贵州省赫章县民族农业生物资源调查与分析

2014年9—10月对贵州省赫章县7个乡镇18个村分布的与苗族、彝族、白族和回族等少数民族生产、生活密切相关的农业生物资源进行了调查、收集与整理,共收集到农业生物资源239份,其中特有、特优以及特用资源共计97份。本文对当地农业生物资源现状、消长情况及调查、收集到资源种类、利用价值进行了分析,并对赫章县农业生物资源的利用、保护和开发进行了讨论。     

云南省屏边县民族农业生物资源调查

2007年11月对云南省屏边县3个乡9个村分布的与彝族生产、生活密切相关的农业生物资源进行了调查、收集与整理,共收集到农业生物资源249份。本文对当地农业生物资源现状和消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值进行了分析,并对屏边县农业生物资源的利用、保护和开发进行了讨论。     

云南阿昌族地区农业生物资源调查

2008年9月、2009年5-6月分别对云南省陇川县户撒阿昌族乡和梁河县的九保、曩宋2个阿昌族乡共18个村分布的与阿昌族生产、生活密切相关的农业生物资源进行了调查、收集与整理,共收集到农业生物资源300份.本文对当地农业生物资源现状、消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值进行了分析,并对云南省阿昌族地区农业生物资源的利用、保护和开发进行了讨论.     

云南省元阳县哈尼族彝族农业生物资源调查

根据当地的气候特点和生态环境选取有代表性的3个乡9个村对云南省元阳县哈尼族、彝族的农业生物资源进行了系统调查和收集,共收集与当地民族生活、生产和民族文化密切相关的农业生物资源341份,其中粮食作物资源139份,果树资源(含野生种类)35份,蔬菜资源(含野生种类)55份,药用植物资源56份,饲用资源56份。详细整理分析了调查、收集到的资源的种类和利用价值,并对当地的农业生产和农业生物资源的利用和保护提出了具体建议。同时对当地的农业生物资源现状和变化情况进行调查和分析,为制订我国少数民族地区特有农业生物资源有效保护与高效利用发展战略提供基础数据和研究材料。     

贵州三都水族自治县农业生物资源系统调查与分析

贵州省生物资源丰富,三都水族自治县位于贵州省黔南布依族苗族自治州东南部,地理分布、生境及气候多样,民族特点鲜明,保留有许多具有民族特色的生物资源。通过组织专业的调查队伍对三都县进行了为期近1个月的生物资源系统调查,共涉及5个乡镇15个村,涉及水族、苗族、布依族和瑶族共4个民族。对与当地民族农业生产、生活密切相关的生物资源进行了调查、收集与整理。收集各类资源共计213份,其中粮食作物73份、蔬菜及一年生经济作物54份、果树及多年生经济作物34份、药用植物52份。其中特有、特优以及特用资源共计59份。同时,对当地农业生物资源现状、消长情况及利用价值进行了分析,对农业生物资源的利用、保护和开发利用进行了讨论。     

贵州安龙县少数民族特色农业生物资源保护与利用现状

安龙县是贵州特色农业生物资源较为丰富的代表地区之一,开展资源保护与开发利用状况的调查具有重要意义。采取专业组队、查阅文献、地方座谈和实地考察等方式,对该县4个乡镇9个村的特色农业生物资源进行了系统调查,共采集220份当地特色资源及其地理生态信息。并对当地农业生物资源保护利用现状与消长情况以及收集品的利用价值进行了分析,为安龙县特色农业生物资源的利用、保护和开发提出建议。     

贵州农业生物资源的多样性

国家科技基础性工作专项"贵州农业生物资源调查"项目完成了对贵州42个县的普查和21个县的系统调查。调查的农业生物资源包括粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜作物、果树作物和药用植物等。通过调查基本查清了贵州现有栽培的农业生物资源207类,采集了4800多份种质资源,其中3500多份是国家尚未编目、入库(圃)保存的新种质资源,并且这些种质资源呈现出丰富的物种多样性和遗传多样性。这充分说明我国少数民族的偏远地区农业生物资源还有很大的收集潜力,应继续调查收集。     

