亚麻根化学成分的研究

采用硅胶柱色谱法从亚麻根中分得5个化合物,通过波谱分析和甲醇酸水解鉴定了它们的结构,分别为Linum cerebrosideA（1）,1-O-β-D-glueopyranosyl-（2S,3R,4E,8Z）-2[（2（R）-hydroxyhexadecanoyl）amido]-4,8-octadecadiene-1,3-diol（2）,胡萝卜苷（4）,花生酸（5）和ent-kaurane-3-oxo-16α-17-diol（6）。其中化合物1为新化合物,化合物2、5、6均为首次从该植物中分离鉴定。     

虎耳草的化学成分及生物活性研究

从虎耳草分离得到8个单体化合物,运用MS、IR、1H NMR和13C NMR等波谱解析方法并结合文献对照分别鉴定为:原儿茶酸(1),琥珀酸(2),桦木酸(3),原儿茶酸甲酯(4),5,7-二羟基色原酮(5),槲皮素3-O-β-L-鼠李糖苷(6),槲皮素5-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7),1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3S,4R,8E/Z)-2-[(2'R)-2'-hydroxytetracosanoylamino)]-8-octadecene-1,3,4-triol(8)。除化合物1,2,7之外,其它化合物均为首次从虎耳草属植物中分离得到。以MTT法测试化合物对PC-3前列腺癌细胞的体外抑制作用,以平板打孔法测试提取浸膏及化合物对不同菌种的抑制作用。结果表明化合物6,7对PC-3前列腺癌细胞的生长有一定的抑制作用,化合物2对枯草芽孢杆菌有潜在的抑制作用。     

小金梅草化学成分研究(英文)

从小金梅草乙醇提取物中分离得到了12个化合物,分别为3-O-β-D-槲皮素葡萄糖苷(1)、3-O-β-D-山柰酚葡萄糖苷(2)、5-O-β-D-芹菜素葡萄糖苷(3)、α-菠甾醇(4)、2,6-二甲氧基苯甲酸(5)、3-吲哚甲酸(6)、(2S,3R,4E,8E)-1-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷)-N-[(R)-2’-羟基-二十碳酰基]-9-甲基-4,8-二烯-1,3-二醇-2-氨基-十八烷(7)、正三十二烷醇(8)、14,15-二十碳烯酸(9)、木腊酸(10)、β-谷甾醇(11)、胡萝卜苷(12)。以上化合物均为首次从该植物中得到。     

中国特有药用植物铁破锣中的新皂甙类成分

从铁破锣（Beesia calthaefolia(Maxim.)Ulbr.根茎中分离得到5个化合物（1－5）,经化学和波谱学方法鉴定,其中2个为有机酸－铁破锣酸（beesic acid,9-phenyl-2E,4E,6E,8E-nontetraenoic acid,1)和香草酸（2）;3个为齐墩果酸型三萜皂甙：oleanolic acid-3-o－α-Larabinopyranosyl-－28－O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4）-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→6）-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester(3),hederasaponin B(oleanolic acid-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α－L-arabinopyranosly-28-Oα-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6）－β－D－glucopyranosyl ester,4)和铁破锣皂甙Q（beesioside Q,oleanolic acid-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3）－α－L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranolsyl-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6）－β－D－glucopyranosyl ester,5)。化合物1系首次从自然界中分离得到,化合物5为新化合物。     

耳状网褶菌的化学成分

从野生真菌耳状网褶菌（Paxillus pamuoides Fr.)子实体中分得4个化合物,经光谱和化学方法分别鉴定为（2S,3S,4R,2′R）-2－（2′－羟基二十四碳酰氨基）十八碳－1,3,4－三醇（1）、5α,8α－表二氧－（22E,24R）－麦角甾－6,22－二烯－3β-醇[5α,8α-epidioxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β－o1,2]、（22E,24R）－麦角甾－4,6,8（14）,22－四烯－3－酮[(22E,24R)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one,3]和对羟基苯甲酸乙酯（ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate,4)。其中化合物4作为天然产物属首次报道。化合物1－4为本科真菌中首次分得。     

黄花倒水莲化学成分研究

从黄花倒水莲(Polygda aureocauda Dunn．)根中分离得到七个化合物,经理化和光谱分析鉴定为豆甾-7,(反)22-二烯-3-醇(1)、豆甾-7,(反)22-二烯-3-酮(2)、1,8-羟基-3,7-二甲氧基Shan酮(3)、软脂酸单甘油酯(4)和3-O-[4-O-(α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-)-阿魏酰]-β-D-呋喃果糖-(2→1)-(4,6-二-O-苯甲酰)-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(2S,3S,4R,8E)-2-[(2’R)-2’-羟基棕榈酰胺]-8-十八烯-1,3,4-三醇(6)和1-O-β-D吡喃葡萄糖-(2S,3S,4R,8E)-2-[(2’R)-2'-羟基二十四烷酰胺]-8-十八烯-1,3,4-三醇(7)。化合物2—4．7为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

