若尔盖高寒草甸退化对表栖节肢动物群落的影响

为了查明高寒草甸退化对表栖节肢动物的群落结构及多样性的影响,于2014年5月、7月和9月利用陷阱法对若尔盖县境内的沼泽草甸、草原草甸、中度退化草甸和重度退化草甸4种生境的表栖节肢动物群落进行了调查,共获得表栖节肢动物8364只,隶属于4纲17目123类(科或属)。优势类群为长跳属(Entomobrya)和球圆跳属(Sphaeridia),其中长跳属仅出现在草原草甸。重度退化草甸表栖节肢动物各多样性指数均显著低于其他生境,表明高寒草甸退化对表栖节肢动物群落组成有明显影响。此外,沼泽草甸表栖节肢动物9月的个体数量和丰富度指数高于5月和7月,其他生境均以7月较高,5月和9月较低;中度退化草甸和重度退化草甸的Shannon指数在不同月份间差异显著,Simpson指数仅在重度退化草甸有显著月份差异。不同生境间的月份差异表明,高寒草甸退化还可以影响表栖节肢动物的季节动态。回归分析表明,植物及土壤环境因子对表栖节肢动物群落的个体数量和多样性有显著影响。研究结果表明,高寒草甸退化可以通过改变植物群落及土壤环境等因子影响表栖节肢动物群落组成和多样性。     

长期围封对疏勒河源区高寒草甸地表节肢动物多样性的影响

围封会促进退化高寒草甸植被和土壤环境恢复,长期围封也会导致生物多样性及其功能下降,影响高寒草甸生态系统的稳定,但这种影响会随着季节和生境条件变化而异。为了探究不同退化程度高寒草甸地表节肢动物群落变化对围封禁牧的响应,利用陷阱法调查了疏勒河源区沼泽化草甸、草甸和草原化草甸3种不同退化梯度高寒草甸围封禁牧和自由放牧处理下地表节肢动物群落结构变化。结果表明：围封禁牧对高寒草甸地表节肢动物群落组成及多样性的影响随生境条件不同而异。禁牧降低了沼泽化草甸地表节肢动物的物种丰富度,而提高了草甸和草原化草甸地表节肢动物的物种丰富度;围封禁牧对沼泽化草甸地表节肢动物群落结构影响较小,显著降低了草甸生境地表节肢动物活动密度、提高了地表节肢动物多样性和均匀度,相反,禁牧显著提高了草原化草甸生境地表节肢动物活动密度、降低其多样性和均匀度;豹蛛属1种是高寒草甸主要的地表节肢动物类群（相对多度为67.0%）,高寒草甸土壤水分有效性等生境条件不同影响了豹蛛属1种对围封禁牧的响应模式,进而影响了地表节肢动物群落结构变化。总之,高寒草甸退化程度影响了地表节肢动物多样性对禁牧和放牧的响应模式,沼泽化草甸适度放牧有利于提高地表节肢动物多样性及其功能。     

环境因子对甘南高寒草甸地表大型节肢动物多样性的影响

地表节肢动物是生态系统的重要生物指示物,研究甘南高寒草甸地表节肢动物群落多样性与环境因子的关系,有助于揭示其分布格局对高寒草甸生态环境变化的响应。2018年5至9月,采用陷阱法调查甘南高寒草甸4种典型类型生境,即沼泽湿地、沼泽化草甸、草甸和成熟草甸地表大型节肢动物群落组成与多样性。研究时段共采集地表大型节肢动物2 545头,属于3纲9目29科30属,以狼蛛属(Lycosa)、弓背蚁属(Camponotus)和蚁属(Formica)为优势类群。营养功能群以捕食类和植食类为主。研究结果显示,成熟草甸生境大型节肢动物类群数明显高于沼泽化草甸和草甸生境的类群数(P <0.05);沼泽湿地生境Pielou均匀度指数(Js)明显大于草甸和成熟草甸生境的Pielou均匀度指数(P <0.05);Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)差异不显著(P> 0.05);4种生境之间地表大型节肢动物群落相似性指数较低。研究时段基于物种“出现-不出现”C-score、V-ratio、SES与Pianka生态重叠指数的实测值与预测值的差异均没有规律性,显示研究区域地表大型节肢动物群落随机...     

