中国海绵城市——一座巨型绿色屋顶实验室

绿色屋顶是雨洪管理中一项重要的低影响开发（LID）措施。由于气候变化和城市快速发展,LID雨洪管理策略对于当下全球的城市设计都至关重要,尤其是在经济蓬勃发展历来又饱受洪水灾害的中国。气候变化导致降水事件及雨水径流峰值流速难以准确预测。面对建筑布局日益稠密、不透水下垫面日益增多的中国城市,设计师们需要随时做好应对城市雨洪问题的准备。2015年提出的“海绵城市”战略为在城市尺度下应用和监测绿色屋顶效益提供了机会。目前业内大多数国际性绿色屋顶的研究应用都局限于小型控制实验区,借海绵城市建设之东风有机会将应用实验扩展到城市规模。中国雨洪管理智慧的历史可以追溯至5 000年前,现今中国正处于成为大尺度绿色屋顶实践世界领先者的机遇期。因此,LID应是城市设计的驱动力量而非事后补救措施。景观设计师不仅能够从场地、城市和区域3个层面上对场地及其周围环境进行全面解读,而且对需要实施LID的其他因素也有全面认知。为探究中国雨洪管理结构提供了新的视角,对景观设计师如何参与LID实践提出了建议。     

基于灾害链理论的山地城市雨洪适灾空间建构——以巫山县早阳新区城市设计为例

研究表明,山地城市雨洪与滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害密切相关,而提升雨洪灾害的适灾能力建设已成为应对山地城市次生灾害频发的迫切诉求。以灾害链相关理论为支撑,围绕致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体3个灾害链关键要素,分析、归纳山地雨洪的灾害链及其链式的灾害演化关系和灾变路径,并在此基础上提出“灾害链断链”和“城市空间减灾”2个层面的雨洪减灾规划策略,从而达到降低雨洪灾害链频次,减少灾情放大,增大城市安全性的目的;进而以巫山早阳组团城市设计为例,探讨雨洪减灾规划策略的实践应用,以期为山地城市防灾减灾能力建设提供相应的理论指导与实践借鉴。     

“城市-街区”尺度下绿地景观格局对雨洪滞蓄效能的影响研究进展

在雨洪灾害频发和存量规划的背景下,阐明不同尺度下城市绿地景观格局与雨洪滞蓄效能间的关系与机制,成为实现有限城市绿地的最大雨洪滞蓄效能并提高城市防洪能力的关键科学问题。本文系统归纳了城市和街区尺度下绿地景观格局对雨洪滞蓄效能的影响要素、作用机制和尺度差异。并基于研究结论差异致因和研究不足,指出未来应增加流域尺度研究、拓展三维绿地景观格局的研究,还应分别聚焦城市和城郊区域,针对不同雨洪敏感区和街区结构,建立具有雨洪过程指示意义的研究指数集合,以定量揭示城市和街区尺度的绿地景观格局对雨洪过程作用机理,为城市规划及城市雨洪安全格局构建提供理论指导。     

城市雨洪管理实践需要生态实践智慧的引导

生态实践智慧是人类(个人、人群乃至社会)在对人与自然互利共生关系深刻感悟的基础上、成功从事生态实践的能力,是一种选择"正确的"生态知识成功进行"为善的"生态实践的能力。生态知识只有通过成功的生态实践,才可能转化为生态实践智慧。生态实践智慧通过巧妙连接各类生态知识与整体实践行动,不仅自古以来就引导着人类应对雨洪管理实践,还成就了众多造福万代的雨洪管理工程。在当下我国城市雨洪管理的实践中,它应该而且能够继续成为有效的引导者。     

应对城市雨洪危机的郊野公园营建策略探析——以夹河郊野公园为例

基于城市雨洪和中国郊野公园的发展概况与现状问题,结合国内外研究与实践阐述了郊野公园应对城市雨洪危机的必要性。以获得国际、国内多个奖项的烟台市夹河郊野公园项目为例,在剖析城市水问题的基础上确立设计目标与理念,提出了高效能应对城市雨洪与低成本建设郊野公园的营建策略,并从水资源、水安全、水环境和水生态方面总结了项目绩效。最后提出了新时代郊野公园建设的要求,以期为同类研究和项目实践提供有益借鉴与参考。     