红豆树茎枝中黄酮类成分及其抑菌活性研究北大核心CSCD

为了研究红豆树茎枝抑菌活性成分,采用色谱法分离纯化得到16个黄酮类化合物,通过理化性质及波谱技术分别鉴定为圆荚草双糖苷(1)、5,7-二羟基-4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、4',8-二甲氧基-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖基异黄酮(3)、芒柄花苷(4)、异樱黄素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(5)、芦丁(6)、山奈酚-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷(7)、4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-木糖(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-芹糖(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、染料木素(10)、异樱黄素(11)、2',4',5,7-四羟基异黄酮(12)、大豆素(13)、柚皮素(14)、二氢染料木素(15)、去甲基化美迪紫檀素(16)。其中化合物1～16为首次从红豆树植物中分离得到;化合物1、3、4、6～9、12、15、16首次从红豆属中分离得到;化合物2,5和14对禾谷镰刀菌、西瓜尖镰孢菌、茄病镰刀菌的菌丝生长显示出了中等强度的抑制作用。     

红豆树茎枝中黄酮类成分及其抑菌活性研究

为了研究红豆树茎枝抑菌活性成分,采用色谱法分离纯化得到16个黄酮类化合物,通过理化性质及波谱技术分别鉴定为圆荚草双糖苷(1)、5,7-二羟基-4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、4',8-二甲氧基-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖基异黄酮(3)、芒柄花苷(4)、异樱黄素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(5)、芦丁(6)、山奈酚-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷(7)、4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-木糖(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-芹糖(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、染料木素(10)、异樱黄素(11)、2',4',5,7-四羟基异黄酮(12)、大豆素(13)、柚皮素(14)、二氢染料木素(15)、去甲基化美迪紫檀素(16)。其中化合物1～16为首次从红豆树植物中分离得到;化合物1、3、4、6～9、12、15、16首次从红豆属中分离得到;化合物2,5和14对禾谷镰刀菌、西瓜尖镰孢菌、茄病镰刀菌的菌丝生长显示出了中等强度的抑制作用。     

黄瓜藤的化学成分研究

从丽江产黄瓜藤甲醇提取物的氯仿部位分离得到9个化合物,经理化和波谱分析鉴定为α-菠甾醇(1)、α-菠甾醇-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,3)、豆甾-7-烯-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(4)、22-亚甲基-9,19-环羊毛甾烷-3β-醇(5)、(2S,3S,4R,10E)-2-(2′,3′-二羟基二十四烷酰氨基)-10-十八烯-1,3,4-三醇(6)、(2S,3S,4R,10E)-2-[(2′R)-2-羟基二十四烷酰氨基]-10-十八烯-1,3,4-三醇(7)、(2S,3S,4R,10E)-1-(β-D-葡萄糖苷)-2-[(2′R)-2-羟基二十四烷酰氨基]-10-十八烯-1,3,4-三醇(8)、大豆脑苷(9),除化合物3外,其它化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

脑苷脂B的结构鉴定

利用波谱（FABMS、NMR和IR）和化学的方法详细鉴定了真菌黄白红菇Russulaochroleuca(Pers.)Fr.和印度块菌Tuber inddicum Cooke et Massee中存在的9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine型脑苷脂cerebrosideB(1);1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（2S,3R,4E,8E,2′R,）-2-N-（2′-羟基棕榈酰）-9-甲基-4,8-sphingadienine。化合物1为首次被发现存在于这2种真菌中。     

Natural Fusarium Grain Infection Level in Wheat, Barley and Oat after Early Application of Fungicides and Herbicides

In Norway, early application of fungicides against cereal leaf diseases (before Zadoks 60) is common practice amongst farmers. Whether this procedure has any effect on Fusarium infection of the mature grain has been little investigated. To evaluate effects on Fusarium grain infection, cereal grains were sampled during 1996, 1997 and 1998 from 12 field trials where early spraying against fungal diseases in spring wheat, spring barley and oats was carried out. Percentage infected grains and frequency of different Fusarium species was analysed in every grain sample. The effect of fungicides, glyphosate and postemergence herbicides on Fusarium grain infection was studied. Significant increase in Fusarium infection was detected in fungicide‐treated plots compared with untreated plots. Fusarium avenaceum and F. tricinctum were the most frequent species detected. The internal ranking of Fusarium species remained the same after spraying. No significant effects were found on the level of Fusarium infection after glyphosate treatment in autumn or herbicide treatment during the growing season.     

