登革病毒对人血管内皮细胞感染性的研究

用登革病毒Ⅱ型（DV2）感染体外培养和传代的人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）,研究发现,HUVEC是登革病毒的允许性细胞。病毒感染后12h即可在培养上清中用微量蚀斑法测出病毒,病毒滴度48h达高峰,以后迅速下降。并发现在一定范围内病毒产量随病毒感染复数（MOI）的增加而增高。间接免疫荧光法证明感染的HUVEC胞浆及胞膜上携带DV2抗原。电镜和光镜下,感染细胞未见明显的形态和结构改变。     

通过基因组定量研究猪瘟病毒在细胞中的增殖特性

应用间接免疫荧光、Real-time PCR和病毒感染滴度(TCID50)测定技术,分别从病毒抗原、病毒基因组RNA复制水平和病毒感染滴度变化3个方面,研究了猪瘟病毒(CSFV)在PK-15细胞中增殖的特点,用猪瘟病毒石门株感染96孔板培养的细胞,1×102个TCID50/孔,间接免疫荧光检测结果显示感染后8h能检测到被荧光抗体染色的感染细胞,随感染时间的延长,出现荧光的细胞数量逐渐增多,在感染后72h,几乎所有细胞均能出现荧光。Real-time PCR结果显示在细胞感染初期的8~24h,病毒的基因组RNA复制呈加速趋势,其拷贝数在感染后72h达到高峰。此外,在感染后8h能检测到病毒基因组负链RNA转录,不过负链RNA在病毒增殖过程中维持在较低的水平。TCID50测定结果表明CSFV的感染滴度增加趋势与基因组类似,在病毒感染8h后能检测到具有感染性的子代病毒,感染滴度在8~20h之间逐渐增长,24~48h之间增长速度稍减慢,在感染后48~52h达到高峰,能在72h之内维持较高的感染滴度。     

Ⅱ型登革病毒D01090株在人胚肺二倍体细胞KMB17上适应株选育及初步鉴定

目的:选育能在人胚肺二倍体细胞KMB17上稳定增殖的Ⅱ型登革病毒适应株,为研发以人源性细胞为基质的登革疫苗候选株奠定基础。方法:将Ⅱ型登革病毒中国株D01090提取病毒基因组,通过RT-PCR法进行登革病毒型别鉴定后,在C6/36和Vero细胞上进行毒种扩增和滴度测定;将D01090毒株以4.0MOI接种KMB17细胞并反复传代至病毒完全适应在细胞内扩增,并连续传代10代,选育出良好的KMB17细胞适应株;病毒培养液经蔗糖梯度离心和超速离心后获得高浓度病毒液,接种KMB17细胞后通过透射电镜超薄切片检测细胞的病理变化;然后经过三轮蚀斑纯化筛选出纯化病毒株,免疫荧光法检测病毒纯化株的抗原性。结果:以Ⅱ型登革病毒中国株D01090基因组为模板,能扩增出511bp的登革病毒特异基因和119bp的Ⅱ型登革病毒型特异性基因。病毒经C6/36细胞扩增后滴度达4.5CCID50/ml,感染KMB17细胞至第三代可产生明显的细胞病变(cytopathic effect,CPE),连续传10代细胞病变速度逐渐增快,至第10代达到增殖高峰,病毒滴度达5.0CCID50/ml;将病毒感染6天后病变达+++的KMB17细胞进行超薄切片后经透射电镜观察细胞的病理变化,镜下可观察到内质网中新组装成的病毒颗粒,细胞周围产生很多分裂的小碎片,伴有游离出胞的病毒;三轮蚀斑纯化后筛选出纯化克隆,免疫荧光法检测病毒的抗原性呈阳性。结论选育出了能稳定传代且病毒扩增量高的Ⅱ型登革病毒KMB17细胞适应株,经蚀斑纯化后仍保持较好的抗原性。     

