暴雨和缓冲带特征对城市滨水缓冲带雨洪消减与水质净化效果的影响机制

通过设置多组实验,模拟不同暴雨径流及缓冲带条件,对城市滨水缓冲带在不同暴雨雨型、历时、重现期、缓冲带坡度、植被覆盖度、初期冲刷等条件下的径流削减和水质净化作用进行研究。得出在不同实验条件下,滨水缓冲带的雨量动态径流系数结果在0.29—0.55之间。分析实验结果发现缓冲带对峰型靠前、历时较短、重现期短的暴雨径流削减效果更好,同时更平缓与植被覆盖度更高的缓冲带对径流的削减效果更佳。模拟实验显示,径流中不同污染物去除率范围分别为:SS为66.41%—90.29%、TN为44.48%—64.90%、NH_3-N为32.72%—63.68%、TP为89.83%—95.04%、COD为34.32%—66.23%。缓冲带的径流水质净化效果在应对不同暴雨雨型时未显示明显规律,而缓冲带对中高浓度径流污染物削减率更高能够应对较强的初期冲刷效应。同时更平缓与植被覆盖度更高缓冲带,即表流流速更缓慢时,显示出更好的径流净化效果。     

基于景感学的景感营造研究——以雨水花园为例

雨洪径流失控引发的负面问题已经影响到城市居民的正常生活。雨水花园作为典型的用于雨洪治理的生态基础设施,是进行城市水管理的重要手段。为提升雨水花园以径流控制为主的生态系统服务能力,研究团队基于物联网技术在中科院城市所内建成一座带有径流控制效益监测系统的雨水花园研究示范样地。景感学作为研究生态系统服务和可持续发展的有效途径,基于其理论分析雨水花园样地这一景感的营造途径、原则、生态系统服务能力,有助于使人-生态基础设施-自然环境三者更和谐地相互融入和适应,进而为雨水花园这类生态基础设施的营造提供借鉴经验。经探究发现雨水花园样地营造遵循了愿景呈现的双向性、方位的顺脉性、营造过程的渐进性三项原则,它可从多方面提供调节服务、支持服务与文化服务,有利于改善区域人居环境。通过径流控制效益监测系统监测、分析得出样地具备显著的调节服务（径流削减）能力,且人们可通过视感、听感、触感感知并享受雨水花园样地供给的文化服务。由于物联网监测技术与居民对各部分生态系统服务的监测和感知能力各有侧重,本研究认为可结合物联网相关监测技术和人的物理感知对雨水花园这类生态基础设施的营造工作进行评估,进而指导这类生态基础设施的建设并提升其生态系统服务能力。     

高度城市化区域汇水域尺度LUCC的降雨径流调蓄效应——以上海城市绿地系统为例

快速城市化进程导致的土地利用/土地覆被变化(LUCC),对城市地表水文过程影响显著.城市绿地作为主要的城市透水型下垫面类型,具有良好的降雨径流调蓄效应.利用2000、2003年上海中心城区小尺度城市汇水域的LUCC、降雨和径流资料,以绿地系统为例,分析了高度城市化区域内,面积分别为2.60 km2和2.77 km2的相邻汇水域LUCC的水文过程.结果表明,高度城市化区域内小尺度城市汇水域的城市绿地系统具有良好的削减城市雨水径流总量和延缓雨水径流洪峰现时的调蓄效应.案例研究显示,在绿地系统面积比例分别为39.13%和27.36%,边界条件相近的对比城市汇水域内,10%绿地系统面积比例差,及其绿地结构、覆被植物和土壤类型的差异共同造成:①对比汇水域年径流系数存在约0.3的差别;②对24 h降雨量为42.8 mm的大雨径流过程,延后径流峰值出现时间约20 min;③对24 h降雨量超过270 mm的特大暴雨径流过程,削减地表径流系数约0.1.     

