高通量测序研究浓香型酒醅的细菌菌群多样性及共变性

高通量测序研究河南三个不同酒厂的浓香型酒醅的细菌微生物菌群,逐次在门、纲、目、科和属5个水平上分析入窖酒醅和出窖酒醅的菌群多样性,探究酒醅发酵后菌群的共性变化规律。结果表明:浓香型酒醅在门水平上的优势菌为厚壁菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、异常球菌 栖热菌门。在属水平上的优势菌有乳杆菌属、肠杆菌属、短波单胞菌属、克罗彭施泰特氏菌属、节杆菌属、糖多孢菌属、葡萄球菌属。浓香型酒醅发酵后细菌菌群的物种多样性降低,厚壁菌门、杆菌纲、乳杆菌目、乳杆菌科、乳杆菌属的相对丰度增加,而变形菌门、γ 变形菌纲、肠杆菌目、肠杆菌科、肠杆菌属的相对丰度降低。高通量测序研究充分展示了浓香型酒醅的细菌菌群多样性,显示了浓香型酒醅发酵后细菌菌群的共性变化规律。     

高温海藻床中微生物的分离鉴定及其耐热、耐盐特性研究

【目的】对印度洋卡利安达岛海洋热泉周边的高温海藻床中的微生物进行分离培养和16S rDNA种属鉴定,并研究其耐热和耐盐特性。【方法】采集海藻床中马尾藻、沉积物和海水样品,采用MGYTC培养基,分别于55°C和30°C对样品中的微生物进行培养和分离纯化;采用16S rDNA鉴定种属并构建进化树;研究培养温度和盐度对几种菌株生长的影响。【结果】共获得4个纲、9个属的12种菌株,与已知种属的相似度高于98%。芽孢杆菌纲嗜热放线菌科2个属的菌株和芽孢杆菌属菌株在55°C培养时获得,为嗜热菌株;其中高温放线糖莱斯菌(Laceyella sacchari)和热噬淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thermoamylovorans)可以在0 90的盐度范围生长。γ-变形菌纲希瓦氏属的Shewanella upenei、Shewanella algidipiscicola和鲍希瓦氏菌(Shewanella haliotis)可适应30°C 55°C的生长环境。【结论】研究获得的菌株,具有耐热、耐盐或对温度适应范围广等特性,有望成为生物技术领域的新资源;分离获得的Tepidibacter formicigenes,深海微小杆菌(Exiguobacterium profundum)和魔鬼弧菌(Vibrio diabolicus)曾被报道来源于深海热液区,这对于阐明海洋热泉与深海热液环境的内在联系提供了参考。     

基于“肠道菌群―肠―脑轴”探讨风痰闭阻型耐药性癫痫患者的肠道菌群特点

目的 分析风痰闭阻型耐药性癫痫患者肠道微生物群的组成特点。方法 选取湖北省中西医结合医院13名风痰闭阻型耐药性癫痫患者作为观察对象,13名匹配的健康人作为对照进行研究,采用粪便基因组DNA检测,对数据进行生物信息学分析,探索风痰闭阻型耐药性癫痫人肠道菌群的结构组成特征,并进行血清炎性因子分析及相关性分析。结果在风痰闭阻型耐药性癫痫患者中观察到更高的微生物alpha丰富度,且病例组人群粪便中检测的变形菌门、γ-变形菌纲、肠杆菌目、肠杆菌科、埃希―志贺菌属、梭杆菌门、梭杆菌纲、梭杆菌目、梭杆菌科、梭杆菌属丰度较对照组增加,拟杆菌门、拟杆菌纲、拟杆菌目、栖粪杆菌属丰度较对照组减少（LDA值>4,P<0.05）。风痰闭阻型耐药性癫痫患者体内血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8水平显著增加,血清IL-10水平显著降低,且变形菌门、γ-变形菌纲、埃希―志贺菌属与血清TNF-α水平呈正相关,拟杆菌门、拟杆菌纲、拟杆菌目、栖粪杆菌属与血清TNF-α水平呈负相关;埃希―志贺菌属与血清IL-1β水平呈正相关,梭杆菌门、梭杆菌纲、梭杆菌目、梭杆菌科、梭杆菌属与血清IL-6水平呈正相关;...     