京津冀城市群城市化强度与生态韧性的耦合协调分析

探索市域尺度与格网尺度下城市化强度与生态韧性之间的作用机制，对提高生态韧性水平、提升城市发展质量、促进城市群可持续发展具有重要意义。以京津冀城市群为研究区，基于2000—2020年土地利用数据、人口密度数据和社会经济数据，尝试构建一套完整的城市化强度与生态韧性指标体系。利用景观安全度模型修正了“规模-密度-形态”生态韧性方法，以市域尺度与格网尺度对比分析为手段，结合耦合协调度模型与Tapio解耦模型，探究二者的时空分异格局及协同演化特征。结果表明：(1)不同尺度下，城市化强度和生态韧性在全局上变化趋势相反且错位关系明显，北京、天津城市化强度高而生态韧性较低；格网尺度下，城市化强度与生态韧性的分布形状存在差异：城市化强度多呈现中心-外围空间分布，生态韧性呈多样化、零散化特征。(2)不同尺度下，城市化强度与生态韧性的耦合协调度逐年增强，北京、天津最高，廊坊、石家庄、衡水、沧州次之，邯郸、邢台相对较低；格网尺度下，局部区域出现特殊现象：北京、天津中部出现初级协调、轻度失调；邯郸、邢台小部分区域达到良好协调。(3)城市化强度与生态韧性的脱钩关系处于良性发展状态，弱脱钩、扩张负脱钩呈上升变化，而...     

生态韧性视角下绿色空间时空演变及优化研究进展

在快速城镇化以及全球气候变化的背景下,城市面临着严重的生态环境挑战。如何提升生态系统韧性,增强城市抵抗内外干扰的能力对区域可持续发展至关重要,已引起学界及社会各界的高度重视。绿色空间是协调生态环境与城乡发展的重要抓手,也是落实生态韧性提升的重要载体,结构完整、功能完善的绿色空间能够有效提升城市应对环境风险的能力。因此,在梳理多学科背景下绿色空间研究视角与研究内容的基础上,阐述绿色空间时空演变、驱动机制、情景模拟等方面的研究进展。此外,基于对生态韧性理论发展历程以及国内外相关研究的梳理,总结不同尺度下以生态韧性提升为导向的绿色空间优化路径,探讨各尺度绿色空间生态韧性分析及优化与现行绿地系统规划、国土空间规划体系的衔接。最后,对比国内外研究进展,提出国内未来研究应更加关注多层级生态韧性评价体系构建、社会-生态系统的整体分析以及阈值视角下不同生态韧性绿色空间的分区治理,以期扩展绿色空间规划与建设的思路,助力自然和社会空间的协调配合与共同发展。     

城市韧性概念、影响因素及其评估研究进展

在城市化快速进程中,不确定性的多元干扰对城市发展造成威胁,如何增强城市吸收、抵御、适应与学习能力是亟待解决的热点议题。韧性城市作为城市应对不确定性风险的新兴理念范式,对提高城市韧性水平与应变能力具备指导意义。对韧性概念进行辨析,阐述了城市韧性的概念,并提出多要素融合、多能力转变与多时空尺度的城市韧性概念见解。基于所提出的城市韧性概念,从过程化视角系统总结了多元干扰、城市系统状态、城市应对能力对城市韧性的影响。对单领域和多领域评估进行梳理,针对基于城市韧性要素、韧性特征、韧性实现过程的三种评估指标进行具体探讨,总结与比较了定性和定量的城市韧性评估方法。基于上述分析,提出当前存在缺乏城市如何实现韧性的研究、评估指标较少关注组织要素、多干扰和多主体、评估方法缺乏机理与动态模拟的应用、理论与落地实践脱轨等问题。最后提出未来展望,即注重城市韧性过程分析,设计更具完整性与针对性的指标体系,推动研究方法科学化与动态化改进,加强形成“机制-评估-管理”的可操作性闭环。     

