基于皱皮软海绵宏基因组的PKS基因筛选的研究

提取皱皮软海绵及其共附生微生物的宏基因组总DNA,使用聚酮合酶(PKS)基因的酮酰合酶(KS)域引物PCR扩增PKS基因片段获得一条671bp的片段,以pUCm-T vector为载体将该基因片段克隆到大肠杆菌中,从阳性克隆中分离出PKS基因片段,测序推导出氨基酸序列。通过BLAST比对发现此氨基酸序列与红细菌目的Rhodobacterales bacterium PKS基因KS域的氨基酸序列有96%的同源性。通过基于氨基酸序列的系统发育分析,推测此筛选得到的PKS基因属于trans-AT型。本文首次证实了皱皮软海绵中存在细菌来源的PKS基因。     

东海洋山港沿岸土壤、海水样本中Ⅰ型PKS基因的初步筛选鉴定与功能分析

为考察土壤和海水中Ⅰ型聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase,PKS)基因的多样性和差异,本研究自行设计了一套针对PKS基因中酮缩合酶(ketosynthase,KS)片段的简并引物,使用PCR方法直接克隆东海洋山港沿岸土壤和海水DNA样本中的KS片段,去除重复序列后,共获得了23条不同的KS片段(长度为630 bp～690 bp),提交GenBank皆获登录号,其中19条来自土壤(DQ640993,DQ640997、DQ641926、DQ641927、DQ673137～DQ673151),4条来自海水(DQ673151,EF554859～EF554861),由核苷酸序列推断出的氨基酸序列保守,与GenBank中已知KS基因片段的相似度在45%到85%之间,种系发生分析表明,其中14条KS片段(来源于海水的KS片段皆在其中)应来源于典型的KS群,而剩余9条则来源于杂合的PKSmRPS(Non-ribosomalpeptide synthetase.非核糖体多肽合成酶)群.另外,几条KS基因特征明显,可用于进一步的研究.     

四种红树植物根际土壤微生物Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型PKS基因的检测与多样性分析

[目的]探究红树林土壤中聚酮合酶(Polyketide synthase,PKS)基因的多样性和新颖性.[方法]用Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型PKS基因酮基合成酶(Ketosynthase,KS)域的简并引物对海南清澜港红树林海莲、黄槿、银叶、老鼠簕4种红树根际土壤样品中DNA进行PCR扩增,之后利用PCR-限制性酶切片段多样性(PCR-RFLP)和测序分析法对Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型PKS基因的多样性进行探讨.[结果]对得到的72条Ⅰ型PKS基因的酮基合成酶(Ketosynthase,KS)域DNA序列进行PCR-RFLP分析,共得到51个可操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic unit,OTUs),其中37个OTUs为单克隆产生,没有明显的优势OTU.选取了26个代表不同OTU的克隆进行测序分析,这些序列与GenBank中已知序列的最大相似率均未超过85％. KS域氨基酸序列的系统发育分析显示,所得KS域来源广泛,包括蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和一些未可培养细菌;对55条PKSⅡ基因KS域DNA序列的PCR-RFLP分析后共得到25个OTUs,有两个明显的优势OTUs,代表的克隆子数所占比例超过10％.[结论]PCR-RFLP分析表明红树林根际土壤中存在着丰富多样的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型PKS基因,且前者多样性更高;低的序列相似度表明所获得的PKSⅠ基因KS域序列独特;系统发育分析表明得到的PKSⅠ基因来源广泛.     

