提取砂仁叶油的研究Ⅰ.提取砂仁叶油的设备和方法

长太砂仁(Amomum villosum Lour.cv.Chang-tai-sa)是我省主要的栽培品种,也是重要的南药药材之一,近年来发展很快,面积近万亩。砂仁通常以果实入药,但产量低,远不能满足需要。为了解决砂仁果实产量少,供不应求的问题,广东省植物研究所在1972年利用春砂仁(Amomum villosum Lour.)的叶子开展了砂仁叶油代砂仁的实验研究[1]。     

西双版纳热带湿性季节雨林和次生林林下砂仁种植的比较研究

为保护热带雨林,改变现有砂仁栽培模式,探讨改雨林下种砂仁为次生林下种砂仁的可行性．比较研究了热带雨林和次生林下砂仁的生长状况和产量．砂仁种植对雨林生物量和生产力影响显著,对次生林的影响不显著．2种林下砂仁4类植株的密度和生物量的大小顺序均为壮株、衰老株、苗和笋．雨林和次生林下砂仁笋和苗的总数分别为衰老株数量的3．95和1．66倍,远多于衰老株数量,表明砂仁能够维持种群稳定．雨林下砂仁苗多为长势较弱的老苗,绝大多数最终不能生长成壮株．2种林下砂仁壮株密度和生物量差异不显著。但次生林下砂仁衰老株、苗和笋的密度和生物量显著高于雨林,表明次生林下砂仁更新比雨林下快．次生林下砂仁产量为78．068kg·hm^-2,略高于雨林．值得注意的是。砂仁产量很低,茎生物量比很高(0．6以上),果实生物量比极低(0．01),增产潜力较大．次生林的生物量低于雨林,透光率高于雨林。土壤水分含量与雨林接近,有利于砂仁的生长发育。可以在次生林下种植砂仁。     

长泰砂仁花粉活力的初步观察

砂仁是温脾、健胃安胎的贵重南药,以果实为主入药。在生产上长泰砂仁普遍存在开花多、结果少的现象,为了探明这一现象的原因,我们对花粉发育状况及萌发率高低进行了观察,现将观察结果整理如下。     

砂仁的废叶利用大有前途

砂仁是贵重的南药,通常以果实入药。但是单位面积产量低,远不能满足需要。据国内有关报道,砂仁田间管理修剪下来的枝叶可以提取叶油,用以代替果实。临床试验结果:0.1毫升叶油相当于一钱干果的药效(折合每市斤砂仁叶油相当于三十市斤左右的果实)。厦门市中药厂分析结果也认为,砂仁叶油可以代替果实,并用它作原料试制驱风油(暂定名"本草油")。     

中药砂仁类资源植物药理活性的比较

本文对6种砂仁类中药水煎液及挥发油进行了抑菌作用和对小鼠小肠运动影响的比较研究。结果表明春砂仁、壳砂仁和建砂仁的水煎液对革兰氏阳性菌（G+）有抑制作用;川砂仁挥发油、建砂仁水煎液对革兰氏阴性菌（G-）有抑制作用;红壳砂仁挥发油及水煎液对革兰氏阳性菌（G+）与革兰氏阴性菌（G-）均有抑制作用,而绿壳砂均无抑制作用。砂仁类的水煎液对促进肠管运动有明显作用,而挥发油即使在稀释100倍的情况下对肠管运动仍起抑制作用。     

几种主要生态因子对长泰砂仁产量影响的初步分析

长泰砂仁(Amomum villosum Lour.cv.Chang-tai-sa)是我省南药的主要栽培品种之一。该品种适应性强,果实大,种子粒数多,五年生以上的砂仁园,亩产鲜果高达427斤。但是,目前我省各砂仁产地,大面积产量都很低,因此,提高单位面积产量,达到大面积高产稳产,是发展砂仁生产急待解决的问题。     

交替隔沟灌溉与施氮量对日光温室黄瓜光合作用、生长及产量的影响

以黄瓜“津育5号”为试材,研究了交替隔沟灌溉和施氮量(零氮肥、优化氮肥和常规氮肥)对日光温室黄瓜(冬春茬、秋冬茬)光合作用、生长特性、产量形成和果实品质的影响.结果表明:交替隔沟灌溉下,植株上、中、下叶位叶片的净光合速率(Pn)略低于常规灌溉下的相应叶位,而蒸腾速率(Tr)显著降低,上、中叶位叶片的瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)有所提高;交替隔沟灌溉下植株光合作用的限制因素是气孔因素.交替隔沟灌溉下施氮量的增加有助于促进黄瓜功能叶片Pn和WUE的提高.与常规灌溉相比,交替隔沟灌溉下叶片叶绿素含量和植株总生物产量有所降低,但根生物产量、根冠比以及根和果实器官的干物质分配比例增加,经济产量持平,经济产量水平的水分利用效率( WUEy)显著提高.交替隔沟灌溉有利于植株根系发育和果实形成.交替隔沟灌溉下随施氮量的增加,叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b、比叶重、植株总生物产量和经济产量呈增加趋势,果实Vc含量和可溶性糖含量升高,但优化氮肥与常规氮肥处理间差异不显著,氮肥施用对WUEy无显著影响.冬春茬黄瓜的经济产量和生物产量显著高于秋冬茬.     

