西藏土壤-植物-动物(人)系统中硒含量与大骨节病的关系

通过对西藏大骨节病区与非病区中土壤、粮食和儿童发样匹配采样以及对样品中硒含量的分析,探讨了硒元素在土壤-植物-动物生态系统中的含量特征及其与大骨节病分布流行的关系。结果表明,西藏地区整体处于低硒水平,所有病区样品的硒含量显著低于非病区（P<0.05）。土壤低硒是导致西藏大骨节病区粮食、人体硒水平偏低及病情流行的一个主要原因。改善土壤硒环境,提高土壤硒含量是西藏地区大骨节病防治的主要措施之一;补硒能够显著提高人体发硒水平,并有效控制大骨节病,但是需要长期坚持。     

川西亚高山森林凋落物去除对土壤腐殖质动态的影响

森林凋落物作为森林土壤腐殖质的主要来源, 在土壤腐殖质的形成中发挥着重要作用, 但不同森林类型凋落物因其含量、组成等的不同, 对土壤腐殖质的影响也不同。该研究以川西亚高山针叶林、阔叶林和针阔混交林3种不同森林类型为对象, 采用凋落物原位控制实验, 对比研究不同关键期凋落物去除对土壤可提取腐殖质、胡敏酸和富里酸含量及胡敏酸/富里酸、胡敏酸/可提取腐殖质的影响。主要结果: (1)土壤可提取腐殖质、胡敏酸和富里酸含量在不同森林类型中差异显著。土壤可提取腐殖质含量总体表现为针叶林>针阔混交林>阔叶林, 胡敏酸含量总体表现为针阔混交林>针叶林>阔叶林, 而富里酸含量则表现为针叶林>阔叶林>针阔混交林, 其中3种林型中土壤腐殖质的主要成分为富里酸, 总体均表现为富里酸型。不同采样时期也显著影响了土壤可提取腐殖质、胡敏酸和富里酸含量, 总体均表现为先升高后下降的趋势。除个别采样时期外, 凋落物去除总体降低了土壤可提取腐殖质、胡敏酸和富里酸的含量。(2)胡敏酸/富里酸和胡敏酸/可提取腐殖质的结果显示3种林型土壤总体腐殖化程度均较低, 整体表现为针阔混交林>阔叶林>针叶林, 凋落物去除在一定程度上有利于提高阔叶林与针阔混交林的腐殖质品质。(3)相关分析表明不同凋落物处理间土壤可提取腐殖质与土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量和土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系, 与温度呈显著负相关关系。综上所述, 短期的凋落物去除会降低土壤腐殖物质的含量, 但不同林型间由于凋落物类型差异会导致土壤腐殖质的不同变化, 说明土壤腐殖质的动态变化受凋落物类型以及环境因素的综合调控。因此, 关于凋落物变化对土壤腐殖质的影响还需进一步的长期研究。     

冻融环境下亚高山森林凋落叶添加对土壤腐殖质动态的影响

亚高山森林土壤形成过程中,胡敏酸、富里酸等腐殖物质的累积是维持土壤肥力及物质循环的重要途径,它受到土壤基质质量、凋落叶和环境因素的调控.本研究以川西亚高山典型的针叶林、针阔混交林和阔叶林土壤为对象,采用室内培养控制冻融环境和凋落叶添加的方法,研究冻融环境下凋落叶添加对土壤腐殖物质累积的影响.结果表明:冻融循环环境下针叶林土壤腐殖质含量升高,而针阔混交林和阔叶林土壤腐殖质含量降低,且凋落叶对土壤腐殖质含量无显著影响.培养前期冻融环境下3种林型土壤胡敏酸净累积,净累积量大小为针阔混交林>针叶林>阔叶林,富里酸含量下降,下降程度为阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林,且凋落叶对土壤胡敏酸和富里酸含量无显著影响.随培养时间的延长,3种林型土壤胡敏酸及富里酸含量均下降.这表明,凋落叶对土壤腐殖质含量的影响与土壤基质质量存在密切关系,且受到冬季土壤冻融时间长短的影响.     

