拟环纹豹蛛附肢体毛感受器的扫描电镜观察

通过对拟环纹豹蛛(Pardosa pseudoannulata)附肢体毛(触毛、听毛、味觉感觉毛)的扫描电子显微镜观察,发现拟环纹豹蛛的触毛与体表形成的角度为锐角,触毛粗大,毛干较挺立,周围有绒毛环绕,触毛主要分布在蜘蛛体触肢的跗节、胫节和步足的跗节、胫节、端部处,其中第一步足分布最多,其数量较听毛和化学感觉毛多。拟环纹豹蛛的听毛细而长,基本垂直于表皮,毛囊深窝有褶皱,听毛主要分布于触肢和第四步足的胫节上,其余腿节分布较少,不同部位的听毛在形态、长度上没有太大的差别。拟环纹豹蛛的味觉感觉毛基部四周有微微隆起的圆形毛囊,味觉感觉毛大于听毛又小于触毛,四周被绒毛环绕,主要分布于蜘蛛的第一步足和第二步足的跗节胫节处,在触肢和螯肢也有少量分布。     

视觉能触发沟渠豹蛛雄蛛对雌蛛的求偶行为

以沟渠豹蛛Pardosa laura成熟雄蛛的求偶延迟时间和触肢伸展次数作为参数,观察研究了雄蛛通过视觉与处女雌蛛拖丝单独和共同诱导情况下的求偶反应,发现视觉是触发雄蛛求偶行为的主要信号,而雌蛛的拖丝则不能单独激发雄蛛的求偶行为,表明雄蛛能够通过视觉接受雌蛛的信号。在此基础上,又测定了雄蛛通过视觉接受亚成体雌蛛、处女雌蛛和交配未产卵雌蛛信号时的求偶反应,发现雄蛛对处女雌蛛和交配未产卵雌蛛的求偶动作次数显著多于亚成体雌蛛,表明雄蛛能够通过视觉区分雌蛛是否成熟,但是仅依靠视觉无法判断雌蛛是否已经交配。本实验表明视觉在沟渠豹蛛雄蛛对雌蛛识别过程中起着非常重要的作用,再次证实狼蛛的视觉比较发达。     

星豹蛛求偶和交配行为

以星豹蛛(Pardosa astrigera)为研究对象,在室内对其求偶和交配行为进行了描述。雄蛛"俯卧撑"式动作(push-up)在求偶中具重要作用。交配初期,两侧触肢交替插入;随交配进行,单侧触肢连续插入3~5次后才换另一侧触肢插入,触肢每插入一次,基血囊膨大多次。完整交配一次雄蛛触肢器平均插入次数为29·625。交配前求偶时间、交配持续时间和有效交配时间分别平均为6min、32min25s和11min11s。星豹蛛雄蛛可进行多次交配,而雌蛛一般为单次交配。雌蛛交配状态(是否已经交配)影响其同类相食行为,已交配雌蛛对雄蛛同类相食率显著高于未交配雌蛛对雄蛛同类相食率。     

宁夏六盘伪黑盲蛛记述(盲蛛目,开气门亚目,硬体盲蛛科)(英文)

记述了分布于中国宁夏回族自治区的伪黑盲蛛属Pseudomelanopa 1新种:六盘伪黑盲蛛P.liupan sp.nov.,此种与本属中的唯一种类台湾伪黑盲蛛P.taiwana相比较,雄蛛的阳茎和雌蛛的纳精囊明显不同;新种步足上的刺明显小于台湾伪黑盲蛛P.taiwana;新种雌蛛眼丘光滑,而台湾伪黑盲蛛P.taiwana眼丘上具1对小钝突;新种雄蛛触肢膝节和胫节光滑,仅在其膝节远端具1尖刺,而台湾伪黑盲蛛P.taiwana雄蛛触肢膝节和胫节背面具小齿.新种模式标本保存于河北大学博物馆.     

