Phytoplankton primary production in a mesotrophic pond in sub-tropical Bangladesh

Annual gross primary productivity in mesotrophic Shahidullah Hall pond (Dhaka, Bangladesh) was 1383.35 g C m⁻² y⁻¹ (arithmetic mean). Daily primary productivity (between 1.6 and 6.8 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ was correlated with chlorophylla, day length and dissolved silica. Chlorophylla related significantly withk, incident light, SRP, alkalinity and conductivity. A negative correlation existed between biomass and rainfall. Productivity, biomass, conductivity, alkalinity, and SRP increased after mid-winter.k, I _k andZ _eu varied according seasonally.P _max related directly with temperature. Seasonal variation of ∝ ^B was 0.0049–0.0258 mg C (mg chla mmol PAR)⁻¹ m⁻². Q₁₀ was 2.12, community respiration 1334.99 g C m⁻² y⁻¹, and the underwater light climate 186.43μE m⁻² s⁻¹.     

巢湖碳氮地球化学沉积记录揭示全新世以来的环境演化

通过对巢湖湖泊沉积物的总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、有机碳同位素（δ¹³C_org）、氮同位素（δ¹⁵N）和粒度参数的研究，重建了全新世以来湖泊初级生产力的变化，从而揭示了巢湖地区全新世环境变化历史。早全新世时期（10100-8200 cal a BP），较高的TOC和TN、在波动中逐渐升高的δ¹³C_org值以及高δ¹⁵N值、高黏土（<4 μm）含量指示了较高的湖泊初级生产力，反映气候温暖较湿；中全新世时期（8200-4200 cal a BP），TOC、TN、δ¹³C_org值和黏土（<4 μm）含量总体上较高但呈波动降低趋势，粉砂（4-64 μm）含量升高，δ¹⁵N值总体较低但变化幅度较大，指示初级生产力由较高水平开始逐渐降低，气候由温暖湿润逐渐向凉干方向发展；7300-5800 cal a BP和4300-3800 cal a BP的低δ¹⁵N和高TN值可能受到固氮蓝藻的影响，分别对应着7500-7000 cal a BP和4200-4000 cal a BP气候事件时期夏季风强度的减弱；晚全新世前期（4200-2000 cal a BP），TOC、TN、δ¹³C_org值、黏土（<4 μm）含量的低值和较高的δ¹⁵N值、高粉砂（4-64 μm）含量代表初级生产力继续降低，气候环境进一步向冷干转变。全新世以来湖泊初级生产力的逐渐下降反映了季风的逐步减弱，而逐渐减少的30°N夏季太阳辐射是驱动季风减弱的主要因素。晚全新世后期（2000 cal a BP至今），各环境代用指标的变化表现出不同于全新世环境演化趋势的异常，说明湖泊环境及沉积物受人类活动的影响加剧。     

Photosystem 2 photochemistry and pigment composition of a yellow mutant of rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) under different irradiances

A yellow leaf colouration mutant (named ycm) generated from rice T-DNA insertion lines was identified with less grana lamellae and low thylakoid membrane protein contents. At weak irradiance [50 μmol(photon) m⁻² s⁻¹], chlorophyll (Chl) contents of ycm were ≈20 % of those of WT and Chl a/b ratios were 3-fold that of wild type (WT). The leaf of ycm showed lower values in the actual photosystem 2 (PS2) efficiency (Φ_PS2), photochemical quenching (q_P), and the efficiency of excitation capture by open PS2 centres 1 (F_v′/F_m′) than those of WT, except no difference in the maximal efficiency of PS2 photochemistry (F_v/F_m). With progress in irradiance [100 and 200 μmol(photon) m⁻² s⁻¹], there was a change in the photosynthetic pigment stoichiometry. In ycm, the increase of total Chl contents and the decrease in Chl a/b ratio were observed. Φ_PS2, q_P, and F_v′/F_m′ of ycm increased gradually along with the increase of irradiance but still much less than in WT. The increase of xanthophyll ratio [(Z+A)/(V+A+Z)] associated with non-photochemical quenching (q_N) was found in ycm which suggested that ycm dissipated excess energy through the turnover of xanthophylls. No significant differences in pigment composition were observed in WT under various irradiances, except Chl a/b ratio that gradually decreased. Hence the ycm mutant developed much more tardily than WT, which was caused by low photon energy utilization independent of irradiance.     