大骨节病病区儿童与非大骨节病区儿童血浆中游离氨基酸含量的测定

<正> 大骨节病病因,至今尚不清楚,根据流行病学的考察,大骨节病病区人民长年处在偏食状态,蛋白质与蔬菜等副食严重缺乏。为探讨营养与大骨节病病因的关系,寻找有效治疗药物,很多人已对病区膳食及病儿代谢调节情况作了大量实验,积累了一定量的数据,这为大骨节病及流行病的防治工作提供了有用的资料。在正常情况下,人体血浆及组织间的氨基酸维持一定的动态平衡,它们在各种生理体液中的含量比     

基于生态位理论的富硒土壤资源开发利用适宜性评价及分区方法

实施乡村振兴战略,产业兴旺是关键。立足区域富硒土壤资源禀赋优势,发展富硒农业特色经济,是振兴乡村产业的一条有效途径。以多维超体积生态位理论为指导,以区域富硒土壤资源禀赋和富硒农业发展要求为基础,从土壤自身条件、土地利用和生态保护3个方面明确了富硒土壤资源开发利用的主导因素、区位因素、限制因素;选择土壤硒含量、土壤有机质含量、地形坡度、土地利用类型、土地综合污染指数、生态保护建设等6个关键因子,构建了富硒土壤资源开发利用生态位适宜性评价指标体系;利用生态位适宜性评价相关模型,探讨了生态位适宜性单一指数和综合指数的计算方法;结合土壤利用改良分区、土壤利用功能分区、富硒农业生产分区等,分析了区域富硒土壤资源开发利用适宜性分区问题。研究可为富硒土壤资源开发利用适宜性评价提供科学可行的思路与方法,对于促进区域富硒土壤资源科学合理利用、实现富硒农业产业科学发展具有重要的指导意义和现实意义。     

环境中富啡酸对小麦吸收利用亚硒酸钠及其毒性的影响

利用小麦水培安验,研究了从土壤中提取的富啡酸（Ｆｕｌｖｉｃａｃｉｄ,ＦＡ）对亚硒酸钠生物有效性及毒性的影响。结果表明,富啡酸对小麦吸收利用亚硒酸钠有明显的影晌,并且对高浓度亚硒酸钠的毒性有一定的抑制作用,富啡酸可提高小麦对硒胁迫的生态适应性。     

水稻对天然富硒土壤硒的吸收及转运

以杂交晚稻“皖稻205”为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同硒含量（0.5、1.0、1.5 mg·kg^-1）土壤对水稻产量、硒的吸收、转运和分配的影响.结果表明： 土壤硒含量≤1.5 mg·kg^-1对水稻产量无明显影响;水稻根系、茎叶和籽粒中的硒含量均随着土壤硒含量增加而增加,并呈现根系＞茎叶＞籽粒的特点,籽粒各组成部分的硒含量呈现米糠＞精米＞稻壳的特点;水稻根系能从富硒土壤中富集硒,根系硒的吸收系数达1.86,而硒向籽粒的转运和积累则相对恒定,转运系数为0.53～0.59;土壤硒含量为0.5～1.0 mg·kg^-1所产的富硒大米（0.15～0.20 mg Se·kg^-1）,可满足人体60～80 μg·d^-1硒的需要量,而土壤硒含量≥1.5 mg·kg^-1所产大米硒含量达到0.319 mg·kg^-1,超出粮食硒含量安全标准.综合产量和籽粒硒含量的表现,在富硒土壤（0.5～1.0 mg·kg^-1）上直接生产富硒大米,而不需要添加外源硒,既降低了生产成本,又避免了可能造成的水土污染.     

三个不同省份富硒大蒜硒含量分析

目的：检测山东、黑龙江、江西三个省份富硒大蒜、普通大蒜、土壤及水源的硒含量,为当地富硒大蒜产业发展提供科学依据。方法：采集山东、黑龙江、江西三个省份富硒大蒜、普通大蒜、土壤及水源共120份,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定总硒含量。结果：山东省富硒大蒜硒含量高于普通大蒜中硒的含量;黑龙江省来信子村富硒大蒜硒含量明显高于其他4个基地;江西省5个地区富硒大蒜硒的含量可以分为两个区间：硒含量较低的区间（11.660 0～31.984 0 μg/100 g）、硒含量较高的区间（86.530 0～97.224 0 μg/100 g）。结论：山东省的富硒大蒜富硒效果好,黑龙江省宝清县来信子村富硒大蒜的富硒效果好,江西省宜春县富硒大蒜均为超富硒农产品。     

广西富硒功能农产品研发进展

<正>2013年以来,广西陆续在北部湾地区圈定富硒土壤面积达212万hm~2,为目前全国圈定的特大面积连片富硒土壤区域,具有独特的硒资源优势。与此同时,以广西农业科学院为代表的产学研机构在广西自治区政府的大力支持下,开展了富硒土壤资源高效安全利用与开发、富硒农产品标准化生产技术研究与应用、富硒农产品加工技术与产业化开发等大量系统研究与开发工作,在全国硒研究领域迅速成长为一支新秀。     