稻田两种狼蛛种间相互作用及对白背飞虱复合捕食作用的研究

室内研究结果表明,拟水狼蛛对白背飞虱的捕食作用小于拟环纹豹蛛,两种狼蛛种内种间均存在干扰作用,且主要表现为残杀作用,狼蛛密度越高,干扰作用越大;拟环纹豹蛛对拟水狼蛛的残杀作用大于对其身的残杀作用,拟水狼蛛只存在自相残杀作用,对拟环纹豹蛛无残杀作用。     

中国瘤胸蛛属一新种（蜘蛛目：皿蛛科：微蛛亚科）

本文描述了采自湖北省神农架林区的微蛛亚科瘤胸蛛属Oedothorax一新种:毛丘瘤胸蛛,新种Oedothorax collinus sp.nov.这一新种雄蛛头胸部背侧隆突上生有短毛,触肢胫节多突起。雌蛛外雌器背板略隆起。模式标本保存于白求恩医科大学生物教研室。     

中国额毛蛛属三种记述（蜘蛛目：皿蛛科：微蛛亚科）

本文记述了我国皿蛛科微蛛亚科新纪录属:额毛蛛属Caviphantes Oi,1960:一新种:膜质额毛蛛cariphantes glumaceus sp.nov.,二新纪录种:类石额毛蛛cariphantes pseudosaxetorum Wunderlich,1979和三齿额毛蛛Caviphantes samensis Oi,1960。本新种雄蛛触肢胫节一突起膜质、透明,故定名为膜质额毛蛛。     

中国舞蛛属三新种记述（蜘蛛目：狼蛛科）

记述我国舞蛛属Alopecosa3新种,即耳舞蛛A.aurita sp.nov.和纳帕海舞蛛A.nagpag sp.nov.。耳舞蛛A.autita近似于俄氏舞蛛（A.ermolaeji Savelieva,1972）,但本种外雌器中隔宽,其部3／5两侧的生殖板及端站2／5两侧角向中央隆起,而.remolaevi的中隔较窄,基部1／3两侧的生殖板向中央隆起,端部2／3两侧很大部分生殖板隆起.囿氏舞蛛A.hui近似于耳毛舞蛛A.auripilosa(Schenkel,1953 ),二者除在腹部背面班纹上有区别外,前者外雌器中隔大部前缘几科呈直线,触肢器中突脊状突起中央有一个三解形小突起,插入器较宽大;后者外雌器中隔膨大部前缘明显呈波状,触肢器中突脊状突起中央有一钙状小突起,插入器呈窄片状。纳帕海舞蛛A.nagpag雌蛛近似于针舞蛛A.spinata Yu et Song,1988,二者区别在于背甲斑纹、外雌器交配管形状等方面;雄蛛近似于A.alpicola(Simon,1876）,但该种触肢器中突上缘较直,触肢跗节端部粗短,而A.alpicola中突上缘明显呈波浪状,触肢跗节端部较尖长。新种模式标本均保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

中国支头蛛属一新种记述：（蜘蛛目：皿蛛科：微蛛亚科）

本文记述中国皿蛛科微蛛亚科支头蛛属一新种－－山去头蛛Ｃａｒａｃｌａｄｕｓ ｍｏｎｔａｎｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,本新种与ｃａｒａｃｌａｄｕｓ ｔｓｕｒｕｓａｋｉｉ Ｓａｉｔｏ,１９８８近似,但雄蛛触肢胫节突起、插入器形状及雌蛛外雌器结构不同。新种模式标本保存于白求恩医科大学生物教研究。     

拟荒漠豹蛛雌蛛的记述

拟荒漠豹蛛Pardosa paratesquorum为Schenkel(1963)报道的我国狼蛛新种,但笔者在研究中国狼蛛时发现,原描述中雌、雄配对有误。由于Schenkel指定雄蛛为本种的模式标本,故现将其配对的雌蛛作一补充报道。原Schenkel记述的雌蛛已作为新种(似荒漠豹蛛Pardosa tesquoroides)另文报道。拟荒漠豹蛛Pardosa paratesquorum Schenkel,1963雌蛛体长6.3—8.5mm。背甲深褐色。正中斑黄色,前端膨大,起自后眼列后缘,此斑在颈沟处明显内凹。放射沟清晰。侧斑由2—3个间断的黄色斑点组成。前眼列前凹,短于中眼列。前中眼明显大于前侧眼;前中眼间距大于前…     