甘肃大葱贮藏期镰孢菌腐烂病病原鉴定

【目的】大葱在贮藏期频繁发生镰孢菌腐烂病,损失严重。明确该病害病原种类对病害防治具有重要意义。【方法】利用组织分离法对采集自甘肃省兰州市(区)蔬菜市场的16份大葱贮藏期镰孢菌腐烂病病样进行病原物的分离、纯化培养,经单孢分离后根据形态学特征,再结合r DNA-ITS、EF-1a(tef)基因序列分析的方法进行鉴定。【结果】共分离得到80株镰孢菌,经鉴定分属3个种,即层出镰孢菌(Fusarium proliferatum)、尖孢镰孢菌(F.oxysporum)和燕麦镰孢菌(F.avenaceum),其中层出镰孢菌为大葱镰孢菌腐烂病的优势致病菌,分离频率为52.50%。对兰州白葱不同部位进行致病性测定,结果表明层出镰孢菌对大葱鳞茎的致病力最强,而燕麦镰孢菌对大葱鳞茎的致病力最弱。【结论】3种镰孢菌作为该病害的病原,属国内首次报道。     

Fusarium Head Blight of Common Polish Winter Wheat Cultivars – Comparison of Effects of Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium culmorum on Yield Components

The effects of Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium culmorum on the reduction in yield components, after independent inoculation of 14 winter wheat cultivars, were investigated. Single isolates of F. avenaceum and F. culmorum were independently used in inoculations of winter wheat heads. Reductions in the following yield traits: 1000‐kernel weight (TKW), the weight (WKH) and number (NKH) of kernels per head after inoculation were analysed statistically. The results indicate differences between both pathogens in their effects on yield traits. The statistical calculations were performed using analysis of variance (a three‐factor experiment) for particular yield trait reductions and multivariate analysis of variance for the yield trait reductions jointly. Almost all of the univariate and multivariate hypotheses concerning no differences between pathogens (F. culmorum, F. avenaceum), climatic conditions (years) and cultivars as well as hypotheses concerning no interactions between factors (pathogens, years, cultivars) were rejected at least at P= 0.05 significance level. The reduction of yield traits indicated individual reactions of the tested winter wheat cultivars to different pathogens. Among the tested traits the highest influence on the rejection of the hypothesis concerning the equivalence of F. avenaceum and F. culmorum was observed for TKW and WKH. The effect of the pathogen on yield reduction was greater for F. avenaceum than for F. culmorum during 1996 and 1997. A comparison of the cultivars indicated that the Begra cultivar showed the highest tolerance to inoculation with both Fusarium pathogens. Moreover, this genotype as well as several others showed lower tolerance to F. avenaceum rather than to F. culmorum, whereas Elena was the only cultivar with the opposite tendency.     

生防菌根系定殖竞争作用对西瓜枯萎病发病机理的影响

【目的】西瓜枯萎病是由西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)引起的一种常见的毁灭性土传病害,对镰刀菌同属非致病性菌株与致病性菌株存在的竞争作用进行研究,有助于获得新的具有生防效果的菌株,从而拓宽西瓜枯萎病生物防治的手段。【方法】利用选择性培养基和稀释平板计数法对温室盆栽试验中西瓜根际和非根际土壤及植物组织中非致病性轮枝镰刀菌菌株(Fusarium verticillioides XA)与致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum LD)进行计数,确定其在西瓜植株根际和组织中的定殖情况。【结果】将从田间西瓜枯萎病发病植株根部分离获得的菌株XA和LD接入健康土壤中,接种菌株XA既不会引起西瓜枯萎病发病症状,也不会影响西瓜植株生物量,但接种菌株LD导致严重发病症状。与单接种LD处理相比较,双接种(XA+LD)处理地上部鲜重和地上部干重都分别增加了151.2%和110%。XA菌株能成功定殖于西瓜根系,但在茎基部没有检测到。在接种菌株LD的处理中植物组织和土壤中致病性镰刀菌的数量达到(1.58 4.85)×104CFU/g。与单接种LD处理相比,双接种菌株XA和LD处理植物茎基部、根系、根际土壤和土体土壤致病性镰刀菌的数量分别下降63.3%、66.1%、3.3%和24.4%,根系、根际土壤和土体土壤非致病性镰刀菌的数量增加到(0.35 3.84)×104CFU/g;双接种处理对西瓜枯萎病的防效达57.8%。【结论】非致病性轮枝镰刀菌菌株XA可有效降低致病性尖孢镰刀菌LD对西瓜植株的定殖侵染能力,对西瓜枯萎病具有一定的生防效果。     