云南及周边地区稀有农业生物种质资源

"云南及周边地区生物资源调查"项目于2006-2011年,对云南省31个县、四川省8个县和西藏自治区2个县的农业生物资源进行了系统调查。系统调查的41个县的地形、地貌十分多样,气候类型很多,有"一山有四季,十里不同天"的说法。加之,这些县份都集居有少数民族,少数民族有各自的传统文化和生活习俗,从而赋予了农业生物资源丰富的民族文化内涵。正因为这里的多样性气候和各异的民族文化,造就了丰富的农业生物资源。通过调查获得了大量基础数据和信息,收集到5300多份农业生物种质资源,其中有一批稀有种质资源,这些稀有种质资源对相应农业生物的起源进化和系统分类研究,以及新品种选育都具有重要利用价值。     

云南怒族利用的农业生物资源及其传统知识

对云南省怒江僳傈族自治州兰坪、贡山、福贡3县4个乡怒族村寨的农业生物资源及其传统知识或经验进行了较系统地调查、收集和整理。结果表明:在调查区怒族利用的农业生物资源共有24科、49种、121份,包括粮食、蔬菜、果树、药用4类,分别占收集样品的58.68%、19.83%、15.70%和5.79%;怒族利用这些农业生物资源的传统知识主要涉及食用、药用、文化宗教等方面,其中以食用和药用为主,在用途、用法上具有独到的地方,有非常明显的民族和地方特色。这说明农业生物资源不仅为怒族的基本生存提供了食物和药品来源,也在他们的宗教活动中扮演着重要角色。     

对贵州少数民族地区农业生物资源保护和可持续利用的建议

通过"贵州农业生物资源调查"项目的调查,获得了大批农业生物种质资源,这些种质资源具有丰富的物种多样性和遗传多样性,它们是贵州少数民族世代相传的物质遗产,也是贵州少数民族生活和生产的物质基础。与此同时,通过调查说明,贵州少数民族地区农业生物资源还有很大的调查收集潜力。由此不难看出,有效保护和可持续利用贵州农业生物资源,不论对贵州还是对中国都具有重要的现实和长远意义。     

新疆若羌县与且末县抗逆农作物种质资源调查

若羌县、且末县地处塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘,是新疆干旱半干旱生态区的典型代表,境内生态类型多样,气候干旱少雨、土壤次生盐渍化重,至今仍存在有一定规模的传统农业耕作模式,保留着丰富多样的抗逆农作物种质资源。本研究在农作物种质资源普查基础上,分析了两县的社会经济发展、农业生产及种植结构调整的演变规律;调查收集抗逆种质资源121份,隶属11科28属34种,分析评价了部分作物种质资源的抗逆性,以及与当地的生态条件、农业生产模式和百姓生活习惯的内在联系,探讨了主要农作物品种演替的阶段性变化,讨论了新疆干旱区抗逆农作物种质资源的收集、保护和利用问题。     

云南省新平县家鼠鼠疫疫原地小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的调查分析

目的了解新平县家鼠鼠疫疫源地小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的分布及病原学特征。方法采集家鼠盲肠、舌头和猪粪便、咽喉粘液以及腹泻患者粪便标本进行小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的检测与分析。结果检测家鼠盲肠、鼠舌头、猪粪便、猪咽喉粘液物、腹泻患者粪便的标本数分别为722、722、467、237和107份,共分离到61株小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌,总检出率为2. 71%,5种标本的检出率分别为2. 63%、1. 39%、3. 85%、2.53%和7. 48%,差异有统计学意义（x^2= 16. 422,P = 0. 003）;分离株包括致病株10株、非致病株51株,有1A、2、3三种生物型和0：3、0：5、0：8等多种血清型,以及六种毒力基因型。猪、鼠、腹泻患者标本检出致病菌株数分别为9、1、0株。结论新平县家鼠鼠疫自然疫源地猪、鼠、腹泻患者是小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的重要宿主,分离菌株具有遗传多样性,猪、鼠是小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌病的主要传染源。     

