短期放牧对草甸草原土壤微生物与土壤酶活性的影响

【目的】为呼伦贝尔草甸草原生态系统的保护、恢复及重建提供微生物学基础数据。了解草原土壤微生物和酶活性对放牧强度的响应。【方法】分别采集六个不同放牧强度的土壤样品,测定土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性,分析短时期不同放牧强度土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性的变化特征及其相互关系。【结果】不同放牧强度下,菌群数量分布为细菌>放线菌>真菌;土壤微生物数量、微生物量均表现为放牧区高于对照区;在土壤表层(0 10 cm),土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶和蛋白酶活性表现出随放牧强度的增加先上升后略降的趋势,且放牧区均高于对照区,与土壤表层比较,在较深层(10 cm 20 cm),土壤细菌、真菌的数量和微生物量碳、氮下降幅度随放牧强度的增大而增大。土壤微生物数量、微生物量及土壤酶活性的垂直分布为0 10 cm>10 cm 20 cm。相关分析结果表明:放牧干扰条件下,土壤微生物数量与微生物量之间均存在显著或极显著的相关性。土壤酶活性与微生物数量、微生物量密切相关,过氧化氢酶、转化酶与细菌、放线菌极显著相关(P<0.01)、与微生物量碳显著相关(P<0.05);蛋白酶与真菌及微生物量碳、氮极显著相关(P<0.01),与细菌显著相关(P<0.05)。【结论】适度放牧可使土壤微生物数量、微生物量和土壤酶活性增加。土壤微生物数量、微生物量与土壤酶活性之间具有密切关系。     

镉离子污染条件下微生物群落中细菌与藻类的相互作用

【背景】水体微生物有着丰富的多样性,不同种类的微生物之间的相互作用对水体生态系统的组成结构与功能具有重要影响。水体内的藻类与某些微生物可以发生多种相互作用,然而人们对逆境条件下的菌藻有益相互作用尚缺乏深入研究。【目的】为了研究镉对水体微生物群落的影响以及镉胁迫下菌藻之间可能的相互作用。【方法】本研究运用了基于16S rRNA基因的高通量测序技术,分析在不同Cd~(2+)条件下微生物群落结构的变化,利用微生物相互作用网络分析菌藻之间可能发生的相互作用。【结果】通过分离培养筛选出了与集胞藻PCC6803互作抗Cd~(2+)的关键细菌Y9菌株。【结论】研究结果表明Y9菌株属于Phyllobacteriaceae科,与微生物群落组成和微生物互作网络的分析结果相符。本研究为探索水体环境中微生物种间相互作用、菌藻互作抗Cd~(2+)的生态效应提供参考依据。     

生物冶金过程中的关键微生物及其碳循环代谢途径研究

【目的】深入研究极端酸性环境中微生物的碳循环过程。【方法】应用16S r RNA高通量测序和功能基因芯片技术对德兴铜矿中浸矿堆(LH)和积液池(LS)两个子系统中的微生物群落结构组成和功能基因组成进行分析;并运用PICRUSt功能基因预测的方法对群落功能进行预测。【结果】功能基因芯片和功能预测分析都表明碳循环基因在子系统间存在显著差异(P0.05),且碳固定相关的卡尔文循环、还原性三羧酸循环等基因以及碳降解相关的己聚糖和纤维素等基因在LS系统中都要明显高于LH系统。碳循环功能基因在子系统之间的差异与环境条件相关,其中TON、Ca、ES、Fe3+和P作用显著。【结论】在极端酸性环境中,环境条件的差异会对微生物群落碳循环功能基因产生筛选作用,参与碳循环的微生物的种类和相对丰度都发生变化,最终改变了群落碳循环模式。     