Chilling stress and chilling tolerance of sweet potato as sensed by chlorophyll fluorescence

We studied changes in the chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence components in chilling-stressed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) cv. Tainung 57 (TN57, chilling-tolerant) and cv. Tainung 66 (TN66, chilling-susceptible). Plants under 12-h photoperiod and 400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ irradiance at 24/20 °C (day/night) were treated by a 5-d chilling period at 7/7 °C. Compared to TN66, TN57 exhibited a significantly greater basic Chl fluorescence (F₀), maximum fluorescence (F_m), maximum fluorescence yield during actinic irradiation (F_m′ ), and the quantum efficiency of electron transport through photosystem 2, PS2 (Φ_PS2). Chilling stress resulted in decrease in the potential efficiency of PS2 (F_v/F_m), Φ_PS2, non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ), non-photochemical quenching (q_N), and the occurrence of chilling injury in TN66. Chilling increased the likelihood of photoinhibition, characterized by a decline in the Chl fluorescence of both cultivars, and photoinhibition during low temperature stress generally occurred more rapidly in TN66.     

Enhanced Ginsenoside Productivity by Combination of Ethephon and Methyl Jasmoante in Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Adventitious Root Cultures

Ethephon at 50 μM enhanced both root growth and ginsenoside accumulation in ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) adventitious root cultures, but at 100 μM it inhibited only ginsenoside accumulation. Ginsenoside productivity with 50 μM ethephon was the highest at 1.7 mg l⁻¹ d⁻¹ after 8 days of elicitation. However, elicitation with 50 μM ethephon and 100 μM methyl jasmonate (MJ) improved productivity (6.3 mg l⁻¹ d⁻¹) whereas elicitation with 100 μM MJ alone gave only 2.9 mg l⁻¹ d⁻¹.     

Soil N and C trace gas fluxes and microbial soil N turnover in a sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) forest in Hungary

During two intensive field campaigns in summer and autumn 2004 nitrogen (N₂O, NO/NO₂) and carbon (CO₂, CH₄) trace gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere was measured in a sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) forest in Hungary. The climate can be described as continental temperate. Fluxes were measured with a fully automatic measuring system allowing for high temporal resolution. Mean N₂O emission rates were 1.5 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ in summer and 3.4 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ in autumn, respectively. Also mean NO emission rates were higher in autumn (8.4 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹) as compared to summer (6.0 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹). However, as NO₂ deposition rates continuously exceeded NO emission rates (−9.7 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ in summer and −18.3 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ in autumn), the forest soil always acted as a net NO _x sink. The mean value of CO₂ fluxes showed only little seasonal differences between summer (81.1 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹) and autumn (74.2 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹) measurements, likewise CH₄uptake (summer: −52.6 μg C m⁻² h⁻¹; autumn: −56.5 μg C m⁻² h⁻¹). In addition, the microbial soil processes net/gross N mineralization, net/gross nitrification and heterotrophic soil respiration as well as inorganic soil nitrogen concentrations and N₂O/CH₄ soil air concentrations in different soil depths were determined. The respiratory quotient (ΔCO_{2 resp} ΔO_{2 resp}⁻¹) for the uppermost mineral soil, which is needed for the calculation of gross nitrification via the Barometric Process Separation (BaPS) technique, was 0.8978 ± 0.008. The mean value of gross nitrification rates showed only little seasonal differences between summer (0.99 μg N kg⁻¹ SDW d⁻¹) and autumn measurements (0.89 μg N kg⁻¹ SDW d⁻¹). Gross rates of N mineralization were highest in the organic layer (20.1–137.9 μg N kg⁻¹ SDW d⁻¹) and significantly lower in the uppermost mineral layer (1.3–2.9 μg N kg⁻¹ SDW d⁻¹). Only for the organic layer seasonality in gross N mineralization rates could be demonstrated, with highest mean values in autumn, most likely caused by fresh litter decomposition. Gross mineralization rates of the organic layer were positively correlated with N₂O emissions and negatively correlated with CH₄ uptake, whereas soil CO₂ emissions were positively correlated with heterotrophic respiration in the uppermost mineral soil layer. The most important abiotic factor influencing C and N trace gas fluxes was soil moisture, while the influence of soil temperature on trace gas exchange rates was high only in autumn.     