城市区域绿色屋顶普及对水量水质的影响

绿色屋顶是城市降雨径流管理的主要措施之一,为了解绿色屋顶普及对城市流域降雨径流量和径流水质的影响,本文以重庆大学虎溪流域为研究载体,评估了绿色屋顶规模化应用与流域降雨产流和径流水质的响应关系.结果表明： 在城市流域进行屋面绿化有助于消减降雨径流以及产污负荷,且屋顶绿化规模和空间分布情景影响降雨径流水质.在屋顶占城市区域总面积的比例为25%、降雨持续时间15 min、降雨强度14.8 mm·h^-1的条件下,当区域内屋顶全部绿化时,峰值降雨径流降低5.3%,降雨径流总量降低31%;总悬浮物（TSS）、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）的污染负荷分别降低40.0%、31.6%、29.8%,峰值浓度分别降低21.0%、16.0%、-12.2%,平均浓度分别降低13.1%、0.9%、-1.7%;随屋顶绿化率的增加,TSS、TP浓度消减率有所提高,而TN浓度消减率则呈降低趋势,靠近流域总出水口进行屋面绿化,更有利于径流水质的改善.     

高度城市化地区屋顶绿化径流调控效益评价——以厦门岛为例

屋顶绿化的降雨径流调控效益对城市水安全与可持续发展具有重要作用,尤其是在土地资源紧缺与环境问题突出的高度城市化地区,然而目前针对城市尺度进行屋顶绿化降雨径流调控效益的研究较少。以厦门岛142 km~2的典型高度城市化地区为研究对象,采用ArcGIS与SCS-CN水文模型,研究了四种屋顶绿化实施场景在四种不同重现期(2、5、10、20年)降雨事件下各汇水区屋顶绿化的降雨径流调控效益,并依其空间分异特征制定差异化生态建设策略。结果显示,(1)平均地表径流减少率随城市屋顶绿化量的增加从0.91%增加至4.51%,随降雨强度的增加从2.86%下降到2.01%。屋顶绿化对南部城市核心区中山路商圈汇水区的地表径流削减作用最为显著,在2年重现期降雨事件和100%屋顶绿化实施场景下地表径流减少了8.84%。(2)厦门岛易积水区域主要分布在高崎机场、西北部港口、筼筜湖、五缘湾和环岛路;在四种屋顶绿化实施场景下,平均积水深度降低1.68、4.68、6.45、14.43 cm,平均积水面积减少6.11、16.89、23.29、52.06 hm~2,而随着降雨强度的增加,积水面积减少率幅度降低,屋顶绿化对中低...     

晋西黄土区不同植被覆盖流域的水文响应

为了研究不同植被覆盖对流域径流的影响,以晋西黄土区蔡家川流域内的天然次生林流域和人工林流域为对象进行了对比分析。结果表明,天然次生林流域的年径流量、雨季径流量均小于人工林流域,天然次生林流域的年总径流量、雨季径流量分别是人工林流域的58.57%、48.04%,年地表径流量、雨季地表径流量分别比人工林流域减少了82.95%、81.12%;人工林流域的基流量为零;在短历时高雨强的降雨形式下天然次生林流域的削洪效应显著,其单位面积洪峰流量比人工林流域减少了83.41%;不同植被覆盖下径流对不同雨型的响应不同,人工林流域在A型雨条件下的单位面积洪峰流量是B、C型雨的10.08倍、3.35倍,天然次生林流域在A型雨条件下的单位面积洪峰流量是B、C型雨的6.79倍、1.64倍。     

绿色屋顶径流氮磷浓度分布及赋存形态

为了解绿色屋顶暴雨径流的氮磷浓度分布及赋存形态,在重庆大学构建了两种绿色屋顶,于2009年9月至2011年10月期间进行了绿色屋顶和对照屋面的暴雨径流水质监测。研究结果表明,绿色屋顶暴雨径流pH值在7.7左右,氨氮浓度满足地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ类标准;总氮、总磷、硝酸根的平均浓度分别为3.6—4.4 mg/L、0.17—0.28 mg/L和3.1—3.7 mg/L,均高于降雨雨水浓度;与对照屋面暴雨径流相比,同时期的绿色屋顶暴雨径流中总氮、氨氮和总磷浓度较低,而硝酸根、磷酸根浓度较高。绿色屋顶暴雨径流水质的季节差异明显,夏季污染物浓度较低,而春秋季节污染物浓度较高;总体上看,随绿色屋顶运行时间的延长,暴雨径流中总氮和硝酸根浓度逐渐降低,而总磷和磷酸盐浓度则呈现出一定的波动性。气象因素、降雨雨水水质与绿色屋顶暴雨径流水质的相关性分析表明,气温越高、前期干旱时间越长,越有利于绿色屋顶径流中氨氮浓度的降低;绿色屋顶径流中的总磷和氨氮主要来自降雨。研究结果为绿色屋顶的科学构建和城市暴雨径流管理提供了重要参考。     