野生及温室盆栽蕙兰可培养根内生细菌的遗传多样性

惠兰(Cymbidium faberi)是中国兰属代表种之一,具有很高的观赏价值和经济价值,对其内生细菌进行研究不仅可以丰富植物内生细菌资源,还可以为探讨兰花与微生物之间的相互作用关系提供基础数据。本研究采用分离培养方法及16S r RNA基因序列测定对天目山野生蕙兰、在温室培养1年后的蕙兰根内生细菌遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明:从野生蕙兰根内分离得到的97株细菌分属于变形菌门的α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲及厚壁菌门的13个属,其最优势类群为γ-变形菌纲(86.60%),Lelliottia(26.80%)为最优势菌属。从温室盆栽蕙兰根内分离得到的52株细菌分属于变形菌门的α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲及放线菌门的9个属,优势类群为β-变形菌纲(48.08%),优势菌属为草螺菌属(Herbaspirillum)(34.62%),其中菌株eh R17为潜在的新种。这些结果表明天目山野生蕙兰可培养根内生细菌多样性较其在温室培养1年后更为丰富,同时也说明植物内生细菌的群落结构与生长环境密切相关。     

地杆菌：驱动厌氧生物地球化学循环的“多面手”

地杆菌属隶属于δ变形菌纲、地杆菌科,为革兰氏阴性严格厌氧微生物,是一类广泛分布于水体沉积物、土壤和多种地下厌氧环境中的异化铁还原菌。地杆菌可通过多种途径参与厌氧环境中碳、氮、铁等元素生物地球化学循环,具有“多面手”特性,如通过碳分解代谢分解乙酸等小分子有机酸或芳香族化合物、或碳固定利用甲酸、一氧化碳等一碳化合物以及通过胞外电子传递驱动产甲烷菌产甲烷参与碳循环过程;通过硝酸盐异化还原成氨(DNRA)、固氮作用以及与反硝化菌建立互营关系参与氮循环过程;表达多种内膜醌脱氢酶ImcH、CbcL和CbcAB、外膜细胞色素C及导电纳米线,通过直接接触或在电子穿梭体和螯合剂的协助下实现胞外多种Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物的还原而参与铁循环过程。地杆菌的“多面手”特性,使其在多种环境中生存并占据着厌氧环境中重要的生态位,并成为驱动厌氧环境中生物地球化学循环的引擎。本文介绍了地杆菌的代谢特征及分布情况,揭示其在碳、氮、铁元素生物地球化学循环中的作用,并系统分析了地杆菌“多面手”的特性。本文有利于加深对地杆菌驱动的关键元素生物地球化学循环的认识,为理解地杆菌在自然环境中产生的环境效应提供夯实的理论基础,将推动地杆菌在...     

西藏黄绿卷毛菇生境土壤微生物群落组成

牧草外生菌根菌黄绿卷毛菇Floccularia luteovirens具有较高的生态和经济价值,其生境微生物对其菌丝生长、菌根化和子实体形成具有促进作用。本研究利用高通量测序技术对西藏黄绿卷毛菇菌窝土壤及其周围无菇土壤微生物群落组成进行分析,挖掘促进黄绿卷毛菇生长的有益微生物资源。结果显示,西藏黄绿卷毛菇生境土壤细菌隶属于17门22纲116目161科227属,其中酸杆菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门和疣微菌门累计比例高达81.75%;生境土壤真菌隶属于5门17纲34目55科61属,子囊菌门和担子菌门累计比例高达80.89%。对比周围无菇土壤的微生物群落,促进黄绿卷毛菇生长的潜在细菌类群为Flavisolibacter、黄杆菌属Flavobacterium、芽单胞菌属Gemmatimonas、Haliangium、赛格特杆菌Segetibacter和鞘氨醇单胞菌属Sphingomonas;促进黄绿卷毛菇生长的潜在真菌类群为斜盖伞属Clitopilus、丝膜菌属Cortinarius、被孢霉属Mortierella和毛霉属Mucor。土壤微生物促进黄绿卷毛菇生长繁殖的机制有待进一步研究。     