Lake Muzahi,Rwanda: limnological features and phytoplankton production

Lake Muhazi, a small lake of Rwanda (East Africa) was studied from 1986 to 1990. A dramatic decrease of the catch of Oreochromis niloticus (350 T y⁻¹ in the fifties vs 30 T y⁻¹ in 1982) suggested a loss of productivity or overfishing. In the same period, other ecological changes occurred: the submerged macrophytes regressed and there was a decrease in Secchi depth (0.65 m in 1987 vs 1.5 m in the fifties). Compared to other lakes of the same area, the plankton production seemed low. The results of the present study characterize lake Muhazi as a shallow lake with a rather unstable diurnal stratification and with slight differences in mixing regime between its eastern, deepest part and its western, shallowest part. Secchi disk depth does not vary seasonally to a large extent. The water has a rather high mineral content (conductivity of about 500 μS cm⁻¹ at 25 °C) and low concentrations of dissolved N and P, except in the hypolimnion, where NH _inf4 ^sup+ -N can be high. Two species, Microcystis aeruginosa and Ceratium hirundinella, account for most of the phytoplankton biomass, which is about 50–80 mg chlorophyll a m⁻² in the euphotic zone, usually with little seasonal variation. Daily gross production estimates amount to about 6 to 9.5 g O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹ with a significant difference between the two parts of the lake. Data on C:N and C:P ratio in the phytoplankton suggest that some N deficiency might occur in the eastern part. Moreover, the Zm:Zc ratio could also lead to rather low net production rates (0.21–0.25 d⁻¹ for a mixed layer of 4 m) In conclusion, the primary production of lake Muhazi is medium for African lakes and the hypothesis that decreased planktonic production could account for a reduced fish production should be discarded. Whereas the present yield of the fishery is only 20 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, the yield estimated from primary production ranges between 46 and 64 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. This could be reached through proper management. Finally, some hypotheses are given to explain the ecological changes which occurred in the lake.     

Effects of different irradiances on the photosynthetic process during ex-vitro acclimation of Anoectochilus plantlets

Six months old in vitro-grown Anoectochilus formosanus plantlets were transferred to ex-vitro acclimation under low irradiance, LI [60 μmol(photon) m⁻² s⁻¹], intermediate irradiance, II [180 μmol(photon) m⁻² s⁻¹], and high irradiance, HI [300 μmol(photon) m⁻² s⁻¹] for 30 d. Imposition of II led to a significant increase of chlorophyll (Chl) b content, rates of net photosynthesis (P _N) and transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (g _s), electron transfer rate (ETR), quantum yield of electron transport from water through photosystem 2 (Φ_PS2), and activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (RuBPCO, EC 4.1.1.39). This indicates that Anoectochilus was better acclimated at II compared to LI treatment. On the other hand, HI acclimation led to a significant reduction of Chl a and b, P _N, E, g _s, photochemical quenching, dark-adapted quantum efficiency of open PS2 centres (F_v/F_m), probability of an absorbed photon reaching an open PS2 reaction centre (F_v′/F_m′), ETR, Φ_PS2, and energy efficiency of CO₂ fixation (Φ_CO2/Φ_PS2). This indicates that HI treatment considerably exceeded the photo-protective capacity and Anoectochilus suffered HI induced damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Imposition of HI significantly increased the contents of antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin (ZEA), non-photochemical quenching, and conversion of violaxanthin to ZEA. Thus Anoectochilus modifies its system to dissipate excess excitation energy and to protect the photosynthetic machinery.     

Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria as source of phycobiliprotein pigments. Composition and growth performance of ten filamentous heterocystous strains

Ten strains of filamentous, heterocystous nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) were screened for growth performance and tolerance to temperature, pH, irradiance and salinity, together with their potential as producers of phycobiliprotein pigments. Phycobiliproteins typically accounted for about 50% total cell protein, the prevalent type being C-phycocyanin, followed by alloppycocyanin, with levels of 17 and 11% d.wt, respectively, in some strains of Anabaena and Nostoc. C-phycoerythrin was the major pigment in several Nostoc strains, reaching 10% d.wt. Some strains represent, therefore, excellent sources of one or more phycobiliproteins. All strains tolerated an irradiance of ca 2000 μmol photon m^-2 s^-1. Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047 and Nostoc sp. (Albufera) exhibited the widest optimum range of both temperature (30–45 and 25–40 °C) and pH (6.5–9.5 and 6.0–9.0) for growth, the former also showing significant salt tolerance. In an outdoor open system, productivity of cultures of two phycoerythrin-rich strains of Nostoc was over 20 g (d.wt) m^-2 d^-1 during summer. The growth performance of the allophycocyanin-rich Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047 in outdoor semi-continuous culture has been assessed throughout the year. Productivity values under optimized conditions ranged from 9 (winter) to 24 (summer) g (d.wt) m^-2 d^-1.     

