医患双方对医患纠纷人民调解认知差异的比较分析

目的 了解医患双方对医患纠纷人民调解认知的差异,从而对医患纠纷人民调解的健康发展提出具有针对性的对策和建议。方法 对广州市6家医疗机构219名医务人员和290名患者进行问卷调查。结果 医方对医患人民调解的知晓情况比患方更好,但总体水平偏低;医患双方均怀疑医患纠纷人民调解解决纠纷的能力;医患双方更看重人民调解的公平公正中立和专业化调解优势;医患双方对医患纠纷人民调解的作用有良好共识。结论 加强宣传力度、创新宣传形式,提高医患双方知晓率和知晓水平;完善调处机制,提高纠纷调处能力;保持中立、维护公平;加强专业性优势建设。     

801例医患纠纷第三方调解案例分析与研究

目的 统计分析医疗纠纷第三方调解案例,为在医院、患方、医患纠纷人民调解委员会三方中解决医患纠纷提供更有效的依据。方法 收集2008—2013年南京市某区医患纠纷调解委员会调解的801份医患纠纷案例进行统计分析,并结合医院、患者、医疗纠纷调解委员会的访谈。结果 医患纠纷调解委员会调解成功率高达98.63%,影响患者获赔额高低的主要因素为医方态度、患者现状和有无医学鉴定;结论 医患双方对医患纠纷调解委员会工作较为认可,促进了医患和谐,但调解工作仍存在困难,建议法律赋予医患纠纷调解委员会一定的调查权和鉴定权。     

医患认知差异下医患信任关系的重构

目的 通过分析医患双方对医患信任改善对策的认知现状及差异,提出基于双方视角的医患信任重构对策。方法 在参与式与非参与式观察与个人访谈的基础上,北京市6家三甲医院医务人员和患者共1 209人进行问卷调查,通过统计分析了解医患信任改善对策的医患双方的认知差异。结果 医患双方在就医患信任关系改善对策的3个维度有认知差异,分别是患方改善对策、医方改善对策和政府改善对策。结论 提出基于双方视角的医患信任关系重构对策：加强法制建设净化行业环境,深化医改、减轻双方经济负担,创新服务模式、提高医院服务质量,提升医患双方的“诚信素质”。

     

患方不同人群对医患关系认知差异比较研究

目的 了解患方不同人群对医患关系认知的差异,从而对构建和谐医患关系提出具有针对性的对策、建议。方法 对北京市、武汉市、成都市的6家医疗机构的702名患者进行问卷调查。结果 不同性别、年龄、学历、地区、就医类型和医保类型的患者之间对医患关系认知存在差异。结论 微观个人因素影响患者对医患关系的认知,需加快医疗体制改革,缩小地区间差距,逐步提高医疗保险覆盖范围及报销费率,减少宏观经济保障因素对患者认知的影响;提高卫生系统反应性,针对不同类型的患者人群开展提高非技术性服务质量、缩小人群认知差距。     

医务人员视角下的医患关系影响因素研究

目的 从医务人员视角出发,分析医患关系的现状、存在的问题及其原因。方法 选取广东省10所医院,以“科室”为层,抽取1 125名医务人员对医患关系认知状况进行问卷调查。结果 86.21%的人认为当前医患关系更加紧张,影响医患关系的主要因素依次为医疗技术方面、候诊服务、医患沟通、非医疗技术方面、医院管理。患者抱怨最多的是药价贵和排队时间长,分别占29.7%,26.9%。结论 医务人员对医患关系信心不足,医生技术水平、医患沟通、医院管理是当前改善医患关系的重点。     