高寒草甸退化对土壤昆虫多样性的影响

土壤昆虫是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在物质循环和能量转化过程中起着重要的作用。为了查明高寒草甸生态系统退化对土壤昆虫群落的影响,于2011年的4、5、7和10月份别对青藏东缘的若尔盖高寒草甸的沼泽草甸、草原草甸、中度退化草甸和重度退化草甸的土壤昆虫群落进行了调查。共捕获土壤昆虫4172只,隶属于8目35科,共46类。优势类群有尖眼蕈蚊科幼虫(Sciaridae larvae)、摇蚊科幼虫(Chironomidae larvae)和象甲科幼虫(Curculionidae larvae),其中尖眼蕈蚊科幼虫为各退化阶段的共同优势类群。重度退化草甸的土壤昆虫密度和多样性指数均显著低于其它退化阶段(P0.01)。各退化阶段间的Sorenson相似性和Morisita-Horn相似性指数变化趋势表明退化对土壤昆虫的类群组和优势类群的个体数量影响较大。而土壤昆虫的群落密度和多样性指数的季节动态在不同退化阶段间也存在差异。此外,高寒草甸的退化还可影响昆虫群落优势类群的时空分布,但不同类群间存在差异。相关分析结果表明土壤昆虫多样性与土壤p H值呈显著负相关(P0.01),与地下生物量和磷含量呈显著正相关(P0.01),而密度仅与p H值呈显著负相关(P0.01)。研究结果表明高寒草甸退化可通过改变植物群落及土壤等环境因子影响土壤昆虫群落组成和多样性的空间分布和季节动态。     

高寒草甸生态系统蚁丘对小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响

为查明高寒草甸中蚁丘对小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响,2018年5、7和10月分别在若尔盖高寒草甸内选取6个直径在30-35 cm间的蚁丘作为调查对象,并选取距相应蚁丘2 m处的点作为对照,采集蚁丘和对照的土壤样品,用Tullgren法分离小型土壤节肢动物。结果表明：（1）蚁丘可以明显改变高寒草甸小型土壤节肢动物群落组成结构,主要类群由螨类转变为跳虫;（2）蚁丘中的长角跳目、前气门亚目和甲螨亚目的个体密度均显著高于对照（P<0.05）,但仅有甲螨亚目个体百分比在群落中所占比例显著高于对照（P<0.05）;（3）蚁丘可以显著提高小型土壤节肢动物群落密度和多样性,尤其能够使部分菌食性跳虫（库跳属、隐跳属、符跳属）和腐食性螨类（布伦螨属、双瘤吸螨属、微奥甲螨属及下盾甲螨属）的个体数量大幅增加;（4）从5月到10月,小型土壤节肢动物群落的个体密度在蚁丘中呈先增加后下降的变化趋势（P<0.05）,在对照中呈持续增加（P>0.05）,而类群数和Shannon多样性指数在蚁丘和对照中均呈增加趋势,但仅在对照有显著差异（P<0.05）;（5）小型土壤节肢动物的类群数、Shannon多样性指数与有机质含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,个体密度与土壤容重呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。研究结果表明,蚁丘能够改变小型土壤节肢动物群落组成结构,并显著提高小型土壤节肢动物群落个体密度和多样性。     