沙滩-社区系统健康韧性评价——以深圳市大鹏半岛为例

沙滩既是海岸带旅游活动热点区，也是应对陆海交互影响以及人为气候变化的最前沿。如何将韧性和健康理念融入到海岸带发展建设规划，建立自免疫、自适应、自修复的区域健康韧性发展机制已成为亟待解决的问题。定位于深圳大鹏半岛的沙滩-社区系统，从社会-生态系统的应对力和适应力出发，构建健康韧性评估框架。结果显示：（1）大鹏沙滩-社区复合系统中，社会子系统健康韧性水平（0.38±0.16，均值±标准差）低于生态子系统（0.65±0.10）；（2）依据沙滩管理分类，I类沙滩的社会（0.53±0.16）、生态子系统（0.67±0.08）健康韧性均最高，沙滩浴场类复合系统的健康韧性大于围合管理类和封闭管理类，而开放管理类沙滩耦合系统的健康韧性在社会、生态子系统间差异明显，其生态子系统得分最低而社会子系统得分偏高；（3）沙滩-社区复合系统健康韧性差异的主控因子包括紧急避难场所覆盖率（19.4%，贡献度）、沙滩整洁度（16.5%）、公共卫生设施覆盖率（16.1%），提升此类健康指标是提升沙滩-社区系统健康韧性的关键。本研究揭示了大鹏半岛的沙滩-社区系统存在自然资源分散、健康基础设施服务供给质量差异显著等问题，为大鹏半岛可持续发展和沙滩生态产品价值实现提供了科学评估基础。     

基于自然的解决方案在北方防沙带生态屏障建设中的应用

基于自然的解决方案(NbS)通过自然资源高效利用和适应性生态系统管理应对多样化挑战,是国际上普遍认可的生态恢复前沿理念,我国的国家生态屏障建设从本质上是中国特色的NbS,具有系统性、综合性和多尺度特征。NbS的对象、主体、目标以及方案等方面与生态屏障的建设思路上高度契合,相关准则能够为生态屏障建设提供全面的理论思路和实践框架。以北方防沙带生态屏障带为例,从北方防沙带的生态问题入手,深入剖析了NbS与探讨了北方防沙带生态屏障之间的耦合关系,从“格局-过程-尺度”机理、“服务-价值-福祉”路径和“保护-修复-管理”体系角度对NbS实施准则和北方防沙带生态屏障进行了阐述;并结合基于自然解决方案的北方防沙带案例分析,总结了NbS在北方防沙带生态屏障建设中的未来发展趋势和面临的挑战。     

Piloting a social-ecological index for measuring flood resilience: A composite index approach

Global increases in the magnitude and frequency of flood events have raised concerns that traditional flood management approaches may not be sufficient to deal with future uncertainties. There is a need to move towards approaches that manage the resilience of the system to floods by understanding and managing drivers of vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Here we pilot an approach to measure the resilience of a system to a flood. A method is presented in which indicators are used to measure and map the spatial distribution of the levels of flood resilience across a landscape. Using three flood affected municipalities in South Africa, 24 resilience indicators related to floods and its relevant social, ecological, infrastructural and economic aspects are selected, and integrated into a composite index using a principal components analysis (PCA). A fifth component of institutional resilience is used to explore levels of disaster planning, mitigation and public awareness capacities and where these can be increased. The PCA transformed the 24 variables into four main components, the first of which was strongly correlated with underlying social variables, while the second and third correlated well with economic and ecological variables respectively. Distinct spatial variation of flood resilience was found across the study area, with highest flood resilience in main cities, and lowest in wards located on the periphery of cities often the location of peri-urban informal settlements. The disaggregation of underlying indicators showed wards with lowest flood resilience also had the lowest social, economic and ecological resilience. The flood resilience index was sensitive to the exclusion of all three components highlighting the importance of capturing the multidimensionality of flood resilience. The approach allows for a simple, yet robust index able to include an array of datasets generally available in flood prone areas with potential to disaggregate and trace variables for management and decision making.     