医疗纠纷中医院与媒体博弈关系调查研究

目的 调查医疗纠纷中医院与媒体间的关系现状,进而为在医患纠纷中的医院与媒体的博弈提供解决依据。方法 采用自行设计问卷,选取长春市5家三级医院的400名医务人员、3家媒体机构的100名媒体工作人员做为调查对象,调查结果采用SPSS统计软件进行分析与处理。结果 不同工作职能的医务人员对医疗纠纷的认知不同;医务人员普遍经历过不同程度的医院工作场所暴力,主要表现在语言暴力、躯体暴力和性暴力;媒体在获取医疗纠纷事件的途径中,直接获取的途径所占比例较小,还需主要靠间接途径获取;医方与媒体方对医疗纠纷事件报道的客观真实性认知有差异;医方与媒体方对医疗纠纷事件产生的原因认知有差异。结论 寻求医方与媒体方之间的博弈对策,寻找二者的利益契合点,形成解决医疗纠纷的合力。     

医疗纠纷对医师防御性医疗行为影响的实证研究

目的 描述和分析医疗纠纷对医师防御性医疗行为的影响。方法 以河北省某医院的375名临床医师为调查对象,利用Mann Whittney U法和多元逐步回归分析等方法对数据进行统计分析。结果 82.9%的医生表示医患纠纷对诊疗工作的影响非常大或较大,临床医生的防御性医疗行为平均得分高达14.8分,最近2年亲身遭遇过医疗纠纷的患者防御性医疗行为得分高于未遭遇过医疗纠纷的患者。结论 面对越来越大的医疗纠纷和诉讼压力,临床医生普遍采取防御性医疗行为,且防御性医疗行为的程度较高。医生的医疗纠纷遭遇是防御性医疗行为严重程度的独立影响因素。     

河南省医疗纠纷现况及对策研究

目的 了解河南省医疗纠纷现状,为缓解医患矛盾,减少医疗纠纷提供政策依据。方法 随机抽取100家各级医疗卫生机构,采用集中填答法进行问卷调查。 结果 2012—2014年平均每家医院医疗纠纷数达28.6件,每万例次业务量纠纷数0.943件,每百名医师纠纷数4.765件;外科、妇科及儿科是纠纷发生率前3位的科室;医务人员技术问题导致的医疗纠纷占27.9%,医德医风问题占10.5%,患者要求不合理占46.0%;多重线性回归分析显示医院平均年出院患者(t＝7.987 ,P＜0.001)、临床医师床位比(t＝-2.476 ,P=0.015)与护理人员床位比 (t＝-6.426,P＜0.001)对医疗纠纷数的影响差异有统计学意义;平均每家医院通过医患协商途径处理医疗纠纷27.5件,司法途径10.5件,医调委解决9.5件;医患协商平均耗时1.2月,平均费用76 927.4元;医调委途径平均耗时0.6月,平均费用36 141.1元;司法途径平均耗时6.3月,平均费用58 942.7 元。 结论 针对高发科室实施预警防范,根据纠纷特点选择适宜的处理方式;积极实施分级诊疗、双向转诊制度,缓解就医压力;进一步推进公立医院改革,破除逐利机制,构建和谐的医疗环境。

     

三级甲等公立医院过度医疗形成影响因素研究

目的 分析医方以及患方对过度医疗形成的影响因素,探讨过度医疗的形成机理。方法 随机抽调某省5所三级甲等医院进行问卷调查。运用结构方程模型,通过软件SPSS19.0和AMOS17.0进行数据分析处理。结果 医患之间的信息不对称以及医务人员自身薪酬待遇不足等因素对过度医疗的形成产生重要影响。结论 提高医务人员的薪酬待遇和消除医患之间的信息不对称是解决过度医疗问题的关键。     

基于因子分析法的医患信任危机成因研究

目的 探讨导致医患信任危机的多维影响因素与解决策略。方法 运用文献研究、专家咨询、现场调查及因子分析的方法,寻找对医患关系信任构成重要影响的潜在公因子,分析医患信任危机的成因。结果 医疗服务因子、医疗纠纷调解与行业监管因子、社会制度因素及文化价值因子、医患沟通因子是驱动医患信任危机形成的主因。结论 医患信任危机的形成受到医疗服务过程、外部社会制度及文化观念、行业监管及医患沟通和互动等多重因素的影响,需要政府、医疗机构和全社会共同努力,消解医患信任危机的坚冰,促进医患关系修复与和谐。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.