坛紫菜养殖周期中的藻际微生物多样性

摘要:【目的】坛紫菜是我国江浙海区栽培地主要经济藻类。观察紫菜养殖过程中藻际微生物的群落特点及变化,研究藻际环境中的微生物因素在紫菜栽培中的作用,为保证紫菜健康生长及病害防治提供理论与实验基础。【方法】采用传统纯培方法和PCR-DGGE 技术分离归类坛紫菜养殖周期中的藻际微生物,并利用16SrDNA (细菌)和18S rDNA(真菌)序列测定及在线BLAST比对鉴定到属,比较分析不同生长阶段、不同养殖海区及养殖过程的坛紫菜藻际微生物的多样性特点。【结果】在坛紫菜养殖过程中总共分离到467株细 菌,共41个属。分类结果显示藻际细菌归属于变形菌门(Alphaproteobacteria和Gammaproteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),优势菌群为α-变形菌纲和γ-变形菌纲。分离到55株真菌,共15个属。分类结果显示绝大多数真菌归属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota),仅1株归属于担子菌门(Basidiomycota)伞菌纲(Agaricomycetes)。细菌多样性大于真菌。坛紫菜藻际细菌有19个特异菌属,对照海水细菌有13个特异菌属;从丝状体中分离到大部分真菌和放线菌,坛紫菜养殖丝状体和不同叶状体养殖阶段的藻际微生物类别差异明显。在分离的坛紫菜藻际微生物中发现了与引起细菌性红烂病的海科贝特菌(Cobetia marina)、引起白斑病的紫菜茎点菌(Phoma porphyrae)高度相似的菌株,以及与典型的腐霉如镰孢霉菌(Fusarium sp.)和曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)高度相似的菌株。【结论】坛紫菜养殖过程中藻际微生物的多样性受到紫菜生长形态、养殖时间及养殖环境等因素的影响。在藻际微生物中发现与紫菜致病菌高度相似的微生物,作为潜在致病微生物应得到重视。     

云南省蒙自酸性矿山排水微生物群落结构和功能

为探究酸性矿山排水生态系统不同环境中的微生物群落和功能,全面了解酸性矿山排水的形成和发展规律,采用高通量测序技术研究云南省蒙自某矿区酸矿水坑和周边溪水中的原核微生物群落组成,并结合样本理化特征分析影响群落结构的主要因素,进而解析菌群的环境功能。研究发现酸矿水坑中主要有广古菌门、变形菌门(包括α、γ和δ变形菌纲)、硝化螺菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门等类群,与周边溪水的群落结构具有明显差异。群落多样性与pH呈显著正相关,而热原体纲(Thermoplasmata)与pH呈负相关,可对群落结构起主导作用。酸矿水坑不同样本中均具有高丰度的亚铁原体属Ferroplasma (6.60%–86.34%),酸硫杆菌属Acidithiobacillus是酸矿水和沉积泥中主要的铁、硫氧化细菌,而专性铁氧化的钩端螺旋菌属Leptospirillum的丰度较低,铁卵形菌属Ferrovum几乎只存在于酸矿水中;此外,嗜酸或耐酸的异养菌广泛分布于酸矿水和沉积泥中,它们可促进铁、硫氧化菌的生长及催化矿石溶解。结果表明,pH通过影响微生物多样性和菌群分布而对酸性矿山排水环境微生物群落结构造成重大影响。     

青海湖嗜盐微生物系统发育与种群多样性

青海湖是我国境内最大的内陆咸水湖泊,水体中嗜盐微生物的生存现状尚不明确。本研究利用OSM培养基(Oesterhelt-Stoeckenius medium),从湖域生境水样中富集和分离获得嗜盐微生物35株,以中度嗜盐菌为主,约占62.9%(22株);轻度嗜盐菌次之,约占22.9%(8株);耐盐菌与非嗜盐菌分别占11.4%(4株)和2.9%(1株)。根据16SrDNA序列的系统发育分析表明,γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)菌株最多,约占68.6%(24株);芽孢杆菌纲次之,约占17.1%(6株);放线菌纲、α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria,1株)和散囊菌亚纲(Eurotiomycetidae,1株)的类群相对较少。这些嗜盐菌属于14个属,其中以海洋螺菌目盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)为优势种群,共计10株;其次为海单胞菌属(Marinomonas),共4株。中度嗜盐菌盐单胞菌属应为青海湖嗜盐菌的优势种群,可能因为相对偏低的盐度环境,为其长期进化和适应性生存提供了必要条件。     

