳动物化石,其中包括剑齿象和亚洲象,其地质时代为更新世晚期。杨家湾洞的剑齿象化石包括DP2, DP3, DP4, M1, M3, dp3, m2和m3等40余件;根据形态特征和测量数据,可将其归入东方剑齿象(Stegodon orientalis);在形态方面最显著特征是乳齿的宽/长比值较大、每个齿脊上乳突数目较少和白垩质层不发育。亚洲象化石只发现2件齿板,其特征和大小均与现生亚洲象(Elephas maximus)的一致;此外,2号洞还出土了1件门齿残段;我国南方更新世的长鼻类化石多为颊齿,门齿则报道较少;首次观察了我国化石象类门齿施氏线,其外施氏角为136°,该数值在剑齿象和亚洲象的变化范围之内,因此,仅藉此特征很难将其归入二者之一。东方剑齿象的地质分布纵贯整个更新世,但亚洲象在我国的初现时间却至今不明,其根本原因是对早–中更新世亚洲象(古菱齿象)的分类、演化问题没有很好解决;不过,在晚更新世,亚洲象已在我国南方广泛分布;依据现生亚洲象可能出现的时间判断,东方剑齿象–亚洲象组合在我国南方地区的分布时间应当是在中更新世晚期至晚更新世末期,并以晚更新世最为常见。剑齿象出现于我国南方第四纪各个时期,早更新世甚至在北方少数地点发现;真象类在早更新世期间在南方地区缺失,而中–晚更新世时却几乎遍布全国(高山地区除外)。这种时空分布上的变化,究竟是长鼻类自身演化的结果还是由环境变化所致,目前还不清楚。     

泥河湾盆地上沙嘴石制品

泥河湾盆地上沙嘴出土石制品34件,包括石核、石片、石器和断块,并伴随纳玛象头骨与马和犀等的牙齿化石。上沙嘴石制品最初发现于1972年,报道后在国内外引起强烈反响。1980年该地点的时代被修改为晚更新世。近年来的考察再次表明,上沙嘴地点就位于下更新统泥河湾组,且得到了古地磁测年为距今160~170万年的确认。     

台湾海峡西部海域哺乳动物化石

本文简要记述了出自台湾海峡西部海域的170件哺乳动物化石,其中的102件分属于Ursussp,Elephasmaximus,Dicerorhinussp,Cervusunicolor,Cervusnippon,Sussp,和Bubalusbubalus,时代为更新世晚期;67件属全新世早期,包括Cetaceagen.etsp．idet,Elephassp,SusscrofaCervusunicolor和Cervusnippon等;属于第三纪晚期的仅有1件鹿超科角化石。台湾海峡西部海域更新世晚期和全新世早期的哺乳动物组合不同于已知的我国海域其他地点的哺乳动物组合,也异于福建中、西部山区的哺乳动物组合。     

河北蔚县南柏山遗址晚更新世河套大角鹿角化石

大角鹿是我国北方中-晚更新世遗址中最常见动物化石之一,也是更新世期间我国北方动物群的代表性动物之一。除周口店地区之外,其他遗址出土的大角鹿化石都十分零碎,极少有完整的大角鹿鹿角发现。再加上对大角鹿不同年龄阶段鹿角的发育情况更是知之甚少,因此,以往仅凭鹿角形态所做的分类值得商榷。2018年,在河北省蔚县南柏山旧石器时代遗址发现1件几乎完整的大角鹿鹿角化石。鹿角很大,眉枝和主枝掌部都呈薄片状,掌部无指突;眉枝和主枝掌部的延展面基本一致,但不完全平行,主枝角干在基部有明显弯曲,但“S”形并不明显,总体特征与晚更新世河套大角鹿(Sinomegaceros ordosianus)的基本一致。该标本是迄今发现的最完整的河套大角鹿角化石。含该化石的地层成因尚不确定,初步的光释光测年结果是距今约11万年前,属于旧石器时代中期。     