流行性出血热病毒在MA-104和Vero-E6传代细胞上繁殖动态的比较

用流行性出血热病毒(陈株)分別感染MA-104和Vero-E6传代细胞,结果受病毒感染的MA-104细胞荧光阴性细胞出现早,感染滴度高,胞浆内颗粒大,提示MA-104细胞用于该病毒的分离传代及抗原片的制作等方面优于Vero-E6细胞。流行性出血热病毒(EHFV)在某些原代及传代细胞上能适应增殖,国内外已有过报导。但用对轮状病毒十分敏感的恒河猴胚肾MA-104细胞培养和增殖EHFV并与通常使用分离该病毒的VeroE6细胞进行繁殖动态观察,尚未有过报导。本文用间接免疫荧光法(IFA)比较观察EHFV在两种细胞上的增殖动态,为MA-104细胞代替常规Vero-E6细胞用于该病毒的分离、传代等研究以及抗原片的制备提供依据。     

人类疱疹病毒7型体外生长特点的研究

研究了人类疱疹病毒7型(HHV-7)南京株YY5在脐血单个核细胞(CBMCs)及SUPT1细胞株上生长特点.观察病毒感染细胞后不同时间病变效应程度,记数死亡细胞百分率,间接免疫荧光染色记数抗原表达阳性细胞数,并用透射电镜观察病毒感染细胞超微结构变化及病毒复制不同时期的特点.结果发现:HHV-7在CBMCs及SUPT1上出现CPE时间迟于HHV-6,且CPE程度也低于HHV-6;HHV-7在SUPT1细胞上尽管有CPE及抗原表达,但很难找到成熟的病毒颗粒;电镜下,病毒主要存在于肿胀的病变细胞内,且病毒感染细胞常出现核染色质聚集,核固缩,及胞浆细胞器空泡化,细胞裂解等特点;成熟的HHV-7颗粒直径约170-190 nm,核衣壳约90-100 nm,核衣壳内致密核心约40 nm,核衣壳与包膜之间是丰富的被膜约30-35 nm,包膜上有刺突.HHV-7常发现无核心的病毒颗粒.     

EV71病毒对树鼩原代肾上皮细胞感染模型的建立

目的建立EV71对树鼩原代肾细胞的感染模型。方法胰蛋白酶消化法获得树鼩的原代肾细胞,用EV71感染树鼩肾细胞,测定1、2、4、6和8 d培养上清病毒滴度,分别用Western blot和间接免疫荧光法检测细胞中EV71病毒VP1蛋白的表达,以确定EV71病毒对树鼩原代肾细胞的感染性。结果对分离得到的树鼩原代肾细胞进行传代纯化和形态鉴别,建立以树鼩原代肾细胞为主的细胞培养。用EV71病毒感染树鼩原代肾细胞,感染后48~96 h病毒滴度可达到1.3×10~6TCID_(50)/m L,说明EV71病毒可有效感染树鼩原代肾细胞并有效增殖。Western blot检测发现,EV71病毒VP1蛋白可在感染后2~8 d的树鼩原代肾细胞中有效检出,间接免疫荧光法则在感染后2~6 d细胞的细胞质中检测到病毒VP1蛋白的分布。结论在成功建立树鼩原代肾细胞培养的基础上,确定了EV71病毒对树鼩原代肾细胞的感染性和病毒增殖特性,初步建立了EV71树鼩原代肾细胞感染模型。     

应用型特异性单克隆抗体快速鉴定登革病毒

1986年,在海南岛发生登革热爆发流行期间,应用型特异性单克隆抗体以间接免疫荧光法快速鉴定所分离的35株登革热毒。接种标本的第一代C_6/36细胞于感染病毒后96小时内登革病毒抗原检出率可达97％     

人轮状病毒G1P[8]型感染树鼩原代小肠上皮细胞模型的建立

目的探究树鼩原代小肠上皮细胞的增殖特性,建立人轮状G1P[8]型病毒体外感染树鼩原代小肠上皮的细胞模型。方法采用胶原酶XI和中性蛋白酶I联合消化法获取树鼩原代小肠上皮细胞,经纯化和鉴定,用人轮状G1P[8]型病毒感染细胞,测定培养上清的病毒滴度和载量,并用Western blot和间接免疫荧光检测法检测人轮状病毒G1P[8]型VP6蛋白的表达情况,评价人轮状G1P[8]型病毒体外对树鼩原代小肠上皮细胞的感染性。结果分离的树鼩原代小肠上皮细胞经传代培养纯化,获得纯度达90%树鼩原代小肠上皮细胞。对树鼩原代小肠上皮细胞、原代肾细胞、HCT116细胞和MA104细胞进行轮状病毒易感性比较,确定树鼩原代小肠上皮细胞可以被人轮状病毒G1P[8]感染,培养72 h时病毒滴度可达到2.0×105TCID_(50)/m L。经Western blot和间接免疫荧光发现在人轮状G1P[8]型病毒感染树鼩原代小肠上皮细胞1~5 d均能检测到人轮状病毒VP6蛋白的表达和分布。结论确立了树鼩原代小肠上皮细胞的分离、纯化与培养方法,并建立了人轮状G1P[8]型病毒感染树鼩原代小肠上皮细胞的体外模型。     