竹黄菌中一个聚酮合酶基因的初步研究

目的:从竹黄菌Shiraia sp.SUPER-H168中扩增出一个聚酮合酶的编码基因g4 PKS,并扩增出其中一段酮基合成酶(KS)基因片段,构建表达载体p ColdⅡ-KS,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达。方法:从竹黄菌Shiraia sp.SUPER-H168中提取基因组DNA和总RNA后,采用RT-PCR方法扩增获得目的片段g4 PKS,克隆至p MD18-T进行保存。以T载体为模板,利用引物KSfor/KSrev扩增KS基因片段,构建原核表达载体p ColdⅡ-KS,并将重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达。结果:成功获得g4 PKS基因;成功构建表达载体p ColdⅡ-KS,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中成功表达出了目的蛋白。结论:成功构建出了表达载体p ColdⅡ-KS,表达出目的蛋白。     

紫菜外生细菌抑菌活性及其多聚酮合酶(PKS Ⅰ)基因筛选

[目的]基于紫菜外生细菌抑菌活性的研究,本文对具有广谱抑菌活性的菌株进行了多聚酮合酶(Polyketide synthase Ⅰ,PKS Ⅰ)基因的筛选,以期获得PKS Ⅰ阳性菌株及探讨紫菜藻际微生物区系细菌的拮抗机制与PKS Ⅰ途径的关系.[方法]利用琼脂柱法筛选出具广谱抑菌活性的菌株31株,以其基因组DNA为模板,设计引物扩增酮基合成酶(Ketosynthase, KS)片段基因并将其克隆到pMD19-T Vector,筛选出PKS Ⅰ阳性菌,进行16S rDNA测序分析.[结果]紫菜外生细菌表现出广谱抑菌性.从温州病烂紫菜外生菌中筛选出3株具强抑菌活性的PKS Ⅰ阳性菌,BLAST比对结果显示:菌株WPhG3、WPySw1和WPySw2扩增得到PKS Ⅰ的KS结构域核苷酸序列所对应的氨基酸序列与Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168(NP. 389602)、Bacillussubtilis (ABR19776)和Aspergillus carbonarius(AAZ99721)的PKS Ⅰ的KS结构域的同源性分别达到98%、99%和98%;16S rDNA系统发生学分析显示它们均与Bacillus的同源性最高.[结论]紫菜藻际微生物群落组成复杂,通过多条途径调节藻际微生物区系的平衡.PKS Ⅰ途径可能是温州病烂紫菜外生菌Bacillus表现抑菌活性的一种方式.     

一个可介导链霉菌PKS基因 向植物转化的杂合质粒的构建

抗生素FR-008是由链霉菌FR-008所产生的一种七烯大环内酯类抗真菌抗生素。胡志浩等已克隆了长达约105kb的FR-008聚酮合酶(PKS)基因簇,对该基因簇中相邻于pabAB基因下游的3.8kbDNA进行序列分析,找到一个多功能聚酮合酶基因的起点,与数据库中蛋白质序列的比较分析揭示出一个尚未结束的大型开读框架的存在,它与抗细菌大环内酯类抗生素-红霉素生物合成所需的Ⅰ型聚酮合酶(PKS)基因中的乙酰转移酶(AT)和β-酮酰合酶(KS)的功能结构域显示出了高度的同源性,从分子水平上证实了FR-008抗生素由Ⅰ型PKS所合成。本实验将3.8kb中的编码聚酮合酶的部分开读框架通过基因工程的方法插入植物表达载体WRG2410上,从而成功构建了表达性质粒pHZ321。     

海洋链霉菌酮合成酶结构域基因的克隆及分析

海洋链霉菌通过聚酮合酶(PKS)合成许多结构和功能多样且具有药用价值的聚酮化合物(PKs),酮合成酶结构域(KS)作为PKS的核心结构域,可催化底物与伸长的聚酮之间的脱羧缩合,在聚酮化合物生物合成中起着重要作用。本文通过对从海洋链霉菌Streptomyces sp. X66基因组DNA克隆获得的ks基因的生物信息学分析表明,该ks基因序列长945 bp, BLAST序列比对显示其具有典型的酮合酶结构域的功能区域。理化分析显示其拟编码309个氨基酸,理论等电点为6.60,原子组成为C₁₄₀₁H₂₂₃₉N₄₂₅O₄₁₉S₈,不稳定指数为42.11,平均亲水系数为0.112,编码产物为酸性疏水不稳定蛋白,且不含信号肽和跨膜结构,二级结构以无规则卷曲和α-螺旋为主,SDS-PAGE显示其分子量约为55 kDa。通过对ks基因的研究,为进一步解析聚酮化合物合成代谢中的调控机制及组合生物学和体外酶系合成聚酮化合物提供参考。     