中国亚热带-暖温带过渡区锐齿栎林净生态系统碳交换特征

在2017年1月1日-2017年12月31日期间,采用涡度相关法对位于亚热带-暖温带气候过渡区的河南宝天曼国家级自然保护区的65年生锐齿栎（Quercus aliena）天然次生林的碳通量进行了连续观测。结果表明：在观测期间,该森林生态系统在生长季5-10月份为碳汇,非生长季各月为碳源,净碳吸收量与释放量分别在7月和4月达到最大。净生态系统生产力为569.4 g C m^-2a^-1,生态系统呼吸为529.9 g C m^-2a^-1,总生态系统生产力为1099.3 g C m^-2a^-1。30min尺度上夜间净生态系统碳交换量与5cm深度土壤温度的关系可用指数方程表示（R²=0.21,P < 0.001）,其温度敏感性系数（Temperature sensitivity coefficient,Q₁₀）为2.2。如果排除夜间通量观测的误差,处在海拔较高地区的夜间低温和非生长季的低温抑制了生态系统呼吸排放,可能导致全年生态系统呼吸量较低。在生长季5-10月份,各月的白天净生态系统碳交换量对光合有效辐射的响应符合直角双曲线模型,初始光能利用效率、平均最大光合速率和白天平均生态系统呼吸强度呈明显的季节变化,范围分别是0.06-0.12 μmol CO₂ μmol^-1 photon、0.44-1.47 mg CO₂ m^-2s^-1和0.07-0.19 mg CO₂ m^-2s^-1。夏季7、8月份,较高的饱和水汽压差对白天锐齿栎林的碳吸收有明显的抑制作用;生长季末期9月份较高的土壤含水量对白天锐齿栎林的碳吸收也产生了抑制作用,表明生长末期降水过多影响森林的碳吸收。     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

实物模型在新课程生物中的应用

在实施素质教育的今天,实物模型是新课程生物学教学中极重要的教学工具。因为它能调动学生学习积极性,引导学生主动参与教学活动,对培养学生的学习兴趣和实践能力提高有重要的意义。     

On the role of the pineal in thermoregulation in the pigeon

Diurnal rhythm in body temperature of pigeons subjected to different experimental conditions (pinealectomized, sham-operated, melatonin-implanted, cold-exposed) was studied under a 12 h light and 12 h dark regimen. The body temperature of pigeons during photophase was higher than that during scotophase in the normal as well as every treatment group studied. Pinealectomized pigeons showed higher body temperature in the photophase as well as scotophase, than that of the normal and sham-operated birds when examined 2 or 3 weeks following the post-surgical acclimatization to 25 or 3 degrees C. However, subcutaneous implantation of melatonin pellets into pinealectomized pigeons nullified or even reversed the hyperthermic effect of pinealectomy. Exposure of pigeons to--18 degrees C for 280 min during photophase as well as scotophase, produced a marked drop in body temperature in pinealectomized, sham-operated and normal pigeons. The pinealectomized pigeons exhibited a higher body temperature than that of the sham-operated and normal ones when exposed to--18 degrees C during the photophase, but not during the scotophase. It was concluded that while the pineal is not necessary for maintaining the daily thermal rhythm in the avian body, it has a thermoregulatory role, in that it prevents rise in body temperature in warm (25 degrees C) acclimatized and chronic cold (3 degrees C) exposed birds. In acute short-term cold (--18 degrees C) exposure however, the temperature regulatory role of the pineal was not effective during the scotophase.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

Diapause termination in the olive psyllid Euphyllura phillyreae, in the field and in the laboratory

Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster (Homoptera: Aphalaridae) which infests olive trees in Greece, is monovoltine and has an aestival-autumnal-hibernal reproductive dormancy as an adult which starts in June. Adult females collected periodically from June through February were maintained for 4 weeks at 12L:12D and 20° L:18° D, then the stage of ovarian development was recorded.In the field, diapause was terminated between mid December and early January. Subsequently, the insects remain in reproductive quiescence until February or early March when environmental conditions allow ovarian development and reproduction.In females collected in June, summerlike laboratory conditions, followed by winterlike, and then by springlike conditions were effective for diapause termination. Springlike conditions alone, or preceded by only summerlike or only by winterlike conditions were not effective. In females collected in August the requirement for summerlike conditions was much less or nil.

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Résumé Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster qui s'attaque sur l'olivier en Grèce, est une espèce oligophage, monovoltine, qui a une dormance reproductive aestivo-autumno-hivernale au stade adulte, qui commence en juin.Des femelles adultes ont été ramassées par les arbres périodiquement de juin au février et maintenues pendant 4 semaines à 12L:12D et 20° L:18° D. Après cette période, le stade du développement des ovaires a été le critère de la termination de leur diapause. La diapause fut considéré comme terminée quand au moins 50% des femelles avaient leurs ovaires au stade III ou même plus avancées.La diapause fut terminé entre mi-decembre et début janvier. En suite, les insectes restent à une quiescence reproductive jusqu'au février ou début de mars, lorsque les conditions environmentales permettent le développement des ovaires et la reproduction.Des femelles ramassées en juin et en août ont été soumises à certaines conditions de photopériode et de temperature en laboratoire, pour faire terminer leur diapause. Pour celles ramassées en juin, qui étaient au commencement de leur diapause, des conditions semblables à l'été, suivies par des conditions semblables à l'hiver et puis par des conditions semblables au printemps furent effectives pour la termination de la diapause. Seules des conditions semblables au printemps, ou précédées par des conditions semblables seulement à l'été, ou seulement à l'hiver, ne furent pas effectives. Pour les femelles ramassées en août, le besoin pour des conditions semblables à l'été fut beaucoup moin ou nul.