不同配比红蓝LED光对黄瓜果实产量和品质的影响

以荧光灯为对照,研究不同配比红蓝LED光处理﹝包括100%红光、75%红光-25%蓝光( R31)、50%红光-50%蓝光(R11)、25%红光-75%蓝光(R13)和100%蓝光﹞对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus Linn.)果实性状、产量及营养品质的影响。结果表明：100%红光处理组黄瓜植株生长缓慢,果实发育异常,果实单株产量及VC、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质的含量均低于其他处理组。100%蓝光处理组的果实发育正常,果实单株产量显著低于红蓝LED光组合处理组,而果实中可溶性糖、蔗糖、游离氨基酸和可溶性固形物的含量总体上显著高于其他处理组,可溶性蛋白质含量也较高。 R31处理组黄瓜果实的单果鲜质量显著高于其他处理组;R31和R11处理组的果实单株产量显著高于其他处理组,R11处理组的黄瓜果实中VC和可溶性蛋白质含量明显高于其他处理组。上述研究结果显示：黄瓜果实的单株产量和营养品质受红蓝光协同作用的影响,设施栽培黄瓜生产的较适宜光照比例为50%红光-50%蓝光。     

阳春砂有性生殖特性的研究进展(综述)

阳春砂是我国珍稀濒危的药用植物,以其果实入药。由于阳春砂柱头高于花药,自然传粉结实率低,严重制约了果实产量。为揭示阳春砂果实形成的基础,探讨提高阳春砂产量的对应策略,本文就阳春砂的形态特征、生态习性、花粉发育、胚囊发育及开花、传粉、受精等有性生殖研究状况进行综述。     

热带林下人工种植阳春砂仁的生长与果实产量动态

调查了西双版纳不同海拔热带沟谷雨林和次生林下的阳春砂仁生长和果实产量动态．结果表明,西双版纳热带林下阳春砂仁自身年龄增长、林下光照不足和旱季水分胁迫影响阳春砂仁果实产量。随种植期增加,阳春砂仁果实产量和成熟植株密度降低．当林下光照水平在全日照的35％以下时,阳春砂仁果实产量随林下日照水平变化呈线性增加(P<0．05)。沟谷下方阳春砂仁果实产量显著高于上方(P<0.05)。海拔600～1000m,由于阳春砂仁的主花期从干热季3～4月推迟到雨季5月,果实产量显著增加,沟谷雨林和次生林下阳春砂仁果实产量差异不显著。因此,在海拔800～1000m沟谷中轮歇地次生林下有计划种植阳春砂仁,代替在沟谷雨林下种植阳春砂仁,既能解决沟谷雨林下光照和当地旱季水分不足对阳春砂仁果实产量的影响,又有利于热带沟谷雨林的保护。     

亮毛蕨的配子体发育特征及其系统学意义

采用原生境土培养方法对亮毛蕨(Acystopteris japonica)进行培养,并对其配子体发育过程进行了观察。结果表明:亮毛蕨植物的孢子二面体型,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观肾形,单裂缝,无周壁,外壁具棒状纹饰,孢子萌发为书带蕨型(Vittaria-type),原叶体发育为铁线蕨型(Adiantum-type)。丝状体4～7个细胞,片状体小楔状,仅3～5个细胞宽,成熟原叶体心形,裸露,初生假根具叶绿体,颈卵器较短;配子体发育较迅速,假根具分枝和膨大,精子器囊由3个壁细胞构成,颈卵器略弯曲。本研究首次观察到亮毛蕨的颈卵器壁细胞内含有球形颗粒,但其功能不详。亮毛蕨的配子体发育过程兼有原始和进化的特点。在适宜的光照和温度下,土壤培养亮毛蕨原叶体的成苗率达95%以上,移栽成活率达89%以上。     

Modularity of the angiosperm female gametophyte and its bearing on the early evolution of endosperm in flowering plants