Rural-to-Urban Labor Migration,Household Livelihoods,and the Rural Environment in Chongqing Municipality,Southwest China

Rural migration and its relationship to the rural environment have attracted increasing research interest in recent decades. Rural migration constitutes a key component of human population movement, while rural areas contain most of the world’s natural resources such as land and forests. This study empirically evaluates a conceptual framework incorporating rural household livelihoods as an integrative mediating factor between rural migration and the rural environment in the context of rural-to-urban labor migration in Chongqing Municipality, Southwest China. The analysis draws on data collected through household surveys and key informant interviews from four villages. Results confirm the hypothesis that labor-migrant and non-labor-migrant households differ significantly in livelihood activities including agricultural production, agricultural technology use, income and consumption, and resource use and management. Implications for the subsequent environmental outcomes of rural labor out-migration and corresponding natural resource management and policy in rural origin areas are discussed.     

云南永德县民族聚居区园艺作物种质资源调查

对云南永德县彝族、傣族、佤族等聚居地区进行了与民族生产、生活密切相关的园艺作物种质资源调查.共调查与收集到园艺作物种质资源78种,鉴定了科、属、种情况,并对部分资源的生物学特性、分布及民族用法进行了简要叙述,为进一步研究、开发利用、保护这些民族园艺作物种质资源提供了参考依据.     

Predictors of bovine Schistosoma japonicum infection in rural Sichuan,China

In China, bovines are believed to be the most common animal source of human schistosomiasis infections, though little is known about what factors promote bovine infections. The current body of literature features inconsistent, and sometimes contradictory results, and to date, few studies have looked beyond physical characteristics to identify the broader environmental conditions that predict bovine schistosomiasis. Because schistosomiasis is a sanitation-related, water-borne disease transmitted by many animals, we hypothesised that several environmental factors – such as the lack of improved sanitation systems, or participation in agricultural production that is water-intensive – could promote schistosomiasis infection in bovines. Using data collected as part of a repeat cross-sectional study conducted in rural villages in Sichuan, China from 2007 to 2016, we used a Random Forests, machine learning approach to identify the best physical and environmental predictors of bovine Schistosoma japonicum infection. Candidate predictors included: (i) physical/biological characteristics of bovines, (ii) human sources of environmental schistosomes, (iii) socio-economic indicators, (iv) animal reservoirs, and (v) agricultural practices. The density of bovines in a village and agricultural practices such as the area of rice and dry summer crops planted, and the use of night soil as an agricultural fertilizer, were among the top predictors of bovine S. japonicum infection in all collection years. Additionally, human infection prevalence, pig ownership and bovine age were found to be strong predictors of bovine infection in at least 1 year. Our findings highlight that presumptively treating bovines in villages with high bovine density or human infection prevalence may help to interrupt transmission. Furthermore, village-level predictors were stronger predictors of bovine infection than household-level predictors, suggesting future investigations may need to apply a broad ecological lens to identify potential underlying sources of persistent transmission.     