气态烃诱导下油气微生物数量及功能基因变化特征

【目的】烃类渗漏是地球化学循环中的自然垂直运移现象。油气微生物勘探技术就是通过检测油气微生物在烃类渗漏条件下形成的异常特征进而预测下伏油气藏。然而,上浮烃类比重小,使得油气微生物丰度小,缺乏对油气藏地表烃类与油气微生物的深入认识。【方法】本研究在人工模拟环境下,采用培养法和定量PCR对油气微生物数量和油气功能基因的变化特征进行研究。【结果】人工模拟的不同渗漏环境,在一定的驯化培养周期下分别考察甲烷氧化菌和丁烷氧化菌数量变化特征,甲烷氧化菌与丁烷氧化菌在不同烃源中呈现不同的发育情况;同时,在气态烃高浓度阳性对照和微渗漏条件下,油气指示基因pmo A与bom X基因丰度呈现增长现象,然而经过吹脱实验基因丰度仍能指示出曾经发育的油气微生物,在油气微生物勘探检测分析时间尺度上精度高于数量水平的检测。【结论】本研究考察了土壤中油气微生物的数量和功能基因变化特征,为烃类渗漏与油气微生物之间的相关性研究奠定了基础,为油气微生物勘探提供直接实验依据。     

中高温污泥厌氧消化系统中微生物群落比较

【目的】结合中温与高温消化两者优势的两相厌氧消化工艺可能是推进污泥厌氧消化发展的重要方向,因此,探究和比较中温和高温污泥厌氧消化系统中微生物群落组成的异同具有重要意义。【方法】利用高通量测序技术检测中温和高温厌氧消化系统中细菌与古菌的16S r RNA基因序列信息和真菌的内转录间隔(ITS)序列信息,利用基因芯片(Geo Chip 5.0)检测病毒和病原菌致病基因的信息,以对比中温和高温条件下微生物群落在物种组成和功能基因层面上的异同。【结果】中温和高温条件下细菌和古菌在群落物种组成上存在显著差异,病毒和病原菌毒性基因也显著不同,而两种系统中真菌群落的物种组成相似且丰度相对较低。中温条件下产甲烷古菌和未分类微生物相对丰度较高,而高温条件下产酸及嗜热菌相对丰度较高,且高温消化后病毒和病原菌毒性基因相对丰度下降。微生物群落结构与COD、TS和VS有着显著相关性。【结论】微生物群落组成和功能基因在中高温的污泥厌氧消化系统中显著不同,从而解释了两个系统功能的差异。微生物群落的形成与进水参数相关,说明微生物对进水条件敏感。     

牦牛放牧强度对青藏高原典型高寒草地节肢动物多样性的影响

【目的】气候变化与过度放牧正在不同程度地威胁着青藏高原高寒草地生态系统功能。大型食草动物放牧活动与地上节肢动物多样性在理论上存在着紧密联系,然而目前对其关联仍不清楚。【方法】本研究选用青藏高原极具代表性的本土大型食草动物——牦牛Bos grunniens作为放牧牲畜,利用metabarcoding技术结合传统植物样方调查手段,在青藏高原典型高寒草地调查了重度放牧(3头/hm²)、中度放牧(2头/hm²)、轻度放牧(1头/hm²)和禁牧4种放牧强度下草地地上节肢动物α多样性(Simpson, Chao1, ACE和Shannon-Wiener)、相对丰度、β多样性、植物群落α多样性(Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、物种丰富度和Pielou均匀度指数)以及地上节肢动物α多样性与植物群落α多样性的关系。【结果】结果表明,不同放牧强度下典型高寒草地地上节肢动物α多样性均无显著差异,但中度放牧有增加节肢动物多样性的趋势;各放牧强度下地上节肢动物的优势目均为直翅目(Orthoptera),禁牧、轻度放牧、中度放牧和重度放牧下...     