人单核细胞系U_（937）和T细胞系HSB_2细胞的HSV－1感染

用ＨＳＶ－１接种人单核细胞传代株Ｕ＿（９３７）和Ｔ淋巴细胞传代株ＨＳＢ＿２细胞,通过对病毒滴度、细胞增殖与病变、病毒抗原表达及病毒ＤＮＡ的动态观察,研究了ＨＳＶ－１感染两种细胞的特点。结果发现接种病毒后,Ｕ（９３７）细胞仅允许病毒短时间低滴度复制,培养上清中病毒滴度在１２天内降至测不出水平,细胞经过１～２周后增殖受抑、死亡增多,然后又逐渐恢复;用ＬＰＳ持续刺激则能提高病毒感染滴度,延长感染时间,形成短期持续感染。ＨＳＢ＿２细胞允许病毒复制至较高滴度,呈现急性杀细胞性感染;用ＰＨＡ持续刺激也不改变细胞感染的特点。     

以重组人巨细胞病毒pp65制备的多克隆抗体建立检测感染性病毒颗粒方法

人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)活动性感染是造成器官移植失败的重要原因。建立灵敏、特异的检测方法可为及早发现感染、及时给予抗病毒治疗提供依据。以离子交换和分子筛方法纯化重组表达的HCMVpp65(rp65hp)抗原,经两步纯化后,rp65hp纯度达到95%。免疫家兔制备的抗血清,ELISA抗体滴度高达1∶2560000;免疫印迹证明能与HCMVpp65抗原特异反应。将HCMV病毒感染细胞,以纯化的多克隆抗体建立了间接免疫荧光法,成功地检测到细胞中的病毒。因此,该方法为临床检测HCMV病毒活动性感染奠定了良好的基础。     

Infection of human dendritic cells by dengue virus causes cell maturation and cytokine production

Dengue virus (DV) infection is a major problem in public health. It can cause fatal diseases such as Dengue hemorrhagic fever and Dengue shock syndrome. Dendritic cells (DC) are professional APCs required for establishing a primary immune response. Here, we investigated the role of human PBMC-derived DC in DV infection. Using different techniques, including plaque assay, flow cytometry analysis, nested RT-PCR, and confocal microscope and electron microscope examinations, we show that DV can enter cultured human DC and produce virus particles. After entrance, DV could be visualized in cystic vesicles, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum. The DV-infected DC also showed proliferation and hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum as well as the swollen mitochondria. In addition, the DV-stimulated DC could express maturation markers such as B7-1, B7-2, HLA-DR, CD11b, and CD83. Furthermore, the infection of DC by DV induced production of TNF-alpha and IFN-alpha, but not IL-6 and IL-12. Although DC underwent spontaneous apoptosis in the absence of feeding cytokines, this process appeared to be delayed after DV infection. Our observations provide important information in understanding the pathogenesis of DV infection.     

Role of dendritic cells in antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection

Dengue viruses (DV), composed of four distinct serotypes (DV1 to DV4), cause 50 to 100 million infections annually. Durable homotypic immunity follows infection but may predispose to severe subsequent heterotypic infections, a risk conferred in part by the immune response itself. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), a process best described in vitro, is epidemiologically linked to complicated DV infections, especially in Southeast Asia. Here we report for the first time the ADE phenomenon in primary human dendritic cells (DC), early targets of DV infection, and human cell lines bearing Fc receptors. We show that ADE is inversely correlated with surface expression of DC-SIGN (DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin) and requires Fc gamma receptor IIa (FcgammaRIIa). Mature DC exhibited ADE, whereas immature DC, expressing higher levels of DC-SIGN and similar FcgammaRIIa levels, did not undergo ADE. ADE results in increased intracellular de novo DV protein synthesis, increased viral RNA production and release, and increased infectivity of the supernatants in mature DC. Interestingly, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6), but not IL-10 and gamma interferon, were released in the presence of dengue patient sera but generally only at enhancement titers, suggesting a signaling component of ADE. FcgammaRIIa inhibition with monoclonal antibodies abrogated ADE and associated downstream consequences. DV versatility in entry routes (FcgammaRIIa or DC-SIGN) in mature DC broadens target options and suggests additional ways for DC to contribute to the pathogenesis of severe DV infection. Studying the cellular targets of DV infection and their susceptibility to ADE will aid our understanding of complex disease and contribute to the field of vaccine development.     