乌鲁木齐地区不同生境下土壤跳虫群落结构及多样性研究

为了解乌鲁木齐地区不同生境土壤跳虫群落结构及其多样性,研究土壤跳虫群落结构特征,了解不同生境差异对土壤跳虫群落结构的影响,分别在2008年4月、7月、9月和11月中旬对该区自然榆林、防护林、植物园、草地、居民点、废弃地及菜地等7种典型生境土壤跳虫群落特征进行了调查。共采集跳虫3728只,隶属于4目13科27属,其中伪亚跳属Pseudachorutes、球角跳属Hypogastrura、棘跳属Onychiurus、等节跳属Isotoma为优势类群,分别占总数的13.25%、12.31%、11.40%、10.03%,共占总数的47.00%。跳虫属Podura、长跳属Entomobrya、原等跳属Proisotoma、土跳属Tullbergia、驼跳属Cyphoderus、裸长角跳属Sinella、钩圆跳属Bourletiella、德跳属Desoria、小等节跳属Isotomiella、疣跳属Neanura、类符跳属Folsomina、符跳属Folsomia、刺驼跳属Cyphoderopsis及缺弹跳属Anuropho-rus等14属为常见类群,共占总数的47.65%,其余9属均为稀有类群,共占总数的5.35%。不同生境土壤跳虫的个体数和类群数差异较大(P<0.05),其中个体数顺序为自然榆林>防护林>草地>植物园>居民点>废弃地>菜地。跳虫个体密度和类群数在不同季节间差异明显(P<0.05),其中个体数顺序为9月>7月>4月>11月,Shan-non-Wiener多样性指数(H)在不同生境间均有显著差异(P<0.05),其顺序为植物园>防护林>自然榆林>草地>居民点>废弃地>菜地。Simpson优势度指数(C)为菜地>居民点>废弃地>草地>自然榆林>植物园>防护林。各生境间土壤跳虫群落的相似性较差,仅少数生境间相似性达到相似水平。研究表明不同生境植被类型是影响该区跳虫群落结构和多样性的主要因素。     

长期施加N、P肥对高寒草甸小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响

为查明长期施肥对高寒草甸小型土壤节肢动物群落影响,2012年5月下旬在西南民族大学青藏高原畜牧业高科技研究基地内用随机区组方式设置施N、P和NP混施三种处理实验样地,每种施肥处理分别设置10 g/m²、20 g/m²和30 g/m²三个施肥梯度,以不施肥的高寒草甸为对照样地。2017年8月对各样地内的小型土壤节肢动物、植物群落和土壤理化性质进行调查。结果表明：（1）施肥可以明显改变高寒草甸小型土壤节肢动物的群落组成结构,其中NP混施比单施N、P肥更能有效增加螨类和昆虫的类群数;（2）N、P、NP三种施肥种类的小型土壤节肢动物群落个体密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数均显著增加（P<0.05）,且当施肥量为20 g/m²时,小型土壤节肢动物群落的个体密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数均达到最大;（3）小型土壤节肢动物群落的个体密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数均与全磷含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。研究表明,在高寒草甸长期施加氮、磷肥,尤其是氮磷混施,不仅能够明显改变小型土壤节肢动物群落组成结构,还能显著提高群落密度和多样性,建议按照20 g/m²的总量对高寒草甸进行氮磷等量混施,以提高小型土壤节肢动物群落多样性及其生态功能。     