湿热地区简单式屋顶绿化的截流雨水效应

城市内涝是困扰各大城市的环境问题,其主观原因是来自迅速增加的城市不透水面.国外运用屋顶绿化作为截留雨水的措施得到广泛实践,而屋顶绿化滞留雨水能力随气候条件的变化而变化.湿热气候区具有气温高、湿度高、雨量大的气候特点,在此气候条件下探讨屋顶绿化截留雨水的效能具有重要意义.本研究以在夏季雨热同期的广州市为例,搭建3个简单式屋顶绿化测试平台,通过13个月试验期的气象观测和数据测定推算其截留雨水的效能.结果表明: 基质厚度30、50和70 mm简单式屋顶绿化的降雨滞留率分别为27.2%、30.9%和32.1%,平均峰值减少量为18.9%、26.2%和27.7%.广州市建成区面积1035.01 km²,屋顶面积约占37.3%,假设在此区域推行30 mm厚度基质的屋顶绿化,小、中、大雨的总迟滞比率分别为72.8%、22.6%和17.4%,以此推算得出可滞留雨水体积达14317×10⁴ m³,说明简单式屋顶绿化的截留雨水效应具有巨大潜力.本研究结果可为湿热气候区城市缓解城市内涝、建设海绵城市的构想提供参考.     

基于组合绿色生态措施的北方城市雨雪径流削减模拟

以北方城市雨雪径流削减控制为研究目标,通过构建SWMM雨雪径流模型对北方城市夏季降雨径流量和春季融雪径流量进行模拟.同时根据研究区气候特点和实际情况制定了符合研究区低影响开发(LID)绿色生态措施方案,通过加入简单式绿化屋顶、雨雪收集双用装置和下凹式绿地3种控制措施,模拟了组合绿色生态措施对研究区夏季降雨和春季融雪径流的削减以及对排水管网压力的缓解效果.结果表明:2016年5月24日、6月10日和7月18日3场实测降雨模拟的最大径流量分别为2.7、6.2和7.4 m^3·s^-1,1、2、5、10年4种不同重现期降雨条件下的峰值流量分别为2.39、3.91、6.24和7.85 m^3·s^-1;在融雪期,峰值流量出现在3月初.LID措施在雨季对削减峰值流量、延迟峰值时间和缓解排水压力具有很好的控制效果,削减率最高可达70%左右,而且通过加入雪收集装置,对春季融雪径流也有一定的控制效果.     

基于暴雨径流管理模型(SWMM)的海绵城市低影响开发措施控制效果模拟

为解决城市化过程中遇到的水生态、水安全和水环境问题,以低影响开发(LID)为核心理念,我国提出了海绵城市这一新型城市雨洪管理概念.本研究利用芝加哥雨型和沈阳暴雨强度公式构建了不同重现期的降雨过程线,然后利用暴雨径流管理模型(SWMM)模拟分析了城市化前、城市化后和LID措施后3种情景方案的水文水质过程.结果表明: 随着降雨重现期的增大,LID措施减少的径流量逐渐增大,研究区径流量基本达到城市化前的水平.LID措施对总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)、化学需氧量(COD)的去除量较大,但TSS和COD排放量仍然远远高于城市化前,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的污染物排放量接近于城市化前的自然状态.随着雨强的增大,径流流速增大,LID措施消减的TSS、TP和COD量逐渐减小.     

Runoff water quality from intensive and extensive vegetated roofs

Vegetated roofs are becoming a trend in urban design, among others as a tool for city greening, mitigating urban heat island effect, and lowering urban storm runoff. Additionally, pollutant removal within vegetated roofs is often expected; however, it is commonly not a design feature. This study investigated influence on runoff water quality from two full-scale vegetated roofs (an intensive from Japan and an extensive from Sweden). Results show that both extensive and intensive vegetated roofs are a sink of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen with similar performance. The intensive vegetated roof is also a sink of total nitrogen in contrast to the extensive roof. Phosphorus release is observed from the extensive vegetated roof but not from the intensive vegetated roof; release of dissolved organic carbon and potassium is observed from both roofs. The vegetated roofs, if not retaining the metal pollutants, were generally not a significant source. The increase of average pH during rainwater passage through the intensive vegetated roof indicated rapid neutralization of the acid depositions.     