近岸海洋线虫与细菌、古菌的共现性及其对碳、氮循环的影响

【目的】初步探究海洋线虫与微生物的相互作用对碳、氮循环的影响。【方法】利用16S r RNA和18S r RNA基因高通量测序方法,对33个近岸沉积物样品中细菌、古菌和真核生物的多样性进行调查;对海洋线虫与细菌、海洋线虫与古菌的共现性进行网络分析,并采用Spearman统计学方法,识别出与海洋线虫共现性呈显著相关性的微生物种类。【结果】在夏季,红树林和潮间带泥滩样品中线虫OTU平均相对丰度基本呈随深度增加而递减趋势;冬季的红树林样品中发现相类似变化规律,只有在冬季潮间带泥滩样品中线虫OTU平均相对丰度在深层较高于表层。相对丰度最高的海洋线虫隶属于单宫目(47%)、色矛目(19%)、刺嘴目(16%)和垫刃目(9%),它们与热源体古菌、深古菌、γ-和δ-变形菌等微生物有显著正/负相关关系。【结论】在香港米埔湿地沉积物中,与相对丰度最高的5种线虫显著相关的几大类微生物均在碳、氮、硫等元素循环方面起十分重要的作用,暗示海洋线虫与微生物潜在的相互作用对元素地球化学循环具有重要影响。研究结果有助于深入了解线虫在生态系统中未被揭示的生态功能,有助于更清晰地认识海洋线虫在底栖生态系统中所扮演的角色。     

与紫云英转脂蛋白AsE246相互作用靶蛋白的筛选及其基因表达特征

【目的】AsE246是我们首次报道的紫云英根瘤特异表达的非特异性转脂蛋白(nsLTP1:non specificlipid transfer protein 1)编码基因。本实验旨在筛选和鉴定与AsE246相互作用的宿主植物靶蛋白,并分析靶基因在共生和胁迫条件下的表达特征。【方法】利用酵母双杂交技术、小范围杂交技术及实时荧光定量PCR,筛选与AsE246的相互作用蛋白,并定量分析靶基因在结瘤与固氮过程中的时空表达特性。【结果】获取一个阳性克隆,其cDNA序列经Blast分析表明:候选靶蛋白是一个DnaJ-like蛋白,该蛋白相应基因命名为AsDJL1。AsE246与AsDJL1在酵母体内确实相互作用。AsDJL1在固氮根瘤中特异性增强表达,在NaCl胁迫下表达水平显著提高,在(NH4)2SO4胁迫下表达水平显著下降。【结论】本实验是筛选与LTP相互作用蛋白的首次报道。获得了直接的实验证据表明互作基因AsDJL1与AsE246具有高度相似的表达特征和功能,为深入研究二者的相互作用及其在共生固氮和应答环境胁迫中的调控机制,提供了一定的工作基础和理论依据。     

干湿交替对生物滞留系统中氮素功能微生物群落的影响

【目的】为探究生物滞留系统干湿交替下环境因子对氮素功能微生物群落的影响。【方法】应用高通量测序技术(Illumina MiSeq PE300),并以amoA和nirS功能基因为分子标记,对无植物型和植物型生物滞留系统在干湿交替下不同土壤空间位置(种植层、淹没层)的硝化和反硝化细菌的多样性和群落结构进行研究,并对微生物群落与环境因子的相互关系进行相关性分析。【结果】微生物种群的功能基因存在显著的空间差异,相比淹没层,种植层的功能细菌更丰富。种植层的OTUs高于淹没层,而进水再湿润促使两种功能基因在种植层和淹没层的OTUs占比差异性增大。群落组成分析表明,amoA型硝化细菌和nirS型反硝化细菌的优势细菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)。虽然植物根系对氮素功能微生物的多样性指数影响不显著,但在属水平上,植物系统种植层的反硝化菌群种类高于淹没层,而无植物系统则刚好相反。CCA/RDA分析表明,土壤空间位置是影响硝化和反硝化菌群结构的最重要环境因子。【结论】本研究证实干湿交替运行下生物滞留系统中的氮素功能微生物群落受土壤空间位置、水分含量和植物根系的共同调控,其机制有待进一步研究。     