若尔盖高寒草甸退化对中小型土壤动物群落的影响

土壤动物是陆地生态系统物质循环和能量流动的中心环节,也是生态系统演化的重要驱动因子。为了查明青藏东缘若尔盖高寒草甸生态系统退化过程对中小型土壤动物群落的影响,2008年7、10两月分别对若尔盖高寒草甸沼泽草甸、草原草甸和沙化草甸三个不同退化阶段的中小型土壤动物群落进行了调查。共分离到中小型土壤动物9450个,隶属于4门5纲12目70科104类;优势类群为线虫（Nematode）,个体数占85.79%;蜱螨目（Arachnida）、弹尾目（Collembola）、寡毛纲（Oligochaeta）和昆虫纲（Insect）依次占8.73%、3.24%、1.32%和0.88%。群落密度、类群数、Margalef丰富度指数和密度-类群指数均在7、10两月份均随高寒草甸的退化而显著降低（p<0.01或p<0.05）,10月份的差异更明显。Shannon-wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀性指数和Simpson优势度指数无显著变化（p>0.05）。各主要类群个体数在群落中所占的比例呈波动性变化,但沙化可使蜱螨目的数量相对提高,而弹尾目相对下降。随退化程度的加重,三个退化阶段的Sorenson群落相似性逐渐降低,而Morisita-Horn相似性的变化则不同,说明高寒草甸的退化对中小型土壤动物群落物种组成的影响较大,对群落优势类群数量的影响较小。10月份的群落密度、多样性和群落相似性均高于7月份,表明群落结构组成受季节的影响;但是各退化阶段的Sorenson和Morisita-Horn季节相似性比较说明,季节变化对沙化草甸种类组成的影响大于草原草甸,对草原草甸群落优势类群数量的影响大于沙化草甸。个体密度和类群数的表聚性程度也随退化加重而降低。以上研究结果表明,高寒草甸的退化能够降低土壤动物群落的组成种类和结构复杂性,将会影响其生态服务功能。     

喀斯特洞穴小型土壤节肢动物多样性

研究洞穴土壤节肢动物,有助于了解土壤节肢动物对特殊环境的响应,对于深入认识喀斯特生态过程具有重要意义。以喀斯特洞穴生态系统小型土壤节肢动物为研究对象,采用主成分分析、重复测量方差分析、相关性分析和冗余分析等方法探讨了小型土壤节肢动物与环境因子的相互作用关系。调查共获得小型土壤节肢动物2399个,隶属7纲15目121科。其中,自然林优势类群为等节跳科(Isotomidae),洞穴优势类群为奥甲螨科(Oppiidae)。PCA分析显示,洞穴与自然林小型土壤节肢动物群落组成差异明显。洞穴小型土壤节肢动物类群数、密度和Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)显著低于自然林(P<0.05),自然林小型土壤节肢动物类群数、密度和Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)季节差异显著(P<0.05),洞穴类群数、密度和Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)季节差异不明显。相关性分析结果表明,小型土壤节肢动物类群数和Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)与pH值、全磷和光照强度显著相关(P<0.05),密度与pH值、全磷、有机质和光照强度显著相关(P<0.05)。RDA分析表...     

乌鲁木齐市不同生境繁殖期的鸟类群落多样性及功能集团分析

2016—2019年对乌鲁木齐市7种生境(高寒草甸、针叶林-灌丛、草原、农田、荒漠、湿地和城市公园)的繁殖期鸟类进行实地调查。共记录鸟类178种,隶属19目45科,其中雀形目Passeriformes最具代表性,共86种(占48.3%);居留型以夏候鸟和留鸟为主,共153种(占86.0%);分布型以古北型为主,共82种(占46.1%);珍稀濒危和重点保护物种共33种(占18.5%)。鸟类群落物种数及个体数最多的为湿地生境,荒漠、针叶林-灌丛生境次之,各生境物种数(H=30.628,P0.001)存在显著性差异。湿地生境鸟类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高,高寒草甸生境的最低;草原生境的Pielou均匀度指数最高,高寒草甸生境的最低;高寒草甸生境的Simpson优势度指数最高,草原生境的最低;针叶林-灌丛生境的物种丰富度指数最高,荒漠生境的最低。草原与针叶林-灌丛生境之间的Sorensen相似性系数最高(0.59),高寒草甸与荒漠之间的最低(0)。湿地生境鸟类群落的捕食集团以食虫性为主,其他生境以杂食性为主。湿地生境中鸟类营地面巢的居多,高寒草甸生境中鸟类营洞巢的居多,其他生境中鸟类营编织巢的居多。上述结果表明,乌鲁木齐市周围的湿地生境应该得到优先保护。     

种植黄连和重楼对小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响

为了掌握中药材种植对土壤动物群落的影响,于2020年7月对成都市彭州境内种植期为3年和5年的黄连和重楼样地的小型土壤节肢动物进行了调查.共分离到小型土壤节肢动物526只,隶属于4纲17目69科98类或属,优势类群为等节跳属、平懒甲螨属、符跳属和副跳属.小型土壤节肢动物群落组成结构在不同中药材样地间差异明显,影响群落组成...     