Hydrological performance of extensive green roofs in response to different rain events in a subtropical monsoon climate

Rapid urbanization transforms permeable land into developed areas with predominantly impervious surfaces, significantly increasing stormwater runoff and exacerbating the risk of pluvial flooding. Green roofs provide an attractive strategy for increasing surface permeability by mimicking pre-development hydrologic functions and mitigating flood risks in compact cities. However, the potential of this strategy has not been rigorously assessed, despite advances in global stormwater management. This is mainly due to insufficient scientific knowledge of hydrologic performance and a lack of experimental studies of rainwater-harvesting capacity under specific climatic conditions. This study evaluated the hydrologic performance of a real-scale extensive green roof (EGR) constructed in a subtropical monsoon climate in Nanjing, China. Overall, the EGR showed considerable ability to retain rainfall (mean retention ~?60%, accumulated retention ~?30%), although retention performance varied from 11% to 100% depending on the rainfall event considered, and decreased with increasing rainfall. Event-based rainfall–runoff comparisons demonstrated that the EGR retained rainwater efficiently during the early stages of a rainfall event and significantly attenuated peak runoff flows compared to bare roofs. Statistical analysis showed that total rainfall depth, rainfall duration, and substrate layer moisture influenced the overall retention most strongly, but also the percentage retention and runoff depth, highlighting the impact of substrate properties in addition to rainfall characteristics on EGR hydrologic performance. These findings provide new knowledge of and important insights into the hydrological performance of green roofs in subtropical monsoon climates, which could be used to guide EGR construction to increase landscape permeability, mitigate the risk of pluvial flooding, and enhance the climatic resilience of urban regions.

     

绿色屋面降雨径流水质及消减污染负荷研究

2011年5月至11月对12场降雨时段的屋面径流和干湿沉降进行采样监测,比较了屋面径流(绿色屋面和沥青屋面)、干湿总沉降和降雨中污染物的浓度和污染负荷,并运用多元统计方法分析了降雨特征对绿色屋面径流水质的影响。结果表明,从径流水质层面上分析,绿色屋面是总悬浮物(TSS)的汇,对p H值有较好的中和作用,对于总磷(TP)、溶解态铜(DCu)和溶解态锌(DZn)是非源非汇,是电导率(EC)、总氮(TN)、氨态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)、化学需氧量(COD)、5日生化需氧量(BOD5)和溶解态铅(DPb)的源;从污染负荷的角度分析,绿色屋面是NH+4-N、TSS和BOD5的汇,对于TN、DPb、DCu、DZn、TP和COD是非源非汇,是NO-3-N的源;与控制屋面相比,绿色屋面可以消减TSS、TP、BOD5、COD、NH+4-N、DZn和DPb的污染负荷,分别消减了90.53%、49.38%、41.31%、36.48%、35.45%、28.27%和14.20%;但是增加了NO-3-N和TN的污染负荷,分别增加了821.02%和275.48%;绿色屋面径流污染物的浓度与降雨量、降雨历时和降雨强度呈负相关关系,而与降雨间隔呈正相关关系。研究结果为绿色屋面的科学设计及正确评价绿色屋面对径流水质的影响提供依据。     

The role of vegetation in regulating stormwater runoff from green roofs in a winter rainfall climate