华癸根瘤菌urtB基因突变株的构建与共生固氮表型分析

【目的】尿素ABC转运体透性酶亚基编码基因urtB可能参与尿素代谢及支链氨基酸转运;本文旨在获得实验证据阐明urtB基因对华癸根瘤菌结瘤和固氮的影响,为深入研究其功能机制提供一定的科学依据。【方法】利用生物信息学分析urtB基因的结构特征及生物学功能,通过荧光定量检测urtB基因在自生和共生条件下的时空表达特征和启动子原位表达技术检测urtB基因组织表达特征,采用插入突变构建urtB突变株,通过植物盆栽并结合添加氮素处理,检测与分析突变体的共生固氮表型变化。【结果】分析表明urtB基因对于氮素转运非常重要,在共生条件下的表达水平比自生培养条件下显著上调表达;在成熟根瘤的固氮区中大量表达;正确构建和筛选获得了根瘤菌urtB突变株;接种urtB突变株与野生型菌株7653R相比较,突变体根瘤发育异常;植株地上部分生物量和根瘤固氮酶活性显著降低;添加氮素可恢复其共生缺陷表型。【结论】华癸中慢生根瘤菌urtB基因可能通过影响根瘤中氮转运或同化,进而在根瘤发育与共生固氮中发挥重要作用。     

Responses of the functional structure of soil microbial community to livestock grazing in the Tibetan alpine grassland

Microbes play key roles in various biogeochemical processes, including carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. However, changes of microbial community at the functional gene level by livestock grazing, which is a global land‐use activity, remain unclear. Here we use a functional gene array, GeoChip 4.0, to examine the effects of free livestock grazing on the microbial community at an experimental site of Tibet, a region known to be very sensitive to anthropogenic perturbation and global warming. Our results showed that grazing changed microbial community functional structure, in addition to aboveground vegetation and soil geochemical properties. Further statistical tests showed that microbial community functional structures were closely correlated with environmental variables, and variations in microbial community functional structures were mainly controlled by aboveground vegetation, soil C/N ratio, and NH₄⁺‐N. In‐depth examination of N cycling genes showed that abundances of N mineralization and nitrification genes were increased at grazed sites, but denitrification and N‐reduction genes were decreased, suggesting that functional potentials of relevant bioprocesses were changed. Meanwhile, abundances of genes involved in methane cycling, C fixation, and degradation were decreased, which might be caused by vegetation removal and hence decrease in litter accumulation at grazed sites. In contrast, abundances of virulence, stress, and antibiotics resistance genes were increased because of the presence of livestock. In conclusion, these results indicated that soil microbial community functional structure was very sensitive to the impact of livestock grazing and revealed microbial functional potentials in regulating soil N and C cycling, supporting the necessity to include microbial components in evaluating the consequence of land‐use and/or climate changes.     

短期氮素添加和模拟放牧对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统呼吸的影响

氮沉降和放牧是影响草地碳循环过程的重要环境因子,但很少有研究探讨这些因子交互作用对生态系统呼吸的影响。在西藏高原高寒草甸地区开展了外源氮素添加与刈割模拟放牧实验,测定了其对植物生物量分配、土壤微生物碳氮和生态系统呼吸的影响。结果表明:氮素添加显著促进生态系统呼吸,而模拟放牧对其无显著影响,且降低了氮素添加的刺激作用。氮素添加通过提高微生物氮含量和土壤微生物代谢活性,促进植物地上生产,从而增加生态系统的碳排放;而模拟放牧降低了微生物碳含量,且降低了氮素添加的作用,促进根系的补偿性生长,降低了氮素添加对生态系统碳排放的刺激作用。这表明,放牧压力的存在会抑制氮沉降对高寒草甸生态系统碳排放的促进作用,同时外源氮输入也会缓解放牧压力对高寒草甸生态系统生产的负面影响。     