若尔盖湿地退化过程中土壤水源涵养功能

若尔盖湿地是青藏高原上面积最大的沼泽湿地,也是长江、黄河两大河流的水源区,对区域水循环起重要调节作用。近年来在全球变化及放牧的影响下,若尔盖湿地出现了不同程度的退化。为了查明若尔盖湿地退化过程中水源涵养功能的变化趋势,2009年8月对该区域的沼泽草甸、草原草甸和沙化草甸3个阶段的土壤水源涵养功能进行了调查。结果为:若尔盖湿地由沼泽草甸向草原草甸和沙化草甸的退化过程中,土壤容重显著增加(P<0.01),毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度显著下降(P<0.01),且容重和孔隙度在土壤剖面自然分布规律也发生变化;沼泽草甸的土壤自然含水量、毛管持水量、最小持水量和最大持水量均显著高于草原草甸和沙化草甸(P<0.01);0-100 cm 深度范围内的沼泽草甸土壤的最大持水量(8486.27 t/hm²)显著高于草原草甸(4944.98 t/hm²)和沙化草甸(4637.96 t/hm²)(P<0.01)。土壤持水量与有机质含量、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度有显著正相关(P<0.01),与土壤容重呈显著负相关(P<0.01),并受植被盖度和泥炭层厚度的影响。研究结果表明,若尔盖湿地退化过程中植被盖度、土壤有机质含量及泥炭层厚度的下降和土壤质地沙化是导致若尔盖湿地水源涵养功能下降的主要原因。     

天然高寒草地转变为燕麦人工草地对土壤线虫群落的影响

为查明高寒草地上种植燕麦(Avena sativa)对土壤线虫群落的影响,于2014年7、9月用土钻法和湿漏斗法(Baermann法)对西南民族大学青藏高原畜牧业高科技研发示范基地内燕麦地(Oat grassland,OG)和天然草地(Natural grassland,NG)的土壤线虫群落进行调查。共分离土壤线虫10179条,隶属于2纲8目50科143属,平均密度477条/100g干土。燕麦地与天然草地土壤线虫群落结构具有明显差异,影响群落结构的主要类群为拟丽突属(Acrobeloides)、原杆属(Protorhabditis)、丝尾垫刃属(Filenchus)和盘旋属(Rotylenchus),但不同月份间存在差异。燕麦地的土壤线虫群落密度、食细菌线虫密度、食真菌线虫密度和自由生活线虫成熟度指数(MI)均显著高于天然草地(P0.01;P0.05;P0.001;P0.01),植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(PPI)则显著低于天然草地(P0.05)。两种草地7月份的土壤线虫群落类群数和香农多样性指数(H′)均显著低于9月(P0.05),仅燕麦地7月份的食细菌、食真菌线虫密度和Simpson优势度指数(C)显著高于9月(P0.05;P0.001;P0.01)。典范对应分析(Canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)及回归分析结果表明,土壤pH、有机质、全氮、速效磷和含水量是影响线虫群落的主要环境因子。研究结果表明,高寒草地种植燕麦后在短期内改变了线虫群落结构,增加了线虫群落密度以及食细菌和食真菌线虫在群落中的比例,以植物寄生线虫为主的群落营养结构转变为以食细菌线虫为主,同时也增加了线虫群落不同月份间的差异。     

Relationship between soil microarthropod species diversity and plant growth does not change when the system is disturbed