The envelope glycoprotein domain III of dengue virus serotypes 1 and 2 inhibit virus entry

Dengue virus (DV) is a flavivirus and its urban transmission is maintained largely by its mosquito vectors and vertebrate host, often human. In this study, investigation was carried out on the involvement of domain III of the envelope (E) glycosylated protein of dengue virus serotypes 1 and 2 (DV-1 and DV-2 DIII) in binding to host cell surfaces, thus mediating virus entry. Domain III protein of flavivirus can also serve as an attractive target in inhibiting virus entry. The respective DV DIII proteins were expressed as soluble recombinant fusion proteins before purification through enzymatic cleavage and affinity purification. The purified recombinant DV-1 and DV-2 DIII proteins both demonstrated the ability to inhibit the entry of DV-1 and DV-2 into HepG2 cells and C6/36 mosquito cells. As such, the DV DIII protein is indeed important for the interaction with cellular receptors in both human and mosquito cells. In addition, this protein induced antibodies that completely neutralized homologous dengue serotypes although not with the same efficiency among the heterologous serotypes. This observation may be of importance when formulating a generic vaccine that is effective against all dengue virus serotypes.     

Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN)-mediated enhancement of dengue virus infection is independent of DC-SIGN internalization signals

Dengue virus (DV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes hemorrhagic fever in humans. In the natural infection, DV is introduced into human skin by an infected mosquito vector where it is believed to target immature dendritic cells (DCs) and Langerhans cells (LCs). We found that DV productively infects DCs but not LCs. We show here that the interactions between DV E protein, the sole mannosylated glycoprotein present on DV particles, and the C-type lectin dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) are essential for DV infection of DCs. Binding of mannosylated N-glycans on DV E protein to DC-SIGN triggers a rapid and efficient internalization of the viral glycoprotein. However, we observed that endocytosis-defective DC-SIGN molecules allow efficient DV replication, indicating that DC-SIGN endocytosis is dispensable for the internalization step in DV entry. Together, these results argue in favor of a mechanism by which DC-SIGN enhances DV entry and infection in cis. We propose that DC-SIGN concentrates mosquito-derived DV particles at the cell surface to allow efficient interaction with an as yet unidentified entry factor that is ultimately responsible for DV internalization and pH-dependent fusion into DCs.     

TRAIL is a novel antiviral protein against dengue virus

Dengue fever is an important tropical illness for which there is currently no virus-specific treatment. To shed light on mechanisms involved in the cellular response to dengue virus (DV), we assessed gene expression changes, using Affymetrix GeneChips (HG-U133A), of infected primary human cells and identified changes common to all cells. The common response genes included a set of 23 genes significantly induced upon DV infection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and B cells (analysis of variance, P < 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), one of the common response genes, was identified as a key link between type I and type II interferon response genes. We found that DV induces TRAIL expression in immune cells and HUVECs at the mRNA and protein levels. The induction of TRAIL expression by DV was found to be dependent on an intact type I interferon signaling pathway. A significant increase in DV RNA accumulation was observed in anti-TRAIL antibody-treated monocytes, B cells, and HUVECs, and, conversely, a decrease in DV RNA was seen in recombinant TRAIL-treated monocytes. Furthermore, recombinant TRAIL inhibited DV titers in DV-infected DCs by an apoptosis-independent mechanism. These data suggest that TRAIL plays an important role in the antiviral response to DV infection and is a candidate for antiviral interventions against DV.     