Extensive green roofs composed of a thin layer of growing medium topped with vegetation can significantly reduce both the timing and magnitude of stormwater runoff relative to a typical impervious roof. However, regional climatic conditions such as seasonality in rainfall and potential evapotranspiration could strongly alter the stormwater performance of green roofs. In this study we evaluate the stormwater performance of green roofs in the predominately winter rainfall climate of the U.S. Pacific Northwest. We also test whether the amount of irrigation used to maintain green roof vegetation in a seasonally dry climate such as the Pacific Northwest influences stormwater performance. We monitored stormwater performance over one year for sets of experimental roofs constructed using three designs: a conventional impervious design, a medium-only design, and a typical extensive green roof design that included vegetation. During the winter rainy season vegetation had no significant influence on stormwater retention; medium-only and vegetated roofs reduced stormwater runoff nearly identically relative to the impervious roofs. In contrast, during summer vegetated roofs retained significantly more rainfall than medium-only roofs, although this effect depended strongly on the size of the rain event. In addition, total relative retention for both roof types was significantly higher during summer than during winter. Irrigation significantly reduced summer retention capacity of both medium-only and planted roofs, but only during the largest dry season rain event. These results suggest that cool wet season climates such as the Pacific Northwest are challenging ones for green roof stormwater performance. In order to optimize stormwater benefits of green roofs, designers should create explicitly regional designs that include plant selections better matched to the specific environmental and management constraints.     

北京城市绿地调蓄雨水径流功能及其价值评估

随着城市化进程的加快,城区不透水面积急剧增加,改变了城市自然水循环。充分认识与发挥城市绿地调蓄雨水径流的积极作用,对于城市生态环境的改善和绿地资源的建设管理具有重要意义。本文以2009年北京城市园林绿地调查数据为基础,采用径流系数法和影子价格法评估了绿地调蓄雨水径流的功能及其价值。结果表明：2009年北京城市绿地生态系统调蓄雨水径流1.54亿m3,单位面积绿地调蓄雨水径流2494 m3/hm2;绿地年调蓄雨水径流价值13.44亿元,约合2.18万元/hm2;不同区县绿地调蓄雨水功能主要受其面积影响,朝阳区绿地调蓄雨水径流及其价值量最高,其次为海淀区、顺义区、丰台区区和通州区绿地,而密云县、怀柔区和门头沟区绿地调蓄雨水径流能力及其价值较低。本研究对于认识北京城市绿地的功能与价值、促进城市绿地的科学管理和建设维护具有一定的指导意义。     

Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality: A review

This review paper addresses the role of green roofs in urban drainage considering both management of water quantity and quality. Results from investigation of full scale installations as well as from laboratory models are reviewed. The following factors affecting runoff dynamics from green roofs are discussed: type of green roof and its geometrical properties (slope); soil moisture characteristics; season, weather and rainfall characteristics; age of green roof; vegetation. Design parameters as suggested by different authors are also reviewed. Factors which affect influence of a green roof on runoff water quality are discussed in general terms followed by the review of data regarding concentrations of phosphorus, nitrogen, and heavy metals in green roof runoff, its’ pH, and first flush effect. Linking among fertilization, runoff pollution and vegetation development is given a particular focus. The review indicates clearly that there is a need for more research into a green roof performance in an urban environment. The differences measured by few existing studies between the early years performance of green roofs and the later years indicate a need for long term monitoring of green roofs.     

Portulaca grandiflora as green roof vegetation: Plant growth and phytoremediation experiments

Finding appropriate rooftop vegetation may improve the quality of runoff from green roofs. Portulaca grandiflora was examined as possible vegetation for green roofs. Green roof substrate was found to have low bulk density (360.7 kg/m³) and high water-holding capacity (49.4%), air-filled porosity (21.1%), and hydraulic conductivity (5270 mm/hour). The optimal substrate also supported the growth of P. grandiflora with biomass multiplication of 450.3% and relative growth rate of 0.038. Phytoextraction potential of P. grandiflora was evaluated using metal-spiked green roof substrate as a function of time and spiked substrate metal concentration. It was identified that P. grandiflora accumulated all metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn) from metal-spiked green roof substrate. At the end of 40 days, P. grandiflora accumulated 811 ± 26.7, 87.2 ± 3.59, 416 ± 15.8, 459 ± 15.6, 746 ± 20.9, 357 ± 18.5, 565 ± 6.8, and 596 ± 24.4 mg/kg of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. Results also indicated that spiked substrate metal concentration strongly influenced metal accumulation property of P. grandiflora with metal uptake increased and accumulation factor decreased with increase in substrate metal concentration. P. grandiflora also showed potential to translocate all the examined metals with translocation factor greater than 1 for Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn, indicating hyperaccumulation property.