好氧反硝化微生物多样性及其反硝化功能初步研究

为研究污水厂/养殖池中好氧反硝化微生物的多样性及菌株反硝化能力,本研究采集了位于福建省厦门市和漳州市的污水处理厂、排污口、污水池、对虾养殖池的污水和污泥样品进行好氧反硝化微生物的富集、分离、鉴定和功能筛选。分别以NaNO3、NaNO2作为唯一氮源共分离纯化获得128株单菌。其中以NaNO3为唯一氮源分离得到63株,以NaNO2为唯一氮源分离得到65株。16SrRNA基因序列分析表明,128株单菌分属于γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,58.6%)、芽胞杆菌纲(Bacilli,6.4%)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria,11.7%)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,8.6%)、纤维菌纲(Cytophagia,2.3%)、鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteria,0.8%)和黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria,1.6%)7个纲中的38个属。其中盐单胞菌属(Halomonas,29.7%)和芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus,12.5%)为优势菌属,并且广泛存在于各个样品中。反硝化功能初筛结果表明,35株菌能在72h内将20mg·L-1 NO-3-N/NO-2-N完全去除;复筛结果表明,21株菌能在72h内将100 mg·L-1 NO-3-N/NO-2-N完全去除,并且盐单胞菌属、卓贝尔氏菌属(Zobellella)、斯塔普氏菌属(Stappia)及节杆菌属(Arthrobactor)反硝化效果较好,其中斯塔普氏属是首次报道具有好氧反硝化功能。本研究结果表明,污水场/养殖池等环境中可培养反硝化细菌多样性丰富,同时高效反硝化菌的获得也为含氮废水的生物处理提供了良好的菌种资源。     

异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原微生物研究进展

铁是地壳中含量第四丰富的元素,微生物介导的异化铁还原是自然界中Fe(Ⅲ)还原的主要途径。介绍了Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌的分类及多样性,总结了Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌还原铁氧化物机制及其产能代谢机制,概述了Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌的生态环境意义,并对未来Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌的分子生态学研究方向提出了探索性的建议。     

Dissimilatory Reduction of Fe(III) by Thermophilic Bacteria and Archaea in Deep Subsurface Petroleum Reservoirs of Western Siberia

Twenty-five samples of stratal fluids obtained from a high-temperature (60–84°C) deep subsurface (1700–2500 m) petroleum reservoir of Western Siberia were investigated for the presence of dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms. Of the samples, 44% and 76% were positive for Fe(III) reduction with peptone and H₂ respectively as electron donors. In most of these samples, the numbers of culturable thermophilic H₂-utilizing iron reducers were in the order of 10–100 cells/ml. Nine strains of thermophilic anaerobic bacteria and archaea isolated from petroleum reservoirs were tested for their ability to reduce Fe(III). Eight strains belonging to the genera Thermoanaerobacter, Thermotoga, and Thermococcus were found capable of dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction, with peptone or H₂ as electron donor and amorphous Fe(III) oxide as electron acceptor. These results demonstrated that Fe(III) reduction may be a common feature shared by a wide range of anaerobic thermophiles and hyperthermophiles in deep subsurface petroleum reservoirs. Received: 1 March 1999 / Accepted: 5 April 1999     

Differences in Fe(III) reduction in the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrobaculum islandicum, versus mesophilic Fe(III)-reducing bacteria

The discovery that all hyperthermophiles that have been evaluated have the capacity to reduce Fe(III) has raised the question of whether mechanisms for dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction have been conserved throughout microbial evolution. Many studies have suggested that c-type cytochromes are integral components in electron transport to Fe(III) in mesophilic dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms. However, Pyrobaculum islandicum, the hyperthermophile in which Fe(III) reduction has been most intensively studied, did not contain c-type cytochromes. NADPH was a better electron donor for the Fe(III) reductase activity in P. islandicum than NADH. This is the opposite of what has been observed with mesophiles. Thus, if previous models for dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction by mesophilic bacteria are correct, then it is unlikely that a single strategy for electron transport to Fe(III) is present in all dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms.     

异化铁还原细菌Clostridium sp.LQ25分离及其产氢与铁还原特性

[背景] 一些异化铁还原细菌兼具铁还原和发酵产氢能力,可作为发酵型异化铁还原细菌还原机制研究的对象。[目的] 筛选出一株发酵型异化铁还原细菌。在异化铁还原细菌培养体系中,设置不同电子供体并分析电子供体。[方法] 通过三层平板法从海洋沉积物中筛选纯菌株,基于16S rRNA基因序列进行菌株鉴定。通过测定细菌培养液Fe （II）浓度及发酵产氢量分析菌株异化铁还原和产氢性质。[结果] 菌株LQ25与Clostridium butyricum的16S rRNA基因序列相似性达到100%,结合电镜形态观察,菌株命名为Clostridium sp.LQ25。在氢氧化铁为电子受体培养条件下,菌株生长较对照组（未添加氢氧化铁）显著提高。菌株LQ25能够利用丙酮酸钠、葡萄糖和乳酸钠进行生长。丙酮酸钠为电子供体时,菌株LQ25细胞生长和异化铁还原效率最高,菌体蛋白质含量是（78.88±3.40） mg/L,累积产生Fe （II）浓度为（8.27±0.23） mg/L。以葡萄糖为电子供体时,菌株LQ25发酵产氢量最高,达（475.2±14.4） mL/L,相比对照组（未添加氢氧化铁）产氢量提高87.7%。[结论] 筛选到一株具有异化铁还原和发酵产氢能力的菌株Clostridium sp.LQ25,为探究发酵型异化铁还原细菌胞外电子传递机制提供了新的实验材料。     