Human skin Langerhans cells are targets of dengue virus infection

Dengue virus (DV), an arthropod-borne flavivirus, causes a febrile illness for which there is no antiviral treatment and no vaccine. Macrophages are important in dengue pathogenesis; however, the initial target cell for DV infection remains unknown. As DV is introduced into human skin by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, we undertook experiments to determine whether human dendritic cells (DCs) were permissive for the growth of DV. Initial experiments demonstrated that blood-derived DCs were 10-fold more permissive for DV infection than were monocytes or macrophages. We confirmed this with human skin DCs (Langerhans cells and dermal/interstitial DCs). Using cadaveric human skin explants, we exposed skin DCs to DV ex vivo. Of the human leukocyte antigen DR-positive DCs that migrated from the skin, emigrants from both dermis and epidermis, 60-80% expressed DV antigens. These observations were supported by histologic findings from the skin rash of a human subject who received an attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine. Immunohistochemistry of the skin showed CD1a-positive DCs double-labeled with an antibody against DV envelope glycoprotein. These data demonstrate that human skin DCs are permissive for DV infection, and provide a potential mechanism for the transmission of DV into human skin.     

Dendritic-cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin is essential for the productive infection of human dendritic cells by mosquito-cell-derived dengue viruses

Dengue virus (DV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes haemorrhagic fever in humans. DV primarily targets immature dendritic cells (DCs) after a bite by an infected mosquito vector. Here, we analysed the interactions between DV and human-monocyte-derived DCs at the level of virus entry. We show that the DC-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) molecule, a cell-surface, mannose-specific, C-type lectin, binds mosquito-cell-derived DVs and allows viral replication. Conclusive evidence for the involvement of DC-SIGN in DV infection was obtained by the inhibition of viral infection by anti-DC-SIGN antibodies and by the soluble tetrameric ectodomain of DC-SIGN. Our data show that DC-SIGN functions as a DV-binding lectin by interacting with the DV envelope glycoprotein. Mosquito-cell-derived DVs may have differential infectivity for DC-SIGN-expressing cells. We suggest that the differential use of DC-SIGN by viral envelope glycoproteins may account for the immunopathogenesis of DVs.     

Selective Susceptibility of Human Skin Antigen Presenting Cells to Productive Dengue Virus Infection

Dengue is a growing global concern with 390 million people infected each year. Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted by mosquitoes, thus host cells in the skin are the first point of contact with the virus. Human skin contains several populations of antigen-presenting cells which could drive the immune response to DENV in vivo: epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), three populations of dermal dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages. Using samples of normal human skin we detected productive infection of CD14⁺ and CD1c⁺ DCs, LCs and dermal macrophages, which was independent of DC-SIGN expression. LCs produced the highest viral titers and were less sensitive to IFN-β. Nanostring gene expression data showed significant up-regulation of IFN-β, STAT-1 and CCL5 upon viral exposure in susceptible DC populations. In mice infected intra-dermally with DENV we detected parallel populations of infected DCs originating from the dermis and migrating to the skin-draining lymph nodes. Therefore dermal DCs may simultaneously facilitate systemic spread of DENV and initiate the adaptive anti-viral immune response.     

Immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells are productively infected with herpes simplex virus type 1

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) have developed several immunoevasive strategies. Here we demonstrate a novel mechanism by which HSV type 1 may interfere with the immune response through infection of immature dendritic cells (DC) and selective downmodulation of costimulatory molecules. In our study we show productive infection of immature monocyte-derived DC, which closely resemble sessile Langerhans cells, by sequential expression of immediate-early, early, and late viral proteins and of glycoprotein D mRNA, as well as production of infectious virus of moderate titers. Infection was cytopathic, with the progressive loss of 20 to 45% of cells from 24 to 48 h after infection, with no more than 80% of DC found to be infected. These results are in contrast to those of previous findings of nonpermissive or abortive infection of monocytes and mature monocyte-derived DC. Infection of immature DC also led to selective and asynchronous downregulation of CD1a, CD40, CD54 (ICAM-1) (12 h postinfection), CD80 (24 h postinfection), and CD86 (48 h postinfection) but not of CD11c or major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules when compared to DC exposed to UV-inactivated virus. Thus, we propose that productive infection of epidermal Langerhans cells in vivo may lead to delayed activation of T cells, allowing more time for replication of HSV type 1 in epidermal cells.