城市内涝与基于自然的解决方案研究综述

受全球变暖和快速城市化的影响,城市可持续发展面临重大挑战。近10年,基于自然的解决方案(Nature-based Solutions,NbS)受到广泛关注与认可,为解决城市所面临的生态环境问题、提升城市韧性和可持续性提供了新的思路和途径。本文首先回顾了NbS的提出背景与发展历程,剖析了其核心内涵与框架准则,进而以城市中日益突出的内涝问题为例,介绍了NbS在应对和解决城市典型生态环境问题中的应用;通过汇总现有实施案例、整合多方观点,对比分析了NbS与国内外城市内涝管理的常用方法在概念框架、理论内涵和应用实践等方面的区别与联系;综合论述了基于NbS开展城市内涝管理所采用的技术手段、计量方法、评价模型的发展现状;最后,对NbS在我国的应用进行了展望,认为其在适应气候变化、提高城市韧性等方面具有巨大的潜力,但大范围的推广也面临理论认知尚不深入、实践过程存在障碍、专业人才与本土研究不足等多项挑战。     

Hydrological performance of extensive green roofs in response to different rain events in a subtropical monsoon climate

Rapid urbanization transforms permeable land into developed areas with predominantly impervious surfaces, significantly increasing stormwater runoff and exacerbating the risk of pluvial flooding. Green roofs provide an attractive strategy for increasing surface permeability by mimicking pre-development hydrologic functions and mitigating flood risks in compact cities. However, the potential of this strategy has not been rigorously assessed, despite advances in global stormwater management. This is mainly due to insufficient scientific knowledge of hydrologic performance and a lack of experimental studies of rainwater-harvesting capacity under specific climatic conditions. This study evaluated the hydrologic performance of a real-scale extensive green roof (EGR) constructed in a subtropical monsoon climate in Nanjing, China. Overall, the EGR showed considerable ability to retain rainfall (mean retention ~?60%, accumulated retention ~?30%), although retention performance varied from 11% to 100% depending on the rainfall event considered, and decreased with increasing rainfall. Event-based rainfall–runoff comparisons demonstrated that the EGR retained rainwater efficiently during the early stages of a rainfall event and significantly attenuated peak runoff flows compared to bare roofs. Statistical analysis showed that total rainfall depth, rainfall duration, and substrate layer moisture influenced the overall retention most strongly, but also the percentage retention and runoff depth, highlighting the impact of substrate properties in addition to rainfall characteristics on EGR hydrologic performance. These findings provide new knowledge of and important insights into the hydrological performance of green roofs in subtropical monsoon climates, which could be used to guide EGR construction to increase landscape permeability, mitigate the risk of pluvial flooding, and enhance the climatic resilience of urban regions.

     

Other Dark Sides of Resilience: Politics and Power in Community-Based Efforts to Strengthen Resilience

ABSTRACT

Oceanic people and places are increasingly labelled as either ‘resilient’ or ‘vulnerable’ to disasters and climate change. Resilience is often described in disaster discourse as a strategy designed to overcome vulnerability by helping communities to ‘bounce back’ in the wake of ‘natural’ disasters. Using ethnographic research conducted with Community Disaster and Climate Change Committees (CDCs) in Vanuatu in the wake of Tropical Cyclone Pam, this paper seeks to problematise disaster responses that see the ‘community’ as a space to be acted upon by outsiders, or where people will respond in a unified way to the challenges of rebuilding after disaster. Using political ecology framings this paper critiques the ideas of resilience that appear entrenched in community-based disaster and climate change adaptation discourse and practice in Oceania. Rather than presupposing resilience or vulnerability, this paper details the dispersal and distribution power and agency amongst individual actors and groups that either supported or manipulated, the distribution of goods by Community Disaster Committees. In this way, it moves beyond the limitations of conceptual framings of resilience in disaster management and climate change into a more considered appraisal of power, by exploring what James Ferguson has termed ‘the politics of distribution’ in the context of disaster.     