可培养海绵共附生微生物的PKS基因筛选

利用PCR技术对21株分离自我国南海澳大利亚厚皮海绵的放线菌及9株分离自贪婪倔海绵的芽孢杆菌进行了聚酮合酶(PKS)基因筛选。从芽孢杆菌C89中获得了一条669bp片段,BLAST比对结果表明该基因对应的氨基酸序列和枯草芽孢杆菌I型聚酮合成酶基因(PKS)KS域的相似性达96%。通过系统发育分析推测芽孢杆菌C89PKS基因属于trans-AT型。首次证明了贪婪倔海绵共附生微生物中存在PKS基因,这为海绵活性物质的微生物来源假说提供了证据;同时也为可以产生聚酮类化合物的微生物筛选以及聚酮类化合物的发酵制备奠定了基础。     

非无菌培养的微小卡罗藻次生代谢产物的细胞毒及其宏基因组酮基合成酶基因的筛选

目的：检测微小卡罗藻（Karlodinium micrum）粗提物的细胞毒活性,筛选其KS基因。方法：非无菌条件培养微小卡罗藻,用乙酸乙酯提取其粗产物,以脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）为目标细胞,测定粗提取物的细胞毒活性;运用分子生物学方法对多聚酮合酶（PKS）基因的酮基合成酶（KS）基因进行筛选,运用BLAST进行比对和系统发生树进行分析。结果：微小卡罗藻培养液粗产物具有细胞毒活性,IC50值为70．8μg／mL。KS基因筛选获得680bp的片段,并经测序推导出其氨基酸序列,该氨基酸序列与纤维多囊菌和点型念珠蓝细菌KS域的氨基酸序列同源性分别为60％和57％。结论：首次从非无菌培养的微小卡罗藻中筛选到PKS中KS域基因片段,为从中分离聚酮类化合物提供了基因学的依据。     

长松萝中一个聚酮合酶基因簇的克隆和鉴定

【目的】探索药用地衣长松萝(Usnea longissima Ach)聚酮化合物的生物合成基因簇,克隆聚酮合酶(PKS)基因并分析其功能。【方法】以长松萝地衣型真菌为材料,通过巢氏PCR获得聚酮合酶基因片段和原位杂交筛选基因组文库获得聚酮合酶基因及相邻基因簇。并对获得聚酮合酶进行分子系统进化分析和基因表达分析。【结果】获得药用地衣长松萝中的编码聚酮合酶基因UlPKS5的全长序列以及相邻修饰基因β-内酰胺酶和脱水酶。聚酮合酶UlPKS5含有酮体合成酶(KS),酰基转移酶(AT),产物模板(PT)以及酰基载体蛋白(ACP)结构域。分子系统进化分析显示UlPKS5属于非还原型聚酮合酶中第五组,与蒽醌类化合物生物合成相关。通过半定量RT-PCR分析表明山梨醇(10%)和蔗糖(2%和10%)能够强烈诱导UlPKS5基因表达。【结论】聚酮合酶(UlPKS5)及相邻修饰基因β-内酰胺酶和脱水酶与长松萝中蒽醌类化合物生物合成相关。     

Complementation and regulatory interaction between two cloned fimbrial gene clusters of Escherichia coli strain KS71

Summary Complementation experiments with cloned DNA fragments encoding either the KS71A, the KS71B or the KS71C fimbriae of the pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli strain KS71 were used to localise the P-fimbrillin genes and to demonstrate regulatory interactions between the cloned genes. The structural genes of the KS71A and KS71B fimbriae were located within a common 1.1 kilobase pair ClaI-SmaI fragment, and it was shown that the gene clusters for these fimbriae could complement each other in trans. The gene cluster encoding the KS71C fimbriae did not complement for the other KS71 fimbriae. A DNA fragment, located near the KS71A fimbrillin gene, was found to enhance the production of the KS71B fimbriae in trans.     