The monosporic seven-celled/eight-nucleate Polygonum-type female gametophyte has long served as a focal point for discussion of the origin and subsequent evolution of the angiosperm female gametophyte. In Polygonum-type female gametophytes, two haploid female nuclei are incorporated into the central cell, and fusion of a sperm cell with the binucleate central cell produces a triploid endosperm with a complement of two maternal and one paternal genomes, characteristic of most angiosperms. We document the development of a four-celled/four-nucleate female gametophyte in Nuphar polysepala (Engelm.) and infer its presence in many other ancient lineages of angiosperms. The central cell of the female gametophyte in these taxa contains only one haploid nucleus; thus endosperm is diploid and has a ratio of one maternal to one paternal genome. Based on comparisons among flowering plants, we conclude that the angiosperm female gametophyte is constructed of modular developmental subunits. Each module is characterized by a common developmental pattern: (1) positioning of a single nucleus within a cytoplasmic domain (pole) of the female gametophyte; (2) two free-nuclear mitoses to yield four nuclei within that domain; and (3) partitioning of three uninucleate cells adjacent to the pole such that the fourth nucleus is confined to the central region of the female gametophyte (central cell). Within the basal angiosperm lineages Nymphaeales and Illiciales, female gametophytes are characterized by a single developmental module that produces a four-celled/four-nucleate structure with a haploid uninucleate central cell. A second pattern, typical of Amborella and the overwhelming majority of eumagnoliids, monocots, and eudicots, involves the early establishment of two developmental modules that produce a seven-celled/eight-nucleate female gametophyte with two haploid nuclei in the central cell. Comparative analysis of ontogenetic sequences suggests that the seven-celled female gametophyte (two modules) evolved by duplication and ectopic expression of an ancestral Nuphar-like developmental module within the chalazal domain of the female gametophyte. These analyses indicate that the first angiosperm female gametophytes were composed of a single developmental module, which upon double fertilization yielded a diploid endosperm. Early in angiosperm history this basic module was duplicated, and resulted in a seven-celled/eight-nucleate female gametophyte, which yielded a triploid endosperm with the characteristic 2:1 maternal to paternal genome ratio.     

金灰藓(Pylaisiella polyantha)配子体发生的实验观察

金灰藓Pylaisiella polyantha(Hedw.)Grout孢子在光照培养箱中进行培养,实验组为含有Knop培养液的琼脂培养基质,对照组为无营养成分的琼脂培养基质。在光学显微镜下对配子体发生进行了观察、描绘和照相。结果表明:实验组和对照组孢子萌发所需时间相同,均为53.5h,萌发极相为1～4极。4d时,实验组萌发率为85.4%,对照组为54.1%;20d时,开始形成配子体芽原基;40d时,形成具假根、茎、叶的配子体,并形成两性器官。并对配子体发生过程的特点进行了分析和讨论。     

Kin selection and conflict in seed maturation

There are four genetically distinct components in the developing seeds of flowering plants: maternal sporophyte, gametophyte, endosperm, and embryo. Each component can potentially influence the quantity or quality of nutrients provided to the embryo of its seed, thereby reducing the amount available to embryos in other seeds of that plant. The theory of kin selection predicts that each component will be selected to favor its own embryo over the other embryos to the extent that it is more closely related to its own. Under this criterion, an embryo should be selected to try to acquire more nutrients than the endosperm should be selected to provide, the endosperm should try to supply more than the gametophyte should, and the gametophyte more than the parent sporophyte. Evidence for this conflict of interests is found in the higher frequency of endopolyploidy, nutrient-absorbing haustoria, and food storage tissues in the embryo and endosperm than in the gametophyte of maternal tissues.This theory also suggests how the gametophyte, which is the nurse tissue of gymnosperm seeds, was displaced from this role in the flowering plants by an endosperm initiated by a secondary fertilization. “Neoteny” in the pro-angiosperms created conditions in which (1) an endosperm initiated by double fertilization would be more closely related to the embryo than is the gametophyte and (2) the endosperm would be formed early enough to be of significant aid to the embryo.If this theory is correct it (1) requires a different approach to the study of seed morphology and physiology, (2) increases the plausibility of arguments that flowering plants are a polyphyletic group, (3) provides evidence that parents cannot always control the outcome of conflict with their offspring, and (4) forges a conceptual link in our understanding of the evolution of social interactions in plants and animals.     

金灰藓(Pylaisiella polyantha)配子体发生的实验观察

金灰藓Pylaisiella polyantha (Hedw．)Grout孢子在光照培养箱中进行培养,实验组为含有Knop培养液的琼脂培养基质,对照组为无营养成分的琼脂培养基质。在光学显微镜下对配子体发生进行了观察、描绘和照相。结果表明：实验组和对照组孢子萌发所需时间相同,均为53．5h,萌发极相为1～4极。4d时,实验组萌发率为85．4％,对照组为54．1％;20d时,开始形成配子体芽原基;40d时,形成具假根、茎、叶的配子体,并形成两性器官。并对配子体发生过程的特点进行了分析和讨论。     

Pollen-tube guidance: beacons from the female gametophyte

The sperm cell of a flowering plant cannot migrate unaided and it must be transported by the pollen-tube cell before successful fertilization can occur. The pollen tube is precisely guided to the target female gametophyte, the embryo sac, which contains the egg cell. The mechanism that precisely directs the pollen tube through the pistil to the female gametophyte has been studied for more than a century. There has been controversy over whether a diffusible signal attracts the pollen tube or whether female tissues define its path. Emerging genetic and physiological data show that the female gametophyte produces at least two directional signals, and that at least one of these signals is diffusible and derived from the two synergid cells.     