Sulfate reduction in coastal ecosystems

The diversity and activity of dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria was investigated in acidic, ochre-precipitating springs on Mam Tor, East Midlands, UK. The springs at this acid rock drainage site are located below a 3000 year old landslip, where biooxidation of exposed pyrite-containing minerals has resulted in the production of metal-laden acidic waters. A diverse microbial community was found downstream in the sediments dominated by Fe(III) minerals, and included close relatives to known acidophilic (Acidimicrobium and Acidiphilium) and neutraphilic (Geobacter and Pelobacter) Fe(III)-reducing bacteria. Analysis by XRD and TEM confirmed the presence of both amorphous and well-defined Fe(III) mineral phases in the sediments including lepidocrocite, goethite and schwertmannite. Microcosm-based experiments demonstrated that the bioavailable Fe(III) was reduced under anaerobic conditions, concomitant with sulphate release. XRD analysis suggested that schwertmannite (an iron sulphate hydroxide) was utilized preferentially by the Fe(III)-reducing bacteria, leading to the release of sulphate. Although the microcosms contained sufficient concentrations of naturally occurring electron donor to sustain significant levels of Fe(III) reduction, this process was stimulated by the addition of glycerol and complex electron donors. Thus, the acidic Fe(III)-containing sediments contain a diversity of DIRBs that can be stimulated by the addition of electron donor as a first step in the reversal of acid rock and acid mine drainage contamination.     

Growth of iron(III)-reducing bacteria on clay minerals as the sole electron acceptor and comparison of growth yields on a variety of oxidized iron forms

Smectite clay minerals are abundant in soils and sediments worldwide and are typically rich in Fe. While recent investigations have shown that the structural Fe(III) bound in clay minerals is reduced by microorganisms, previous studies have not tested growth with clay minerals as the sole electron acceptor. Here we have demonstrated that a pure culture of Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 as well as enrichment cultures of Fe(III)-reducing bacteria from rice paddy soil and subsurface sediments are capable of conserving energy for growth with the structural Fe(III) bound in smectite clay as the sole electron acceptor. Pure cultures of S. oneidensis were used for more detailed growth rate and yield experiments on various solid- and soluble-phase electron acceptors [smectite, Fe(III) oxyhydroxide FeOOH, Fe(III) citrate, and oxygen] in the same minimal medium. Growth was assessed as direct cell counts or as an increase in cell carbon (measured as particulate organic carbon). Cell counts showed that similar growth of S. oneidensis (10(8) cells ml(-1)) occurred with smectitic Fe(III) and on other Fe forms [amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide, and Fe citrate] or oxygen as the electron acceptor. In contrast, cell yields of S. oneidensis measured as the increase in cell carbon were similar on all Fe forms tested while yields on oxygen were five times higher, in agreement with thermodynamic predictions. Over a range of particle loadings (0.5 to 4 g liter(-1)), the increase in cell number was highly correlated to the amount of structural Fe in smectite reduced. From phylogenetic analysis of the complete 16S rRNA gene sequences, a predominance of clones retrieved from the clay mineral-reducing enrichment cultures were most closely related to the low-G+C gram-positive members of the Bacteria (Clostridium and Desulfitobacterium) and the delta-Proteobacteria (members of the Geobacteraceae). Results indicate that growth with smectitic Fe(III) is similar in magnitude to that with Fe(III) oxide minerals and is dependent upon the mineral surface area available. Iron(III) bound in clay minerals should be considered an important electron acceptor supporting the growth of bacteria in soils or sedimentary environments.     