吉林乾安大布苏晚更新世野牛化石

我国东北地区更新世野牛化石的发现已有近一个世纪历史, 尽管先后有不少零星报道, 但至今无一篇专门文献, 并且前人报道的头骨化石材料无一是完整的。本文记述了保存基本完好的2件野牛头骨和3件下颌骨; 化石来自吉林省乾安县大布苏地区, 地质时代为距今约2万年。基于其形态特征和测量数据, 本文将其归入草原野牛Bison priscus(Bojanus, 1827)。前人将东北平原晚更新世野牛归入Bison exiguus Matsumoto, 1915的做法存在诸多问题, 因为后者在模式产地、地质时代及形态特征等方面都与东北晚更新世的野牛差异甚大。我国东北平原晚更新世的野牛应归入草原野牛种, 该种是中-晚更新世广泛分布于全北区的种类, 也是猛犸象-披毛犀动物群的最主要成员之一。     

现代人出现和演化的化石证据

近年来,新材料的发现、新测年结果的更新以及分子生物学的加入,刷新了关于现代人在各主要区域出现时间、在迁徙扩散中与古老人群的交流模式、晚更新世晚期现代人演化复杂场景等方面的认识。本文梳理了关于现代人出现和演化路径的主要化石证据和研究成果。目前化石证据显示：非洲准现代人的出现时间最早可到MIS 9阶段,非洲现代人在中更新世晚期到晚更新世化石证据连续;欧亚大陆现代人的出现时间可追溯到MIS 6阶段,在MIS 5a-MIS 4阶段经历“瓶颈期”,在MIS 3阶段开始广泛分布。从已有证据来看,MIS 3和MIS 2阶段,欧亚大陆不同区域的现代人演化链条并非单一线性,而是呈现有断点的“网状”演化模式。     

柳江人身体大小和形状——体重、身体比例及相对脑量的分析

发现于广西柳江的更新世晚期人类化石除1具完整的头骨外,还包含有右侧髋骨、骶骨、两段股骨及若干件椎骨。根据各方面的特征分析,初步认定这些化石属于同一个体。这一有利条件为我们比较准确地获取与该个体身体大小和形状有关的指标数据提供了可能。本文通过对柳江人头骨及复原骨盆的测量,计算了柳江人的身高、体重、身体比例、相对脑量等。在此基础上分析了柳江人的身体大小和形状。本研究发现:柳江人化石所代表的个体具有适应温暖气候环境的纤细型身体比例,代表相对脑量的EQ指数5.602大于金牛山、山顶洞等中国更新世中、晚期化石人类,而与包括港川人在内的更新世末期及现代人类的EQ指数接近。柳江人体重52.0kg小于金牛山、山顶洞、尼安德特人等生活在高纬度地区的化石人类,而与港川、非洲的KNM-ER3883、KNM-ER3733等生活在温暖环境的古人类接近。作者认为这些发现除说明柳江人生活的气候环境外,还提示柳江人身体大小、比例及相对脑量与更新世末期及现代人类接近。     

湖北郧西白龙洞古人类遗址的大额牛化石

牛亚科动物在中国第四纪古人类遗址中十分常见,但其分类和鉴定仍存在诸多问题。南方洞穴动物群经常仅有单个牙齿保存,所以南方更新世洞穴遗址中牛亚科动物化石鉴别问题更为突出。湖北郧西白龙洞古人类遗址出土的大型牛亚科动物化石,不仅有大量单个牙齿,还有残破颅骨、角心、下颌骨及头后骨骼。白龙洞的牛亚科动物角心粗短、横截面呈背腹略扁的椭圆形;额骨上的角间隆突发育且呈拱形;顶骨从颅顶退出;枕面较圆且高;角后颅骨收缩强烈使得枕骨上部变窄,颞窝明显凹进;下颌角大于90°,下颌支向后倾斜;下颌p2的结构复杂程度介于水牛Bubalus和黄牛Bos(Bos)taurus之间。依据上述特征,可将白龙洞的大型牛亚科动物化石归入大额牛Bos(Bibos)gaurus。白龙洞是我国出土大额牛化石最为丰富的古人类遗址,为区分南方洞穴出土的牛亚科动物化石提供了重要材料。     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.