The Influence of Pedipalp Autotomy on the Courtship and Mating Behavior of Pardosa milvina (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Male Pardosa milvina wolf spiders use their pedipalps both for copulation and courtship. Pedipalp loss is significantly more common among adult males compared to females. We measured the courtship and mating effects associated with the loss of one or both pedipalps among adult male P. milvina. Pedipalp loss significantly reduced courtship intensity, but had no influence on mounting success. Intact males were less likely to be cannibalized and suffered fewer predatory attacks by females than autotomized males. Loss of the left pedipalp resulted in significantly less intense courtship, higher female aggression levels, and delayed onset of courtship whereas loss of the right pedipalp minimally affected male and female behavior relative to intact males. Pedipalp displays may function in reducing female aggression rather than increasing female receptivity.     

Male mating costs in a polygynous mosquito with ornaments expressed in both sexes

Male mate choice in species with conventional sex roles is difficult to explain and has, therefore, been the focus of many recent theoretical models. These models have focused on variance in female quality and, to a lesser extent, male investments/costs associated with mating. In this study, we investigate the costs of courtship and copulation in the polygynous mosquito Sabethes cyaneus. In this species, both males and females possess elaborate ornaments. Previous studies suggest that the most likely explanation for the presence of these ornaments is mutual mate choice. Thus, this system provides an excellent model for exploring the evolution of mutual mate choice in polygynous species. We disentangle the costs of courtship and copulation by monitoring male survival in three groups of males: housed alone (group 1); able only to court females (group 2); or able to court and copulate with females (group 3). We show that males incur a cost of courtship and copulation and that courtship intensity is negatively related to male longevity. Our results suggest that courtship and copulation carry additive costs to males. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of current mutual mate choice theory and suggest that courtship costs may be an unappreciated key factor in the evolution of male mate choice.     

Seismic Signaling is Crucial for Female Mate Choice in a Multimodal Signaling Wolf Spider

Complex courtship signals can be dissected into distinct components that can either function independently or via interactions with one another. Male Rabidosa rabida wolf spiders use courtship displays that couple a seismic signal with the waving of an ornamented foreleg. While previous studies suggest that female R. rabida exhibit mate choice and that both the seismic and visual modalities are important in mating interactions, it remains unclear how variation in each component influences female mating decisions. To investigate this, we ran two separate experiments in which we manipulated (1) male diets, to induce variation in the seismic courtship signal, and (2) male foreleg color, to artificially induce variation in visual foreleg ornamentation. To determine the influence of variation in each component independently, females were paired with males in environments that allowed the detection of only the manipulated signal component (e.g. seismic signal only and visual signal only). Variability in the seismic signal alone influenced female mate choice, but variability in visual ornamentation alone did not. In a third experiment, we manipulated foreleg color and allowed it to interact with the seismic signal to determine whether inter‐signal interactions influence female mating decisions. When females were able to detect both signal components, variation in visual ornamentation did influence mate choice – females preferred ornamented males. Together, these results suggest that the seismic signal of male R. rabida is integral for female mate choice and that the components of the courtship display interact to influence female mating decisions.     