海洋沉积物中铁还原细菌组成及异化铁还原与产氢性质分析

【背景】一些铁还原细菌具有异化铁还原与产氢的能力,该类细菌在环境污染修复的同时能够解决能源问题。【目的】从海洋沉积物中富集获得异化铁还原菌群,明确混合菌群组成、异化铁还原及产氢性质。获得海洋沉积物中异化铁还原混合菌群组成,分析菌群异化铁还原和产氢性质。【方法】利用高通量测序技术分析异化铁还原菌群的优势菌组成,在此基础上,分析异化铁还原混合菌群在不同电子供体培养条件下异化铁还原能力和产氢性质。【结果】高通量数据表明,在不溶性氢氧化铁为电子受体和葡萄糖为电子供体厌氧培养条件下,混合菌群的优势菌属主要是梭菌(Clostridium),属于发酵型异化铁还原细菌。混合菌群能够利用电子供体蔗糖、葡萄糖以及丙酮酸钠进行异化铁还原及发酵产氢。葡萄糖为电子供体时,菌群累积产生Fe(Ⅱ)浓度和产氢量最高,分别是59.34±6.73 mg/L和629.70±11.42 mL/L。【结论】异化铁还原混合菌群同时具有异化铁还原和产氢能力,拓宽了发酵型异化铁还原细菌的种质资源,探索异化铁还原细菌在生物能源方面的应用。     

The Impact of Fe(III)-reducing Bacteria on Uranium Mobility

The ability of specialist prokaryotes to couple the oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of Fe(III) is widespread in the subsurface. Here microbial Fe(III) reduction can have a great impact on sediment geochemistry, affecting the minerals in the subsurface, the cycling of organic compounds and the mobility of a wide range of toxic metals and radionuclides. The contamination of the environment with radioactive waste is a major concern worldwide, and this review focuses on the mechanisms by which Fe(III)-reducing bacteria can affect the solubility and mobility of one of the most common radionuclide contaminants in the subsurface, uranium. In addition to discussing how these processes underpin natural biogeochemical cycles, we also discuss how these microbial activities can be harnessed for the bioremediation of uranium-contaminated environments.     

Anaerobic benzene degradation

Although many studies have indicated that benzene persists under anaerobic conditions in petroleum-contaminated environments, it has recently been documented that benzene can be anaerobically oxidized with most commonlyconsidered electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration. These include: Fe(III),sulfate, nitrate, and possibly humic substances. Benzene can also be convertedto methane and carbon dioxide under methanogenic conditions. There is evidencethat benzene can be degraded under in situ conditions in petroleum-contaminatedaquifers in which either Fe(III) reduction or methane production is the predominant terminal electron-accepting process. Furthermore, evidence from laboratory studies suggests that benzene may be anaerobically degraded in petroleum-contaminated marine sediments under sulfate-reducing conditions. Laboratory studies have suggested that within the Fe(III) reduction zone of petroleum-contaminated aquifers, benzene degradation can be stimulated with the addition of synthetic chelators which make Fe(III) more available for microbial reduction. The addition of humic substances and other compounds that contain quinone moieties can also stimulate anaerobic benzene degradation in laboratory incubations of Fe(III)-reducing aquifer sediments by providing an electron shuttle between Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms and insoluble Fe(III) oxides. Anaerobic benzene degradation in aquifer sediments can be stimulated with the addition of sulfate, but in some instances an inoculum of benzene-oxidizing,sulfate-reducing microorganisms must also be added. In a field trial, sulfate addition to the methanogenic zone of a petroleum-contaminated aquifer stimulated the growth and activity of sulfate-reducing microorganisms and enhanced benzene removal. Molecular phylogenetic studies have provided indications of what microorganisms might be involved in anaerobic benzene degradation in aquifers. The major factor limiting further understanding of anaerobic benzene degradation is the lack of a pure culture of an organism capable of anaerobic benzene degradation.     

水稻土中铁还原菌多样性

微生物介导的异化Fe(III) 还原是非硫厌氧环境中Fe(III) 还原生成Fe(II) 的主要途径,然而相关的铁还原菌还不是很清楚,特别是在水稻土中.本文采用富集培养的方法,以乙酸和氢气作为电子供体,水铁矿和针铁矿作为电子受体,通过末端限制性片段长度多态性（T-RFLP）技术和16S rRNA基因克隆测序相结合的分子生物学方法研究了水稻土中铁还原菌的多样性.结果表明：无论是以乙酸或氢气为电子供体,水铁矿或针铁矿为电子受体,地杆菌（Geobacter）和梭菌（Clostridiales）是富集到的主要微生物群落;乙酸为电子供体时,富集到的主要微生物群落还包括红环菌（Rhodocyclaceae）;因此,除地杆菌外,梭菌和红环菌很可能也是水稻土中重要的铁还原菌.