Species-specific PCR Assays for the Fungal Pathogens Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium subglutinans and their Application to Diagnose Maize Ear Rot Disease

Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon (syn. F. verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg) and F. subglutinans (Wollenweber & Reinking) Nelson Toussoun & Marasas comb. nov., two anamorphs of the so-called‘Gibberella fujikuroi species complex', are important maize pathogens. Together with F. proliferatum, F. culmorum, and F. graminearum (teleomorph: Gibberella zeae) they are involved in the stalk rot and ear rot disease of maize. All species produce secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) which are a potential health hazard for humans and animals that consume maize and maize products frequently. In this study the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for an easy and sensitive identification of G. fujikuroi anamorphs in maize kernels are described. The primer pairs are based on sequences of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments and are specific for F. moniliforme and F. subglutinans respectively. The PCR assays are independent of the high phenotypic variability of traits which may complicate classification by morphological characters. They detect approximately 100 to 200 fungal genomes in the presence of an excess of maize DNA. For the analysis of infected maize kernels a rapid and easy DNA extraction was used which does not introduce inhibitory substances into the PCR. Hence the assays enable an early identification and detection of the two pathogens in host tissue by plant breeders and plant health inspection services. The assays were successfully applied to identify field isolates from Poland and to detect the pathogens in maize ears of various hybrids in Germany.     

尖孢镰刀菌致病机理和化感作用研究进展

尖孢镰刀菌引起的枯萎病在生产中的防控相当困难。通过总结国内外相关文献,综述近年来有关尖孢镰刀菌致病机理和化感作用的研究进展。尖孢镰刀菌通过分泌毒素和细胞壁降解酶共同致病,谱系特异性区域的存在是其致病性强和宿主范围广的主要原因;在尖孢镰刀菌各专化型中已分离出大量致病相关基因;其他植物和拮抗微生物(木霉菌、丛枝菌根真菌、非致病性尖孢镰刀菌以及植物生长促生菌)可以分泌化感物质,作用于宿主植物和尖孢镰刀菌,直接抑制尖孢镰刀菌的生长或激活宿主植物的防御反应。未来有关尖孢镰刀菌致病机理研究应该在基因组测序基础上构建精细的遗传图谱;对化感作用的研究应当深入探讨分子机理,利用高通量测序等技术在转录组或蛋白组水平上明确宿主植物抗枯萎病相关基因,同时利用分子标记辅助育种来筛选新的抗枯萎病品种。     

Fusaria and Fusarium toxins in New Zealand maize plants

A time course study was made of the development of Fusarium infection and the appearance of the three Fusarium toxins, nivalenol (NV), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), in various fractions of maize plants from two sites in New Zealand, one in the Manawatu region and one in the Waikato. Fusarium infection was seen in leaf axil fractions in January, at the time of tassel emergence, and was detectable in stalks, leaf blades, rachis and peduncles during February and in kernels in April. NV, DON and ZEN were only detectable some time after infection was demonstrable. NV, in high concentrations relative to DON (up to 287 mg/kg for NV and up to 8 mg/kg for DON), was found in fractions from the Manawatu site where F. crookwellense and F. culmorum were the predominant toxigenic species. NV and DON at similar levels (up to 25 mg/kg) were found in fractions from the Waikato site at which F. graminearum and F. subglutinans predominated. Highest levels of NV and DON were in rachis and peduncle. ZEN was found most consistently in leaf axils and blades at both sites (up to 8 mg/kg at the Manawatu site and up to 75 mg/kg at the Waikato site) but at times there were high levels in rachis fractions (up to 417 mg/kg at the Manawatu site). This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Species-specific primers for Fusarium redolens and a PCR-RFLP technique to distinguish among three clades of Fusarium oxysporum

The currently available morphological and molecular diagnostic techniques for Fusarium redolens and the three phylogenetic clades of Fusarium oxysporum are problematic. Aligned translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF-1 alpha) gene sequences from these species and their close relatives were used to design F. redolens-specific primers, and to identify restriction sites that discriminate among the three clades of F. oxysporum. The F. redolens-specific primers distinguished this species from all others included in the study. There were three TEF-1 alpha-RFLP patterns among formae speciales of F. oxysporum. These PCR-RFLP patterns corresponded with the three clades. These techniques provide simple and inexpensive diagnostic methods for the identification of F. redolens and members of the three clades of F. oxysporum.