Flood-adaptive green infrastructure planning for urban resilience

Urban flooding in South Korea continues to affect the lives of people. In this study, we propose flood-adaptive green infrastructure planning to enhance urban flood resilience. Specifically, a strategy for responding to flooding was established based upon the “4Rs” in the concept of resilience: robustness, rapidity, redundancy, and resourcefulness. The effects of reduced stormwater runoff were then simulated for Gangnam-gu, Seoul, via the application of green infrastructure. Finally, a design matrix was established based on the flood-adaptive design strategy and simulation results. By presenting a resilience- and green infrastructure-based planning strategy, this study may be useful for urban flood resilience measurement and adaptation as well as sustainable urban design and planning.

     

Marine reserves help coastal ecosystems cope with extreme weather

Natural ecosystems have experienced widespread degradation due to human activities. Consequently, enhancing resilience has become a primary objective for conservation. Nature reserves are a favored management tool, but we need clearer empirical tests of whether they can impart resilience. Catastrophic flooding in early 2011 impacted coastal ecosystems across eastern Australia. We demonstrate that marine reserves enhanced the capacity of coral reefs to withstand flood impacts. Reserve reefs resisted the impact of perturbation, whilst fished reefs did not. Changes on fished reefs were correlated with the magnitude of flood impact, whereas variation on reserve reefs was related to ecological variables. Herbivory and coral recruitment are critical ecological processes that underpin reef resilience, and were greater in reserves and further enhanced on reserve reefs near mangroves. The capacity of reserves to mitigate external disturbances and promote ecological resilience will be critical to resisting an increased frequency of climate‐related disturbance.     

Seed bank has the potential for re-colonising urban stormwater ponds after reconstruction

Hydrobiologia - Urban stormwater ponds are important for flood protection and provide habitat for plants and animals in heavily sealed cities. Little is known about the diversity of plants in urban...     

基于产汇流模拟分析的城市居住小区道路系统布局优化策略研究

道路是城市硬质化下垫面的重要组成部分,它既是居住小区雨水径流的主要来源,也是雨水排放的重要通道,因此居住小区中道路系统与雨水产汇流过程关系的探究对于居住小区雨洪韧性的提升具有重要意义。以天津居住小区为例,借助ArcGIS和SWMM,探讨不同降雨强度下分别具有网格型、尽端型以及环网型、环尽型道路布局模式特点的居住小区产汇流规律,并以此为依据提出以雨洪韧性导向为目标的居住小区道路系统布局优化策略。     

东南亚沿海与内陆植被对洪水事件响应的稳定性差异

为探讨东南亚沿海与内陆地区植被对洪水事件的响应差异,基于东南亚2000-2018年MODIS卫星遥感数据和洪水数据,通过比较东南亚洪水发生区域,共确定自2000年来影响最大、破坏程度相近的2个沿海洪水事件、2个内陆洪水事件以及1个沿海内陆洪水事件。以Google Earth Engine为数据处理平台,利用Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势法分析了2000-2018年研究区NDVI变化,发现5个研究区19年间NDVI均呈现出上升趋势,平均增速为0.013/10a,沿海与内陆植被在时空演变格局上无明显差异;基于灾害植被破坏指数的分析发现,内陆与沿海植被在洪水影响下的植被破坏指数分别为0.29与-0.25,植被破坏面积分别占比为14.29%与18.11%,内陆植被破坏程度小于沿海地区。同时,排除人类干扰强烈的耕地与人造地表,沿海研究区植被生态系统对洪水事件的抵抗力指数为88.15,明显强于内陆地区的28.89。草地表现出最强的抵抗力,其次为林地;而在植被恢复力方面,表现出相反的趋势。人类活动影响降低了内陆地区洪水灾害对植被的破坏。研究东南亚沿海与内陆植被对单次洪水事件的差异响应,排除内陆与沿海地区洪水事件累计影响,能够为东南亚沿海与内陆植被抵抗洪水灾害提出有针对性的建议。