Tibetan land use and change near khawa karpo, Eastern Himalayas

Collaborating Authors: Bee Gunn, Wayne Law, George Yatskievych, Wu Sugong, Fang Zhendong, Ma Jian, Wang Yuhua, Andrew Willson, Peng Shengjing, Zhang Chuanling, Sun Hongyan, Meng Zhengui, Liu Lin, Senam Dorji, Ana, Liqing Wangcuo, Sila Cili, Adu, Naji, Amu, Sila Cimu, Sila Lamu, Lurong Pingding, Zhima Yongzong, Loangbao, Bianma Cimu, Gerong Cili, Wang Kai, Sila Pingchu, Axima, and Benjamin Staver.TIBETAN LAND USE AND CHANGE NEAR KHAWA KARPO, EASTERN HIMALAYAS. Economic Botany 59(4):312-325, 2005. Tibetan land use near Khawa Karpo, Northwest Yunnan, China, incorporates indigenous forest management, gathering, pastoralism, and agriculture. With field-based GIS, repeat photography, and Participatory Rural Appraisal we quantitatively compare land use between higher and lower villages, and between villages with and without roads. Households in higher elevation (> 3,000 meters) villages cultivate more farmland (z = -5.387, P ≤ 0.001), a greater diversity of major crops (z = -5.760, P < 0.001), a higher percentage of traditional crops, and fewer cash crops (z = -2.430, P = 0.015) than those in lower elevation villages (< 2,500 meters). Villages with roads grow significantly more cash crops (z = -6.794, P ≤ 0.001). Both lower villages and villages with roads travel farther to access common property resources. Historical analyses indicate agricultural intensification in valleys, an increase in houses, new crop introduction, hillside aforestation, cessation of hunting, glacial retreat, and timberline advance within the past century. We suggest that Tibetan land use reveals trade-offs between high, remote villages and lower villages near roads. Higher villages offer abundant land and access to natural resources but short growing seasons and little market access; in contrast, lower villages have road and market access, an extended growing season, and modern technology, but limited access to land and many other natural resources.     

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils of Laggera pterodonta Collected in Four Different Locations in Yunnan,China*

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves of Laggera pterodonta collected from four different locations (Kunming, Lijiang, Puer and Xinping) in Yunnan, China, were analyzed using GC MS and GC FID. The number of compounds identified in each sample was 39, 37, 33 and 44, respectively, representing 9332% (Kunming), 8057% (Lijiang), 9224% (Puer) and 9385% (Xinping) of total essential oils. Chemical compositions of essential oils differed between sample locations: thus, those from Kunming were rich in benzenoid compounds (3806%) while those from Lijiang and Puer were largely dominated by sesquiterpenes (1989% and 4465% respectively) and sesquiterpenes oxide (4085% and 3511%, respectively), and those from Xinping contained a high proportion of monoterpene hydrocarbons and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (4223% and 3325% respectively) (7548%). The results of tests on the antimicrobial activities of essential oils indicated that chemical composition was affected by environmental variation causing differences in sensitivity to microbes among samples.     

Role of non-timber forest products in the economy of peripheral communities of knuckles national wilderness area of Sri Lanka: A farming systems approach

The Knuckles range of forests has been identified as a unique biological resource in Sri Lanka with much biodiversity. It is also important as a watershed which feeds the Mahaweli reservoir system. Having considered the present hazardous land-use practices such as cardamum production and shifting cultivation, the Knuckles range has been declared a national wilderness area. The Forest Department is in the process of preparing the management plan for the area. There are about 48 villages in the vicinity of the forest. This study attempts to estimate the composition of income in the peripheral communities, ticularly the extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFP) from this range of forests. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from 60 households in three villages in the vicinity of the forest. The rural economy is described using a farming systems approach and the net income contributed by each activity in the farming system was estimated. Results show that nine components of the farming system use resources from the village and the forest, with at least 47 plant species used by the villagers for different purposes. Cardamum production and shifting cultivation contribute significantly to the total income of the household, but the majority of households in the study depend upon forest resources to supply some portion of their income. Nevertheless, the monetary value of the annual income generated by NTFP is much lower than income from either cardamum production or shifting cultivation. If cardamum production and shifting cultivation are to be restricted under the conservation program, there could be additional pressure put on NTFP. Therefore, we suggest a study of the natural regen-eration capacity of selected NTFP; such information should be used in finalizing the management plan in the Knuckles range of forests.