Soil microarthropods influence vital ecosystem processes, such as decomposition and nutrient mineralisation. There is evidence, however, that proper functioning of ecosystems does not require the presence of all its constituent species, and therefore some species can be regarded as functionally redundant. It has been proposed that species redundancy can act as an insurance against unfavourable conditions, and that functionally redundant species may become important when a system has faced a disturbance (the “insurance hypothesis”).
We conducted a laboratory microcosm experiment with coniferous forest soil and a seedling of silver birch (Betula pendula). A gradient of microarthropod diversity (from one to tens of species of soil mites and Collembola) was created to the systems. We disturbed microcosms with drought to test whether systems with altering microarthropod species richness respond differently to perturbations. Primary production (birch biomass), uptake of nitrogen by the birch seedling, the system's ability to retain nutrients and the structure and biomass of the soil microbial community were analysed.
Primary production and nutrient uptake of the birch seedlings increased slightly with increasing microarthropod species richness but only at the species poor end of the diversity gradient. Loss of nutrients and the biomass and community structure of microbes were unaffected by the microarthropods. The effect of drought on the birch biomass production was independent of the species richness of microarthropods. During the disturbance the biomass of microarthropods declined in diverse systems but not in simple ones. These systems were, however, quite resilient; microarthropod communities recovered quickly after the disturbance. Our results suggest that soil microarthropod species are functionally redundant in respect to plant growth, and that the resistance of a system to and its recovery from a disturbance are only weakly related to the species richness of this fauna.     

Indirect Short- and Long-Term Effects of Aboveground Invertebrate and Vertebrate Herbivores on Soil Microarthropod Communities

Recognition is growing that besides ungulates, small vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores are important drivers of grassland functioning. Even though soil microarthropods play key roles in several soil processes, effects of herbivores—especially those of smaller body size—on their communities are not well understood. Therefore, we progressively excluded large, medium and small vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores for three growing seasons using size-selective fences in two vegetation types in subalpine grasslands; short-grass and tall-grass vegetation generated by high and low historical levels of ungulate grazing. Herbivore exclusions generally had few effects on microarthropod communities, but exclusion of all herbivore groups resulted in decreased total springtail and Poduromorpha richness compared with exclusion of only ungulates and medium-sized mammals, regardless of vegetation type. The tall-grass vegetation had a higher total springtail richness and mesostigmatid mite abundance than the short-grass vegetation and a different oribatid mite community composition. Although several biotic and abiotic variables differed between the exclusion treatments and vegetation types, effects on soil microarthropods were best explained by differences in nutrient and fibre content of the previous year’s vegetation, a proxy for litter quality, and to a lesser extent soil temperature. After three growing seasons, smaller herbivores had a stronger impact on these functionally important soil microarthropod communities than large herbivores. Over longer time-scales, however, large grazers created two different vegetation types and thereby influenced microarthropod communities bottom-up, e.g. by altering resource quality. Hence, both short- and long-term consequences of herbivory affected the structure of the soil microarthropod community.     

Seasonal Abundance and Species Richness of Birds in Common Reed Habitats in Lake Erie

Abstract: Common reed (Phragmites australis) forms dense stands with deep layers of residual organic matter that negatively affects plant diversity and possibly habitat use by wetland birds. We sought to determine whether seasonal relative abundance and species richness of birds varied among 3 habitat types in Great Lakes coastal wetland complexes recently invaded by common reed. We used fixed-distance point counts to determine species relative abundances and species richness in edge and interior locales within common reed, cattail (Typha spp.), and meadow marsh habitats of various sizes during 2 summers (2001 and 2002) and 1 autumn (2001) at Long Point, Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada. We found that total relative abundance and species richness of birds were greater in common reed habitat compared to cattail or meadow marsh habitats. However, we also found that relative abundance of marsh-nesting birds was greater in meadow marsh habitat than in cattail and common reed during summer. Lastly, we found that, irrespective of habitat type, habitat edges had higher total relative abundance and species richness of birds than did habitat interiors. Our results show that common reed provides suitable habitat for a diversity of landbirds during summer and autumn but only limited habitat for many marsh-nesting birds during summer. Based on these results, we recommend restoration of meadow marsh habitat through reduction of common reed in Great Lakes wetlands where providing habitat for breeding marsh-nesting birds is an objective. Managers also might consider reducing the size of nonnative common reed stands to increase edge effect and use by birds, possibly including wetland birds.     