湖南省耕地土壤硒空间分布及其影响因素

为合理开展富硒(Se)土壤资源利用与富硒农产品开发，进行了湖南省耕地土壤硒含量的空间分布特征及其影响因素等研究。结果表明：湖南省耕地土壤硒平均含量为0.56 mg·kg^-1,是全国土壤硒元素背景值(0.29 mg·kg^-1)的1.93倍；湘西南区土壤硒平均含量最高、湘北洞庭湖区平均含量最低；湘西南区变异系数最大，离散程度高，分布不均匀；湘南区变异系数最小，离散程度低，分布相对均匀；全省富硒耕地面积224.96万hm²,占耕地面积的60.7%;水田富硒面积为185.63万hm²,占全省耕地面积的50.1%;旱地富硒面积为39.33万hm²,占全省耕地面积的10.6%。成土母质发育的土壤硒含量大小顺序为：板页岩风化物>石灰岩风化物>第四纪红色黏土>砂岩风化物>花岗岩风化物>河湖冲(沉)积物>紫色砂页岩风化物；不同类型土壤硒含量大小顺序为：黄棕壤>黄壤>红壤>石灰(岩)土>水稻土>潮土>紫色土；当pH<5....     

Comparative effects of soil organic matter fractions on phosphatase activities in wheat roots

Summary Soil organic matter was obtained from two agricultural soils using alkali extraction followed by acidification to produce humic and fulvic acids which were further fractionated by adsorption and gel chromatography.All the products inhibited the activity of phosphatase prepared from wheat roots, but to different extents. Humic acids produced a greater inhibition of enzyme activity than either the fulvic acids or water extracts of soil. Aspergillin, fromAspergillus niger, had a similar C, H and N content to humic acid and produced a similar inhibition of phosphatase activity.The inhibitions produced by corresponding fractions derived from the two soils were slightly different, but the trends between similar fractions from different soils were comparable. The lower mol. wt. components of humic acid inhibited phosphatase activity to a greater extent than higher mot. wt. fractions. Although fulvic acid comprised only low mol. wt. components it was less effective in inhibiting enzyme activity than those components of comparable mol. wt. present in the corresponding humic acid. Synthetic polymaleic acid, produced an inhibition of phosphatase activity similar to that caused by fulvic acid.     

The influence of topography on the nature of humic substances in soil organic matter at a site in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of South Carolina

The effect of topography on the nature of humic substances, isolated as water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), fulvic acid (FA), and humic acid (HA) was evaluated by comparing relative proportion and chemical characteristics of these fractions in upland and bottomland Coastal Plain soils in South Carolina. The fractions were characterized by elemental analysis and¹³C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy. The majority of humic substances occur as humic acids, with bottomland soils having higher HA/FA ratios when compared to upland soils. We found no significant differences between upland and bottomland humic substances with respect to yields of WSOC and fulvic acids, and in the C and N content of humic and fulvic acids. Carbon-13 CPMAS NMR spectroscopy revealed that the WSOC and fulvic acid fractions were composed largely of O-alkyl-C structures with bottomland soils having higher amounts of these groups. Humic acid C distribution was similar between upland and bottomland soils and was largely composed of aromatic groups. Our results demonstrate that topography influences the formation of humic acid and the structural and chemical properties of the various humic fractions.requests for offprints     

Effects of humic and fulvic acids on growth of tobacco

Summary Organic matter was extracted with a mixture of 0.1M Na₄P₂O₇ and 0.1M NaOH from soil and a commercial organic matter product, Aqua Humus, and separated into humic and fulvic acids according to their solubility in acid and alkaline solutions. They were purified by passage through a cation exchange resin, freeze-dried, and used for characterization and seedling growth studies. The CEC increased with pH for both humic and fulvic acids. Data from tobacco seedling studies show that humic and fulvic acids from both sources increased root number and length at low concentrations while at high concentrations, humic acids inhibited length and number of roots but fulvic acids had no effect. The results support the proposition that fractions of organic matter referred to as humic and fulvic acids affect root development by means other than as a source of nutrients.     

加速侵蚀对土壤腐殖酸动态变化的影响

土壤腐殖酸的流失是土壤退化的标志之一。林地被开垦破坏后,土壤腐殖酸的流失程度在坡面上的空间分布与侵蚀方式和侵蚀强度相对应,坡面中部和中下部浅沟沟槽处最为严重,细沟侵蚀区次之,梁峁上部片蚀区相对最弱。侵蚀土壤中的腐殖酸总碳、胡敏酸碳和富啡酸碳含量随开垦年限的增加呈指数减少,其减少程度受侵蚀强度和侵蚀方式的影响。腐殖酸的流失程度与加速侵蚀造成的土壤剖面破坏密切相关。恢复植被可使土壤腐殖酸逐渐增加,土壤肥力得到恢复,土壤退化过程得到逆转。     

Viscosimetric studies on molecular weight fractions of fulvic and humic acids of aquatic,terrestrial and microbial origin

Summary Viscosities were investigated of solutions of fulvic and humic acid molecular weight fractions of aquatic, terrestrial and microbial origin. Aquatic fulvic and humic acid molecules were, at pH 7, more voluminous than other types of humic compounds of similar molecular weight. It would appear that in low molecular weight non-aquatic humic matter, more inter- than intra-molecular bonding is present, with increasing molecular weight the bonding becomes more intra-molecular. Differences between average molecular weight values as obtained by an ultrafiltration method (Amicon) and by viscosimetry ranged from –18.7 to 18.5%. The largest deviations were in the low molecular weight range (<5,500 daltons). Higher molecular weight humics (in particular humic acids) appeared to have a more elongated structure than lower molecular weight material (in particular fulvic acids). Indications were obtained that on hydration humic moleculars become more elongated.     