同种雄性竞争对手的存在对星豹蛛雄蛛求偶和交配行为的影响

越来越多的研究发现,雄性产生精子(精液)也需付出代价。雄性除了依据配偶质量和竞争对手的竞争强度适应性调整生殖投入外,雄性在求偶和交配行为上也相应产生适应性反应,求偶和交配行为具有可塑性。目前雄性求偶和交配行为可塑性研究主要集中于雌性多次交配的类群中,在雌性单次交配的类群中研究甚少。以雌蛛一生只交配一次而雄蛛可多次交配的星豹蛛为研究对象,比较:(1)前一雄性拖丝上信息物质对后续雄蛛求偶和交配行为的影响,(2)雌雄不同性比对雄蛛求偶和交配行为的影响。研究结果表明,星豹蛛前一雄蛛拖丝上的信息物质对后续雄蛛求偶潜伏期、求偶持续时间和交配持续时间都没有显著影响,但前一雄蛛拖丝上的信息物质对后续雄蛛求偶强度有显著抑制作用。同时,性比对星豹蛛雄蛛求偶和交配行为都没有显著影响。可见,星豹蛛雄蛛对同种雄性拖丝上的化学信息可产生求偶行为的适应性调整,而对性比不产生适应性反应。     

The Role of Visual Ornamentation in Female Choice of a Multimodal Male Courtship Display

The courtship behavior of male Schizocosa uetzi wolf spiders incorporates both visual and seismic signals into a multimodal display. These two signals have been shown to interact in such a manner that the seismic signal alters a female's response to the visual signal, leading to a putative increased importance of visual signaling in the presence of a seismic signal. Experiments leading to this attention‐focusing hypothesis relied in part on the video playback technique, eliciting the question of its significance under more biologically relevant conditions. Here, we directly examine female mate choice of males with differing visual signals (foreleg pigmentation) both in the presence and absence of a seismic courtship signal. We first quantified the natural variation of male foreleg pigmentation within a population of S. uetzi. The proportion of the tibia covered in pigmentation was found to be positively correlated with male weight, suggesting that this signal may convey reliable information about male size. Visual signals of live males were then manipulated into two treatments: black and brown male foreleg tibias, representing the extreme ends of the natural variation found. The seismic signaling environment was also manipulated into two treatments: seismic signal present and absent. Mating frequency was higher in the presence of a seismic signal than in its absence, but there was no interaction between the seismic and visual signaling treatments. Females mated with black and brown males equally whether a seismic signal was present or absent. This study suggests that inexperienced females do not distinguish between males of different manipulated foreleg pigmentations in mate‐choice decisions, even when in the presence of a seismic courtship signal.     

Firefly Courtship: Behavioral and Morphological Predictors of Male Mating Success in Photinus greeni

Differences in male mating success can generate selection on male morphological traits and courtship behaviors involved in male–male competition or female mate choice. In Photinus fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), courtship is based on bioluminescent flash signals produced by both sexes. We conducted field observations of Photinus greeni fireflies engaged in competitive courtships, in which females are able to simultaneously assess several males, to identify male morphological traits and courtship behaviors that might predict male mating success. Male morphological traits did not differ between males that successfully mated compared with unsuccessful males (dialoging males that did not mate). However, courtship behavioral interactions differed: successful males tended to have higher flash pattern rates (number of flash patterns per minute), and their courtship flashes were more likely to be answered by females. We also examined how the risk of predation by Photuris fireflies altered courtship behavior of their Photinus prey. When predatory Photuris fireflies were present, P. greeni females were less likely to mate, and showed decreased flash responses to most males. However, P. greeni males that did successfully mate in spite of Photuris presence were males that maintained high flash pattern rates that elicited female responses. These results suggest that both female mate choice and Photuris predation exert strong selective pressures on the evolution of courtship signals in Photinus fireflies.     

Mutual Mate Assessment in Wolf Spiders: Differences in the Cues Used by Males and Females

When males engage in conspicuous courtship displays, it seems obvious that females would use characteristics of that display in mating decisions. However, males must also have a way to identify and evaluate females prior to engaging in what might be a costly mating ritual. Although it was known that female wolf spiders of the species Pardosa milvina (Araneae; Lycosidae) attract males using volatile chemical cues, the nature of the cues used by males and females in mate selection had not been investigated. Specifically we determined whether males could detect the mating status of the female and if chemotactile cues from the female played a role in that process. In addition, we quantified conspicuous aspects of the male courtship (leg raises and body shakes) to determine if courtship intensity was related to female choice. Although repeated mating occurred in our studies, males were more likely to court and mate with virgin females. Males used substrate‐borne cues deposited by females to discriminate between mated and virgin females. Females used the conspicuous behaviors of males during courtship, body shakes and leg raises, in mate selection. Thus males and females use different kinds of information and different sensory modalities to assess the suitability of a potential mate.     