若尔盖草甸退化对土壤碳、氮和碳稳定同位素的影响

为了解不同退化阶段高寒草甸土壤碳、氮和碳稳定同位素的差异,对若尔盖湿地内沼泽草甸、草原化草甸、退化草甸3个阶段土壤的碳、氮和碳稳定同位素进行了分析.结果表明:若尔盖湿地草甸土壤δ¹³C 值介于-26.21‰～-24.72‰之间,土壤δ¹³C 值随土层加深而增大.土壤δ¹³C 值与有机碳含量对数值呈线性负相关.表层土壤(0～10 cm)δ¹³C值大小顺序为草原化草甸>退化草甸>沼泽草甸,β值大小顺序为草原化草甸>沼泽草甸>退化草甸.沼泽草甸、草原化草甸、退化草甸0～30 cm 土壤碳含量分别为105.32、42.11和31.12 g·kg^-1,氮含量分别为8.74、3.41和2.81 g·kg^-1,C/N分别为11.26、11.23和10.89.随着草甸的退化,土壤碳、氮呈降低趋势,退化草甸C/N值低于沼泽草甸和草原化草甸.随着土层深度加深,碳、氮含量呈现降低趋势.草甸退化导致的土壤δ¹³C 值差异主要发生在表层0～10 cm.3个退化阶段中,退化草甸土壤的β值和C/N最低,表明退化草甸土壤矿化作用较强.     

Effects of the Conversion of Native Vegetation to Farmlands on Soil Microarthropod Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in a Desert Oasis

Increased demand for food due to the rapidly growing human population has led to extensive conversion of native steppes at the margins of oases in arid lands of northwest China into intensively managed farmlands. However, the consequences of this land-use change for soil microarthropod biodiversity and ecosystem functioning remain unknown. Here we assessed how conversion of a native steppe to irrigated farmlands of different ages affects the abundance and composition of soil microarthropods and how changes in soil microarthropod biodiversity could scale up to influence soil carbon and nitrogen stocks. We sampled microarthropod communities over two growing seasons from native steppes and cultivated soils of a 27-year-old irrigated farmland and a 90-year-old irrigated farmland, both of which were converted from the native steppe. Topsoil properties and bulk and labile pools of carbon and nitrogen, including soil organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), total nitrogen (TN), inorganic nitrogen (IN), and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), were also measured. The conversion of native steppe to either of the two farmlands significantly increased the abundance and taxa richness of three taxonomic groups (mites, collembolans, and others) and four trophic groups (herbivores, predators, detritivores, and fungivores); this effect was greater in the 90-year-old farmland for the abundance of all taxonomic and trophic groups except for herbivores and was similar between the two farmlands for the richness of all taxonomic and trophic groups. Taxonomic and trophic composition of the microarthropod community showed strong shifts in response to conversion of native steppe to either of the two farmlands. Compositional changes were largely mediated by changes in soil environments. Changes in soil carbon and nitrogen stocks due to conversion of native steppe to farmlands followed similar patterns to soil microarthropod biodiversity, but the greater storage of DOC, MBC, TN, IN, and MBN occurred in the 90-year-old farmland. Our results suggest that soil microarthropod communities are affected positively by native steppe conversion to farmland and farmland age, and that increased microarthropod biodiversity significantly improved the ability of soils to retain carbon and nitrogen.