Physical genome map of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002.

A physical restriction map of the genome of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 was assembled from AscI, NotI, SalI, and SfiI digests of intact genomic DNA separated on a contour-clamped homogeneous electric field pulsed-field gel electrophoresis system. An average genome size of 2.7 x 10(6) bp was calculated from 21 NotI, 37 SalI, or 27 SfiI fragments obtained by the digestions. The genomic map was assembled by using three different strategies: linking clone analysis, pulsed-field fragment hybridization, and individual clone hybridization to singly and doubly restriction-digested large DNA fragments. The relative positions of 21 genes or operons were determined, and these data suggest that the gene order is not highly conserved between Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 and Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120.     

Targeting clusters of transferred genes in Thermotoga maritima

We screened a Thermotoga sp. strain RQ2 lambda library for genes present in that strain but absent from the closely related completely sequenced relative Thermotoga maritima strain MSB8, by using probes generated in an earlier genomic subtraction study. Five lambda insert fragments were sequenced, containing, respectively, an archaeal type ATPase operon, rhamnose biosynthetic genes, ORFs with similarity to an arabinosidase, a Thermotoga sp. strain RQ2-specific alcohol dehydrogenase and a novel archaeal Mut-S homologue. All but one of these fragments contained additional Thermotoga sp. strain RQ2-specific sequences not screened for, suggesting that many such strain-specific genes will be found clustered in the genome. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses, phylogenetic distribution and/or G + C content suggests that all the Thermotoga sp. strain RQ2 specific sequences in the sequenced lambda clones have been acquired by lateral gene transfer. We suggest that the use of strain-specific small insert clones obtained by subtractive hybridization to target larger inserts for sequencing is an efficient, economical way to identify environmentally (or clinically) relevant interstrain differences and novel gene clusters, and will be invaluable in comparative genomics.     

Cloning and comparison of the DNA encoding ammelide aminohydrolase and cyanuric acid amidohydrolase from three s-triazine-degrading bacterial strains.

DNA encoding the catabolism of the s-triazines ammelide and cyanuric acid was cloned from Pseudomonas sp. strain NRRLB-12228 and Klebsiella pneumoniae 99 with, as a probe, a 4.6-kb PstI fragment from a third strain, Pseudomonas sp. strain NRRLB-12227, which also encodes these activities. In strains NRRLB-12228 and 99 the ammelide aminohydrolase (trzC) and cyanuric acid amidohydrolase (trzD) genes are located on identical 4.6-kb PstI fragments which are part of a 12.4-kb DNA segment present in both strains. Strain NRRLB-12227 also carries this 12.4-kb DNA segment, except that a DNA segment of 0.8 to 1.85 kb encoding a third enzyme, ammeline aminohydrolase (trzB), has been inserted next to the ammelide aminohydrolase gene with the accompanying deletion of 1.1 to 2.15 kb of DNA. In addition, the s-triazine catabolic genes are flanked in strain NRRLB-12227 by apparently identical 2.2-kb segments that are not present in the other two strains and that seem to cause rearrangements in adjacent DNA.     

Identification of a nuclease and host restriction-modification in the unicellular, aerobic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp.