Grazing intensity significantly affects belowground carbon and nitrogen cycling in grassland ecosystems: a meta‐analysis

Livestock grazing activities potentially alter ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in grassland ecosystems. Despite the fact that numerous individual studies and a few meta‐analyses had been conducted, how grazing, especially its intensity, affects belowground C and N cycling in grasslands remains unclear. In this study, we performed a comprehensive meta‐analysis of 115 published studies to examine the responses of 19 variables associated with belowground C and N cycling to livestock grazing in global grasslands. Our results showed that, on average, grazing significantly decreased belowground C and N pools in grassland ecosystems, with the largest decreases in microbial biomass C and N (21.62% and 24.40%, respectively). In contrast, belowground fluxes, including soil respiration, soil net N mineralization and soil N nitrification increased by 4.25%, 34.67% and 25.87%, respectively, in grazed grasslands compared to ungrazed ones. More importantly, grazing intensity significantly affected the magnitude (even direction) of changes in the majority of the assessed belowground C and N pools and fluxes, and C : N ratio as well as soil moisture. Specifically,light grazing contributed to soil C and N sequestration whereas moderate and heavy grazing significantly increased C and N losses. In addition, soil depth, livestock type and climatic conditions influenced the responses of selected variables to livestock grazing to some degree. Our findings highlight the importance of the effects of grazing intensity on belowground C and N cycling, which may need to be incorporated into regional and global models for predicting effects of human disturbance on global grasslands and assessing the climate‐biosphere feedbacks.     

Herbivore effects on above- and belowground plant production and soil nitrogen availability in the Trans-Himalayan shrub-steppes

Large mammalian herbivores may have positive, neutral, or negative effects on annual net aboveground plant production (NAP) in different ecosystems, depending on their indirect effects on availability of key nutrients such as soil N. In comparison, less is known about the corresponding influence of grazers, and nutrient dynamics, over annual net belowground plant production (NBP). In natural multi-species plant communities, it remains uncertain how grazing influences relative allocation in the above- and belowground compartments in relation to its effects on plant nutrients. We evaluated grazer impacts on NAP, NBP, and relative investment in the above- and belowground compartments, alongside their indirect effects on soil N availability in the multiple-use Trans-Himalayan grazing ecosystem with native grazers and livestock. Data show that a prevailing grazing intensity of 51% increases NAP (+61%), but reduces NBP (−35%). Grazing also reduced C:N ratio in shoots (−16%) and litter (−50%), but not in roots, and these changes coincided with increased plant-available inorganic soil N (+23%). Areas used by livestock and native grazers showed qualitatively similar responses since NAP was promoted, and NBP was reduced, in both cases. The preferential investment in the aboveground fraction, at the expense of the belowground fraction, was correlated positively with grazing intensity and with improvement in litter quality. These results are consistent with hypothesized herbivore-mediated positive feedbacks between soil nutrients and relative investment in above- and belowground compartments. Since potentially overlapping mechanisms, such as N mineralization rate, plant N uptake, compositional turnover, and soil microbial activity, may contribute towards these feedbacks, further studies may be able to discern their respective contributions.     

Grazing simplifies soil micro‐food webs and decouples their relationships with ecosystem functions in grasslands