雌、雄配子体间及雌配子体成员细胞间的通讯

被子植物的双受精是一个复杂而精密的调控过程.成功的受精依赖于配子体的正确发育以及雌配子体与雄配子体间的相互识别.研究表明,雌配子体自身成员细胞间存在广泛的胞间通讯.这种通讯不仅影响不同细胞的发育进程,也决定细胞的发育命运,从而保证雌配子体的正常发育.此外,雌配子体与雄配子体间存在胞间通讯,这种胞间通讯是雌配子体与雄配子体间相互识别的分子基础,精确调控了雄配子体准确进入珠孔、在雌配子体内适时停止伸长、尖端破裂并在特定位置释放精细胞等过程.本文概述了这些方面的最新进展,梳理胞间通讯的途径与信号,并展望了未来雌、雄配子体间及雌配子体成员细胞间通讯的研究方向与可能的应用前景.     

Male gametophytic selection in maize

Summary There is evidence that male gametophyte selection is a widespread phenomenon in higher plants. The pollen tube growth rate is one of the main components of gametophyte selective value; genetic variability for this trait, due to the effect of single genes or to quantitative variation, has been described in maize. However, indication of gametophytic selection has been indirectly obtained; its effect was revealed by the positive relation observed between gametophyte competitive ability and sporophyte metrical traits.This paper considers the results of selection applied to gametophyte populations produced from single plants. The competitive ability of the lines was evaluated in comparison with that of a standard line by means of the pollen mixture technique. Sporophytic traits were measured in the hybrid progeny obtained by crossing selected S₃ and S₄ families with an unrelated single cross and an inbred line. Gametophyte selection produced inbred lines with high gametophyte competitive ability. In view of the selection procedure adopted, this result was interpreted as an indication of haploid expression of genes involved in the control of pollen tube growth. Moreover, this gametophytic trait was positively correlated with sporophytic traits (seedling weight, kernel weight and root tip growth in vitro), indicating that both groups of characters have a common genetic basis.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT IN RYE

The development of male gametophyte and female gametophyte within a floret of rye (Secale cereale L.) was examined. Generally, meiosis in microsporocytes and in megasporocytes occurs simultaneously in most florets, but the period from zygotene to tetrad meiosis in the megasporocyte progresses more slowly than that in the microsporocyte. When the female gametophyte has one nucleus and no vacuoles, the male gametophyte has a single, eccentric nucleus. By the time the female gametophyte develops to the vacuolated one-, two-, four-, and eight-nucleate stages and to the growth and differentiation of the egg apparatus stage, the male gametophyte reaches the two-celled pollen stage. As the female gametophyte matures, the male gametophyte also reaches maturity. The duration of male gametophyte development from microspore mother cell and the duration of female gametophyte development from megaspore mother cell are the same in most florets. The relationship between sexual development of cross-pollinated rye is similar to that of self-pollinated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It seems that the relationship is not related to the breeding system.     

The peroxin loss-of-function mutation abstinence by mutual consent disrupts male-female gametophyte recognition

In eukaryotes, fertilization relies on complex and specialized mechanisms that achieve the precise delivery of the male gamete to the female gamete and their subsequent union [1-4]. In flowering plants, the haploid male gametophyte or pollen tube (PT) [5] carries two nonmotile sperm cells to the female gametophyte (FG) or embryo sac [6] during a long assisted journey through the maternal tissues [7-10]. In Arabidopsis, typically one PT reaches one of the two synergids of the FG (Figure 1A), where it terminates its growth and delivers the sperm cells, a poorly understood process called pollen-tube reception. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of the Arabidopsis mutant abstinence by mutual consent (amc). Interestingly, pollen-tube reception is impaired only when an amc pollen tube reaches an amc female gametophyte, resulting in pollen-tube overgrowth and completely preventing sperm discharge and the development of homozygous mutants. Moreover, we show that AMC is strongly and transiently expressed in both male and female gametophytes during fertilization and that AMC functions in gametophytes as a peroxin essential for protein import into peroxisomes. These findings show that peroxisomes play an unexpected key role in gametophyte recognition and implicate a diffusible signal emanating from either gametophyte that is required for pollen-tube discharge.