Water repellency of Casuarina windbreaks (Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.) caused by fungi in central Taiwan

The water repellent layer (WRL) in the Casuarina plantation near Taichung Harbor in central Taiwan is mainly due to the development of filamentous fungi. The hyphae of the isolated fungi and the metabolites of the TCHC-5 and TCHC-20 fungi are also significantly hydrophobic. In the soil layers, humic substances decrease the phosphorus fixation and contribute to the formation of WRL. The hydrophobic properties of humic substances are unfavorable for the nutrient cycling in this area. The water contact angles of fulvic acids and humic acids are pH-dependent. Increasing the solution pH value reduces the hydrophobic strength for fulvic acids and/or humic acids. TCHC-15 and TCHC-16 isolated fungi exude strong acidic metabolites (pH 2.7–3.0). This may result in polymerization and/or precipitation of fulvic acids and humic acids and increase the hydrophobic strength of the soil layers. Humic substances with aliphatic chains are the main components that form WRL in soils. Soil pH may be an indicator of the hydrophobic potential for organic matters.     

Turnover of14C-labelled oat residues and small molecular organic compounds in two soils under different levels of mineral nutrition

Mineralization and redistribution of carbon from¹⁴C-labelled oat shoots and [¹⁴C(U)] labelled glucose, leucine, acetate and phenylacetate were studied in light loamy sand and medium clay loam under different levels of mineral nutrition. Losses of mineralized¹⁴C as CO₂ were greater in the sandy soil than in the clay soil. NPK and NPK+Ca fertilization increased the rates of decay of the introduced plant organic matter. Among the small molecular organic compounds glucose was degraded fastest and phenylacetate slowest. Incorporation of radioactive carbon into humus fractions varied and depended on the nature of the compound introduced and on the soil type. Carbon of glucose, phenylacetate and acetate was mainly incorporated into fulvic acids, whereas¹⁴C of leucine was almost evenly distributed between humic and fulvic acids and¹⁴C of oat residues in fulvic acids and humin fractions. There was significantly higher incorporation of¹⁴C into humic acids and lower incorporation into humins in the sandy soil compared to the clay soil. NPK+Ca decreased the conversion of¹⁴C from phenylacetate and acetate to bitumens and increased its content in humic acids, particularly in the clay soil. The incorporation of¹⁴C from phenylacetate to humins benefitted from mineral fertilization during the first 30 days of the experiment in both soils.     

Effect of foliar application of amino acid,humic acid and fulvic acid on the oil content and quality of olive

Olives are evergreen trees with a low growth rate that are cultivated in semi-tropical climates. The biochemical properties of three olive cultivars were explored under the foliar application of amino and organic acids in a two-factor factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Rudbar County, Iran. The first factor was assigned to olive cultivar (‘Zard’, ‘Arbequina’, and ‘Manzanilla’) and the second factor to the foliar application of organic acids at 9 levels of control, arginine, glutamine, humic acid, fulvic acid, arginine + humic acid, arginine + fulvic acid, glutamine + humic acid, and glutamine + fulvic acid. The recorded traits included the Brix value, content of oil, protein, chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanins, phenols, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The Results showed that cv. ‘Zard’ had the highest Brix value, fruit protein content, carotenoid, anthocyanins, and phenols, and cv. ‘Arbequina’ had the highest oil fraction. The Results of the simple effects of organic acids revealed that the trees treated with arginine + humic acid had the highest fruit protein content and total chlorophyll, and those treated with humic acid had the highest anthocyanin and phenol contents. Data on the interaction of ‘cultivar × organic acids’ showed that ‘Arbequina × glutamine’ had the highest oil content, ‘Manzanilla × fulvic acid’ and ‘Manzanilla × glutamine + fulvic acid’ had the highest fruit protein content, ‘Zard × humic acid’ had the highest phenol content, ‘Arbequina × arginine’ had the highest superoxide dismutase activity, and ‘Arbequina × glutamine + fulvic acid’ had the highest peroxidase activity. Finally, it can be concluded that Arbequina cultivar produced the most oil when foliar sprayed with glutamine.