中国热带黏菌的已知种类

我国广东、广西、云南和台湾4省区的南部及海南、香港和澳门全境均在北回归线以南,属于地理上的热带。为了全面系统地开展我国热带地区黏菌资源的多样性和分类学研究,文中通过标本采集、鉴定和复核以及文献考证研究了已知的发生于中国热带地区的黏菌种类,对一些物种分类地位和名称变化进行了更新,同时记述了每个物种的生境和在我国热带地区的分布。结果表明:中国热带地区现知黏菌6目13科35属160种,其中,广东南部为23种,广西南部为61种,海南为33种,云南南部为67种,台湾南部为26种,香港为66种,澳门为10种。从黏菌的目级水平来看,中国热带地区现知黏菌鹅绒菌目1种,刺轴菌目5种,无丝菌目22种,团毛菌目32种,绒泡菌目73种,发网菌目27种。     

东喜马拉雅地区多孔菌区系和生态习性

对东喜马拉雅地区多孔菌区系和生态习性进行了分析,发现该地区多孔菌极为丰富,共有10目19科101属372种,其中优势科为多孔菌科和锈革孔菌科,优势属为木层孔菌属和多孔菌属。种的区系地理成分可以分为8类,其中北温带类型种类最多,表明东喜马拉雅地区多孔菌具有明显的北温带区系特征。该地区的多孔菌有常见种、偶见种、稀有种和濒危种分别为156、141、54和21个;有腐生菌304种、寄生菌49种、菌根菌19种。在寄主方面,能够生长在被子植物上的有256种,裸子植物上的有137种,既能生长在被子植物,也能生长在裸子植物上的有40种,地上生长的有19种。东喜马拉雅地区的裸子植物,特别是云杉属、松属和冷杉属树木对于多孔菌的生长更重要,因为生长在这些属树木上的多孔菌分别有71、68和51种,高于该地区被子植物其他属树木上的多孔菌。     

华东苏、浙、皖三省的黏菌物种

为了系统掌握我国北亚热带东部地区的黏菌物种资源多样性,在华东苏、浙、皖三省进行了黏菌的野外标本采集、室内湿室培养和鉴定分类研究。确定三省已知黏菌6目11科34属148种,其中,江苏省有黏菌6目11科28属108种,紫褐筛菌Cribraria languescens等12种为江苏省新记录种;浙江省有黏菌6目10科24属72种,橙黄半网菌Hemitrichia abietina等16种为浙江省新记录种;安徽省有黏菌6目10科28属92种,粉红双皮菌Diderma testaceum等15种为安徽省新记录种。本文还对一些物种分类地位和名称变化进行了订正,同时记述了每个物种的生境和在我国华东三省的分布。这一研究反映出亚热带地区黏菌多样性研究的巨大潜力,也丰富了对我国黏菌物种多样性组成和分布格局的认识。     

关于热带与亚热带的分界问题

我国的热带和亚热带的分界线应划在那里,各方面的意見很不一致。根据气候学的标准,凡年积温为8000℃的地区属于热带,則我国热带的界线应在北緯21.5°—22°的地方。有些人从植物分布着眼,认为有許多栽培的及野生的热带植物都分布到北回归线以北的地区,因此主张热带的界线划在北回归线以北。但是以植物成分作为划界的依据是有条件的,必須仔細分析。(1)被采用作为指示作用的热带植物必須是真正的热带成分。例如龙眼、荔枝并不是热带植物,更准确地说,它們是亚热带植物。它們都是我国南部的原产,具有较强的耐寒力。(2)真正的热带植物对温度的适应也有不同的幅度。三叶橡胶、椰子、可可、胡椒和油棕等是不能长期忍耐10℃以下的低温的,至于受到小气候的蔭蔽,那是另外一回事。     