Livestock grazing often alters aboveground and belowground communities of grasslands and their mediated carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling processes at the local scale. Yet, few have examined whether grazing‐induced changes in soil food webs and their ecosystem functions can be extrapolated to a regional scale. We investigated how large herbivore grazing affects soil micro‐food webs (microbes and nematodes) and ecosystem functions (soil C and N mineralization), using paired grazed and ungrazed plots at 10 locations across the Mongolian Plateau. Our results showed that grazing not only affected plant variables (e.g., biomass and C and N concentrations), but also altered soil substrates (e.g., C and N contents) and soil environment (e.g., soil pH and bulk density). Grazing had strong bottom‐up effects on soil micro‐food webs, leading to more pronounced decreases at higher trophic levels (nematodes) than at lower trophic levels (microbes). Structural equation modeling showed that changes in plant biomass and soil environment dominated grazing effects on microbes, while nematodes were mainly influenced by changes in plant biomass and soil C and N contents; the grazing effects, however, differed greatly among functional groups in the soil micro‐food webs. Grazing reduced soil C and N mineralization rates via changes in plant biomass, soil C and N contents, and soil environment across grasslands on the Mongolian Plateau. Spearman's rank correlation analysis also showed that grazing reduced the correlations between functional groups in soil micro‐food webs and then weakened the correlation between soil micro‐food webs and soil C and N mineralization. These results suggest that changes in soil micro‐food webs resulting from livestock grazing are poor predictors of soil C and N processes at regional scale, and that the relationships between soil food webs and ecosystem functions depend on spatial scales and land‐use changes.     

放牧对呼伦贝尔草地植物和土壤生态化学计量学特征的影响

放牧通过畜体采食、践踏和排泄物归还影响草地群落组成、植物形态和土壤养分,植物通过改变养分利用策略适应环境变化。通过分析呼伦贝尔草原放牧和围封样地中的群落植物和土壤的碳氮磷养分及化学计量比,探讨放牧对生态系统化学计量学特征和养分循环速率的影响机制。结果如下:(1)群落尺度上,放牧和围封草地植物叶片C、N和P的含量没有显著差异;但是在种群尺度上,放牧草地植物叶片N含量显著高于围封草地;(2)放牧草地土壤全C、全N、有机C、速效P含量,低于围封草地,硝态N含量高于围封草地;土壤全P和铵态N指标没有显著差异;(3)放牧草地植物C∶N比显著低于围封草地,植物残体分解速率较快,提高了生态系统养分循环速率。     

Vegetation and soil responses to livestock grazing in Central Asian grasslands: a review of Chinese literature

Grasslands in northern China and the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau are particularly important to both ecosystem functioning and pastoral livelihoods. Although there are numerous degradation studies on the effect of livestock grazing across the region, they are largely only published in Chinese, and most focus on single sites. Based on case studies from 100 sites, covering a mean annual precipitation gradient of 95–744 mm, we present a comprehensive, internationally accessible review on the impact of livestock grazing on vegetation and soils. We compared ungrazed or slightly grazed sites with moderately and heavily grazed sites by evaluating changes in two indicator groups: vegetation (plant species richness, vegetation cover, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and root/shoot ratio) and soil (pH, bulk density, organic C, total N, total P and available P). Most indicators declined with intensified grazing, while soil pH, bulk density and belowground biomass increased. Available P showed no clear response. Variables within indicator groups were mostly linearly correlated at a given grazing intensity. Relative grazing effects on different indicators varied along specific abiotic gradients. Grazing responses of plant species richness, aboveground biomass, soil bulk density, total N and available P interacted with precipitation patterns, while grazing effects on belowground biomass were influenced by temperature. Elevation had impact on grazing responses of aboveground biomass and soil organic carbon. Complex grazing effects reflect both methodological inconsistency and ecological complexity. Further assessments should consider specific characteristics of different indicators in the context of the local environment.     

不同强度牦牛放牧对青藏高原高寒草地土壤和植物生物量的影响

放牧作为家畜饲养方式之一,是草地最简单、有效的利用方式,放牧中的家畜对草地生态系统的影响是全球畜牧生态学研究的焦点。过度放牧导致草地退化严重,虽然在青藏高原地区已有较多放牧对草地影响的研究,但探究连续4年放牧对高寒草地生态系统影响的定位实验却鲜见报道。本研究在青藏高原东缘选取典型高寒草地,使用高原特有且分布最广的牦牛作为大型草食放牧家畜,设置了4个牦牛放牧强度（禁牧：无放牧、轻牧：1头/hm²、中牧：2头/hm²和重牧：3头/hm²）以研究其对高寒草地土壤和植物功能的影响。开展4年试验后的结果表明：放牧条件下土壤含水率显著增加;而土壤容重、全磷和有机质含量对放牧强度均无显著性响应;土壤全氮和pH的响应主要在表层0-20 cm,其中全氮为轻牧和重牧处理分别显著高于中牧,中牧处理下的土壤pH为显著高于轻牧;土壤全钾含量在禁牧处理中显著高于放牧处理;而土壤有效氮和速效钾均为中牧处理显著高于禁牧;放牧可以显著降低植物地上生物量。牦牛放牧强度显著影响土壤含水率、有效养分和植物地上生物量,而对其它土壤理化性质影响较弱。本研究结果揭示放牧对高寒草地土壤理化性质和植物地上生物量的影响,为青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统保护、可持续管理和合理放牧率提供理论依据。     

植物残体对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤、微生物和胞外酶C∶N∶P化学计量特征的影响

植物残体是引起土壤、微生物和胞外酶C∶N∶P改变的关键因素,但是其作用机理尚不明确。本研究以青藏高原东缘高寒草甸为对象,通过测定土壤、微生物生物量和胞外酶活性等指标,探究移除地上植物或根系及植物残体添加对土壤、微生物和胞外酶C∶N∶P的影响。结果表明: 与无人为扰动草甸相比,移除地上植物显著降低了土壤C∶N(变幅为-23.7%,下同)、C∶P(-14.7%)、微生物生物生物量C∶P、N∶P,显著提高了微生物生物量C∶N、胞外酶C∶N∶P。与移除地上植物相比,移除地上植物和根系显著降低了土壤C∶N(-11.6%)、C∶P(-24.0%)、N∶P(-23.3%)和微生物生物量C∶N,显著提高了微生物生物量N∶P和胞外酶N∶P;移除地上植物后添加植物残体显著提高了微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P和胞外酶C∶N,显著降低了胞外酶N∶P。与移除地上植物和根系相比,移除地上植物和根系后添加植物残体显著降低了土壤C∶N(-16.4%)、微生物生物量C∶P、N∶P和胞外酶N∶P,显著提高了胞外酶C∶N。综上可知,去除植物显著影响土壤、微生物和胞外酶的C∶N∶P,微生物生物量和胞外酶C∶N∶P对植物残体的响应更为敏感。有无根系是添加植物残体时土壤、微生物和胞外酶的生态化学计量稳定性强弱的关键所在。添加植物残体的措施适用于植物根系尚且完好的草甸,有利于高寒草甸土壤碳固存,对没有根系的草甸土壤可能不适用,会增加土壤CO₂排放。     

Plant–microbe networks in soil are weakened by century-long use of inorganic fertilizers

Understanding the changes in plant–microbe interactions is critically important for predicting ecosystem functioning in response to human-induced environmental changes such as nitrogen (N) addition. In this study, the effects of a century-long fertilization treatment (> 150 years) on the networks between plants and soil microbial functional communities, detected by GeoChip, in grassland were determined in the Park Grass Experiment at Rothamsted Research, UK. Our results showed that plants and soil microbes have a consistent response to long-term fertilization—both richness and diversity of plants and soil microbes are significantly decreased, as well as microbial functional genes involved in soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling. The network-based analyses showed that long-term fertilization decreased the complexity of networks between plant and microbial functional communities in terms of node numbers, connectivity, network density and the clustering coefficient. Similarly, within the soil microbial community, the strength of microbial associations was also weakened in response to long-term fertilization. Mantel path analysis showed that soil C and N contents were the main factors affecting the network between plants and microbes. Our results indicate that century-long fertilization weakens the plant–microbe networks, which is important in improving our understanding of grassland ecosystem functions and stability under long-term agriculture management.