The Effect of Limb Loss on the Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Wolf Spider Pardosa milvina (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Limb loss is common in the wolf spider Pardosa milvina, appearing in nearly one third of adult males but occurring less frequently among adult females and juveniles. Since males wave their first pair of legs during courtship displays, the reproductive consequences of limb loss may be significant. We measured the courtship and mating effects of the loss of one, two, or four legs among adult male P. milvina. Missing one or two legs did not significantly reduce a male's ability to mate, but missing four legs was detrimental to mating success, reduced both courtship intensity and copulation duration, and increased cannibalism frequency. Results suggest behavioral flexibility in compensating for limited leg loss and a defensive function of the anteriormost legs to thwart female cannibalism attempts.     

配偶选择中“听众效应”及鸣唱对雌性灰文鸟行为的影响

配偶选择是性选择研究核心问题之一。雌性通过选择高质量的雄性配偶获得直接利益,如资源、营养和保护等,也可以通过获得高质量雄性提高后代的适合度。配偶选择研究对于研究性选择机制和进化均具有重要意义。目前,对配偶选择的研究主要集中在影响配偶选择的因素及雌性"听众效应"中雄性-雄性竞争方面。鸣唱对配偶选择的影响和雄性"听众效应"中雌性-雌性竞争的研究对于探索鸟类配偶选择中信号交流、调整的方式及选择策略均具有重要意义。以灰文鸟为对象,研究了雄性鸣唱对雌性配偶选择的影响及雄性"听众效应"对雌性灰文鸟同性竞争行为的影响进行了探讨。实验一利用双向选择装置,以配偶鸣唱(求偶鸣唱或非求偶鸣唱)和非配偶鸣唱(求偶鸣唱或非求偶鸣唱)对雌鸟进行刺激,观察雌鸟对两端鸣唱的偏爱状况。实验二主要观察雌鸟之间在无听众、听众为熟悉的雄性和听众为配偶条件下的竞争行为。结果表明,雌性灰文鸟大多偏爱配偶鸣唱,相对于配偶的非求偶鸣唱更偏爱非配偶的求偶鸣唱。求偶鸣唱比非求偶鸣唱更具有吸引力,求偶鸣唱更能刺激雌性灰文鸟配偶选择的积极性,这种积极要付出更多的时间和资源,但雌鸟可以通过选择更高质量的雄性配偶获益。在配偶雄性作为听众条件下雌鸟攻击行为最高,显著高于熟悉雄性为听众的条件下,并且两者都显著高于无听众条件下雌鸟的攻击行为。雌性灰文鸟会基于不同"听众"而对雌-雌竞争行为做出适当调整。上述研究结果对于深入理解鸟类的性选择行为机制具有重要帮助作用。     

Absence of social facilitation of courtship in the wolf spider, Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Males of many animal species are reproductively limited by the difficulty and time costs of finding mates. Males of such species should be selected to take advantage of any cues that might reveal the location of prospective mates. Cues to female location are not restricted to those produced by females, but might also include the highly apparent courtship displays of males that have already found a female. By “eavesdropping” on these courting rivals, initiating sexual displays when courting rivals are detected (i.e., social facilitation of displays); males might effectively exploit the mate-searching efforts of their rivals. We tested the possibility that male Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders exhibit social facilitation of courtship behaviors using a combination of live behavioral trials and video playback with single stimulus presentations. When exposed to visual cues from another male, male S. ocreata can discern the presence of another individual whether that individual is courting or not. However, we found no evidence of social facilitation of courtship or chemoexploratory behaviors in response to seismic or visual cues presented in isolation or combined. While complex, multimodal, male courtship signals are important in mate choice by female S. ocreata, males do not appear to use these cues to socially facilitate their own courtship.