In the process of developing a gene transfer system for the marine, unicellular, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. strain BH68K, two major restriction barriers have been identified. A cell wall-associated nuclease exhibited non-site-specific degradation of covalently closed circular and linear double-stranded DNA molecules, including Cyanothece sp. strain BH68K chromosomal DNA. The nuclease is easily released from intact cells by using water or buffer containing Triton X-100. Nuclease activity was undetectable in cell extracts prepared from water-washed cells. Comparison of the restriction endonuclease susceptibility of Cyanothece sp. strain BH68K DNA to that of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 revealed that these organisms have a nearly identical pattern of restriction and therefore may contain similar systems for DNA methylation. Restriction by DpnI, MboI, and Sau3AI indicated the presence of adenine methylation. Cyanothece sp. strain BH68K cell extracts contain a type II restriction endonuclease, Csp68KI. The activity of Csp68KI was easily detected in cell extracts without extensive purification. Csp68KI is an isoschizomer of AvaII and recognizes the nucleotide sequence 5'-GG(A/T)CC-3'. Cleavage occurs between the guanosine nucleotides producing 3-bp 5' overhang ends.     

Minimal Streptomyces sp. strain C5 daunorubicin polyketide biosynthesis genes required for aklanonic acid biosynthesis.

The structure of the Streptomyces sp. strain C5 daunorubicin type II polyketide synthase (PKS) gene region is different from that of other known type II PKS gene clusters. Directly downstream of the genes encoding ketoacylsynthase alpha and beta (KS alpha, KS beta) are two genes (dpsC, dpsD) encoding proteins of unproven function, both absent from other type II PKS gene clusters. Also in contrast to other type II PKS clusters, the gene encoding the acyl carrier protein (ACP), dpsG, is located about 6.8 kbp upstream of the genes encoding the daunorubicin KS alpha and KS beta. In this work, we demonstrate that the minimal genes required to produce aklanonic acid in heterologous hosts are dpsG (ACP), dauI (regulatory activator), dpsA (KS alpha), dpsB (KS beta), dpsF (aromatase), dpsE (polyketide reductase), and dauG (putative deoxyaklanonic acid oxygenase). The two unusual open reading frames, dpsC (KASIII homolog lacking a known active site) and dpsD (acyltransferase homolog), are not required to synthesize aklanonic acid. Additionally, replacement of dpsD or dpsCD in Streptomyces sp. strain C5 with a neomycin resistance gene (aphI) results in mutant strains that still produced anthracyclines.     

Characterization of cytoplasmic fibril structures found in gliding cells of Saprospira sp

The cytoplasmic fibril structures of Saprospira sp. strain SS98-5 grown on a low-nutrient agar medium were purified from cell lysates treated with Triton X-100 and were observed by electron microscopy to be about 7 nm in width and 200-300 nm in length. SDS-PAGE of the fibril structures exhibited a single protein band with a molecular mass of 61 kDa. A Saprospira cytoplasmic fibril protein (SCFP), which is a subunit of the fibril structures, was digested with trypsin to oligopeptides and analyzed for amino acid sequences. A partial nucleotide sequence of the SCFP gene was determined after PCR using primers designated from the amino acid sequences of the oligopeptides. SCFP gene including DNA fragments were detected by Southern hybridization using the PCR product for an SCFP gene as a probe and were cloned to determine whole nucleotide sequences. The SCFP gene indicated relatively higher similarity to conserved hypothetical phage tail sheath proteins. A Western immunoblotting analysis showed that SCFP was significantly expressed in gliding cells as compared with nongliding cells. The above findings with the previously reported results suggest that the cytoplasmic fibril structures are possibly related to the gliding motility of Saprospira sp. strain SS98-5.     

DNA sequences required for the alkalophily of Bacillus sp. strain C-125 are located close together on its chromosomal DNA.

Two alkali-sensitive mutants of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain C-125 were obtained. Mutant 38154 showed defective regulation of internal pH. Plasmids pALK1 and pALK2, containing DNA fragments different from those of the parent strain, were able to recover alkalophily in mutants 18224 and 38154, respectively. DNA analysis suggested that the two fragments overlapped on the chromosomal DNA of strain C-125.