中国海南省多孔菌区系组成和生态习性

对海南省的多孔菌区系组成和生态习性进行了分析,发现该地区多孔菌物种多样性十分丰富,共242种,隶属7目17科84属,优势科为多孔菌科、锈革孔菌科和灵芝科,优势属为木层孔菌属、灵芝属和多孔菌属,分别为28、14和13种。经过区系地理分析发现,海南省多孔菌以泛热带成分和北温带成分为主,表现出明显的泛热带特征。该地区的多孔菌常见种、偶见种和稀有种分别为102、95和45种。在寄主选择性方面,生长在被子植物上的有225种,裸子植物上38种,同时能够在被子植物和裸子植物上生长的有21种;在寄主专化性方面,218种为腐生菌,20种为寄生菌,4种共生菌;在腐朽类型方面,225种造成白色腐朽,占总种数的93%,17种造成褐色腐朽,占7%。     

中国多孔菌名录

本文中的多孔菌系指广义非褶菌目中具有孔状子实层体的种类,按照现代分类系统包括担子菌门中多孔菌目、锈革孔菌目、褐褶菌目、糙孢孔目、革菌目、糙孢革菌目和红菇目中孔状子实体的种类,还有伞菌目、阿太菌目、鸡油菌目和木耳目中个别属,如网孔菌属、胶孔菌属、榆孔菌属、牛排菌属和纵隔孔菌属等的种类。基于作者采集的1万余号标本和国内主要标本馆标本的研究,对中国多孔菌的种类进行了系统总结,目前有604种多孔菌发现于中国,多孔菌数量位居世界第一。对中国多孔菌的名称按新近研究成果和最新命名法规(维也纳法规)进行了订正。对121种新拟了汉语学名。     

长春地区黏菌区系特征

为调查长春地区黏菌资源的物种多样性,便于掌握长春地区黏菌资源情况,对长春地区的黏菌进行了为期3年的系统调查,共采集到标本2,000余份,通过形态特征鉴定为5目7科23属59种。团毛菌科、绒泡菌科和发网菌科为优势科,共计49种,占长春地区黏菌总种数的83.1%,科的数目占总科数的42.8%。团网菌属、半网菌属、团毛菌属、绒泡菌属和发网菌属为优势属,共计34种,占总种数的57.6%。从种的组成上可以划分为世界广布种（67.8%）,北温带分布种（10.17%）,东亚-北美洲间断分布种（5.08%）,温带-亚热带     

北回归线生态文化与中国北回归线地区生态农业学术论坛暨北回归线特色农产品鉴赏会召开

正2017年6月21日,由广东省生态学会、广州市从化区科学技术协会、广州市从化区文化广电新闻出版局、广州市从化区农业局等单位联合主办的"北回归线生态文化与中国北回归线地区生态农业学术论坛暨北回归线特色农产品鉴赏会"在广州市从化区隆重举行。来自中国北回归线沿线五个省区(台、闽、粤、桂、滇)等地的专家代表近200人共聚一堂,围绕五省区生态农业建设和相关资源优势互补与共享,富有中国北回归     

最新研究发现北极狐500万年前起源于青藏高原

正青藏高原拥有在北极和南极圈之外地球上最大面积的冻土和冰川,也被称为"世界第三极"。生活在青藏高原高寒地带的哺乳动物与南北极动物同样拥有适应低温的厚重皮毛,而且其中的食肉类也较其他地区具有更强的猎食性。在西藏札达古动物群被报道之前,普遍认为现生的北极圈哺乳动物起源于广袤的全北区(即北回归线以北的北半球大部分地区)。然而,中     

发网菌目黏菌子实体微量元素的初步分析

运用能散X-射线微区分析技术研究了发网菌目黏菌代表种的子实体的微量元素组成,结果表明:分属于7属的7种供试发网黏菌子实体囊被上的微量元素组成存在差异。尽管在显微镜下观察不到可见的如绒泡菌目黏菌子实体中存在的石灰质颗粒,但其中的钙元素所占比例均仍较高。同时,元素组成上的差异与子实体的颜色没有相关性。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor