臭椿酮抑制急性骨髓性白血病细胞恶性生物学行为的研究

为了探讨臭椿酮（ailanthone,AIL）对急性骨髓性白血病（acute myelogenous leukemia,AML）细胞恶性生物学行为的影响,用不同浓度（0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2 μmol·L^-1）的AIL处理对数生长期的HL-60细胞,将miR-449a mimic质粒、mimic对照质粒、miR-449a inhibitor质粒、inhibitor对照质粒分别转染至未经任何处理的HL-60细胞,并用1.0 μmol·L^-1浓度的AIL处理细胞24 h。采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖水平,细胞划痕实验检测细胞迁移水平,Transwell小室法检测细胞侵袭水平,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡水平,qRT-PCR法检测miR-449a mRNA表达水平,Western blot法检测磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）、磷酸化PI3K（p-PI3K）、蛋白激酶B（AKT）、磷酸化AKT（p-AKT）蛋白表达水平。结果显示,AIL干预后HL-60细胞增殖抑制率、凋亡率升高,细胞迁移率及细胞侵袭数降低（P<0.05）,miR-449a mRNA表达量升高（P<0.05）。过表达miR-449a可以抑制HL-60细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭,并诱导细胞凋亡（P<0.05）,抑制miR-449a的表达可以起到逆转AIL抑制HL-60细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭,诱导细胞凋亡的作用（P<0.05）。AIL能够显著降低HL-60细胞中p-PI3K/PI3K和p-AKT/AKT比值（P<0.05）,抑制miR-449a表达可以逆转AIL对HL-60细胞p-PI3K/PI3K和p-AKT/AKT比值的下调作用（P<0.05）。结果表明,AIL可通过上调miR-449a抑制AML细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,并诱导细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路有关。结果表明,AIL有望成为AML治疗的候选药物。     

PI3K/AKT途径在大肠埃希菌诱导U937细胞凋亡中的作用

目的探讨PI3K/AKT信号转导通路在大肠埃希菌（Escherichia coli,E.coli）诱导的人巨噬细胞系U937细胞凋亡中的作用。方法利用Western blot分析检测E.coli感染不同时间后磷酸化及非磷酸化AKT的表达;预先用不同浓度的LY294002（PI3K途径抑制剂）处理U937细胞60min,观察E.coli感染30min后U937细胞的凋亡情况。结果随着感染时间的延长,磷酸化AKT的表达逐渐下降。加入PI3K的抑制剂LY294002后,U937细胞的凋亡率逐渐升高。结论PI3K/AKT信号转导通路参与了E. coli诱导的U937细胞凋亡过程。LY294002通过特异性地抑制PI3K/AKT活性增加E.coli诱导的U937细胞凋亡率。     

EGCG通过PI3-K/Akt信号通路诱导人甲状腺乳头状癌细胞K1增殖和凋亡的影响

研究表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)通过PI3-K/Akt信号通路对人甲状腺乳头状癌细胞K1增殖和凋亡的影响。利用MTT法研究不同剂量EGCG对K1细胞的增殖作用;采用流式细胞术分析EGCG对K1细胞周期和凋亡影响;Westernblot方法检测分析EGCG对人甲状腺乳头状癌K1细胞PI3-K、Akt/p-Akt、mTOR、cyclin D1、CDK4、Bcl-2/Bad、cleaved-caspase-3蛋白表达影响。MTT结果显示EGCG作用后K1细胞增殖显著受到抑制,且表现出明显的剂量依赖性和时间依赖性(P0.001);流式细胞术结果显示EGCG能够将K1细胞阻滞于G1期,并且产生剂量依赖性诱导K1细胞凋亡(P0.001);Westernblot结果显示EGCG能够上调K1细胞促凋亡蛋白Bad及cleaved-caspase-3的表达,下调PI3-K、mTOR、cyclin D1、CDK4蛋白表达,降低AKT蛋白磷酸化及抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达(P0.05)。结果证明,EGCG能够通过PI3-K/Akt信号通路,诱导G1阻滞及细胞凋亡,抑制人甲状腺乳头状癌细胞K1增殖。     

siRNA沉默Survivin基因对鼻咽癌CNE-2细胞凋亡的影响

合成Survivin小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)序列,用于转染人鼻咽癌细胞株CNE2,体外观察Survivin siRNA转染后CNE-2细胞Survivin mRNA、蛋白的表达、细胞增殖和凋亡情况。设计合成3段特异性Survivin siRNA,用siRNA转染鼻咽癌CNE-2细胞株,设置空白对照和阴性对照组,通过Real-time PCR检测CNE-2细胞的Survivin mRNA相对表达量,Western blotting检测Survivin蛋白的表达,流式细胞术及原位细胞凋亡检测转染后细胞凋亡情况。siRNA转染CNE-2细胞后,siRNA 1组和3组mRNA表达抑制率分别为(68.46±7.94)%、(49.44±3.78)%,siRNA 2组结果无显著差异(p0.05)。蛋白相对表达量只有siRNA 1组降低,表达抑制率为(30.61±2.47)%,流式细胞术和原位细胞凋亡检测转染后CNE-2细胞数量明显降低,细胞凋亡比例增高。siRNA干扰沉默Survivin基因能有效抑制CNE-2细胞的增殖和诱导细胞凋亡。本研究为Survivin基因可能作为治疗鼻咽癌的一个靶点,为Survivin基因沉默可能是治疗鼻咽癌高效的途径提供体外实验支持。     

TRPM7调控PI3K/AKT通路对人脑血管外膜成纤维细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

人脑血管外膜成纤维细胞(HBVAFs)的异常增殖参与了血管增殖性疾病的发生发展。该研究探讨TRPM7(transient receptor potential melastatin 7)能否通过调控PI3K/AKT信号通路影响HBVAFs增殖和凋亡。体外培养HBVAFs细胞,分为如下几组:parental(正常培养HBVAFs细胞)、si-NC、si-TRPM7、si-NC+IGF-1(PI3K/AKT信号通路激活剂)、si-TRPM7+IGF-1。通过qRT-PCR法检测TRPM7 mRNA表达;CCK-8法检测细胞增殖能力;流式细胞术检测细胞周期及凋亡情况;Western blot法检测目的蛋白水平。结果显示,si-TRPM7转染可显著降低HBVAFs细胞中TRPM7 mRNA和蛋白表达水平(P0.001);与si-NC组比较,si-TRPM7组细胞增殖活力下降(P0.001),细胞G_0～G_1期细胞比率上升(P0.001),S期细胞比率下降(P0.001),周期调控蛋白CCND1、CDK2、CDK4水平均明显下降(P0.001),凋亡百分比增加(P0.001),Bcl-2、p-PI3K及p-AKT蛋白表达下降(P0.001),Bax、cleaved caspase-3及Cytochrome c蛋白表达增加(P0.001);而PI3K/AKT信号通路激活剂IGF-1处理可有效逆转si-TRPM7介导的上述改变(P0.001)。这些结果提示,干扰TRPM7表达可通过抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路激活发挥抑制HBVAFs细胞增殖并诱导凋亡的作用,为TRPM7作为血管增殖性疾病的治疗靶点提供理论依据。     

基于PI3K/AKT通路研究槲皮素对柯萨奇病毒B3诱导心肌细胞损伤的保护作用

柯萨奇病毒B3(Coxsackievirus B3,CVB3)是引起病毒性心肌炎的主要病毒株,能够通过激活氧化应激及细胞凋亡来引起心肌细胞损伤。槲皮素是具有抗氧化、抗凋亡作用的黄酮类化合物,已经在CVB3感染小鼠中被证实能够减轻心肌损伤,但槲皮素是否直接在心肌细胞中抑制CVB3引起的氧化应激及凋亡尚未明确。本研究的目的是基于PI3K/AKT通路研究槲皮素对CVB3诱导心肌细胞损伤及氧化应激、凋亡的调节作用。本研究将原代培养新生SD大鼠的心肌细胞,分为不感染CVB3的对照组、感染CVB3的CVB3组、感染CVB3并用槲皮素处理的槲皮素组、感染CVB3并用槲皮素及PI3K抑制剂LY294002处理的槲皮素+LY组。检测CVB3基因组RNA、细胞活力OD_(490nm)值及凋亡率、培养基中天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量、细胞中bcl-2、bax、裂解型caspase-3、磷酸化PI3K、磷酸化AKT的表达量。结果显示,槲皮素组中CVB3的基因组RNA与CVB3组比较无差异(P0.05),凋亡率、培养基中AST、LDH、MDA的含量、细胞中bax、裂解型caspase-3的表达量均明显低于CVB3组(P0.05),OD_(490nm)值、培养基中SOD的含量、细胞中bcl-2、磷酸化PI3K、磷酸化AKT的表达量明显高于CVB3组(P0.05);槲皮素+LY组中CVB3的基因组RNA与槲皮素组比较无差异(P0.05),凋亡率、培养基中AST、LDH、MDA的含量、细胞中bax、裂解型caspase-3的表达量均明显高于槲皮素组(P0.05),OD_(490nm)值、培养基中SOD的含量、细胞中bcl-2、磷酸化PI3K、磷酸化AKT的表达量明显低于槲皮素组(P0.05)。本研究揭示,槲皮素能够减轻CVB3诱导的心肌细胞损伤、氧化应激及凋亡,且该作用与激活PI3K/AKT通路有关。     

补骨脂素抑制膀胱癌T24细胞增殖和迁移的作用及机制研究

目的探讨补骨脂素对人膀胱癌T24细胞存活率、细胞周期、细胞凋亡和迁移的影响及其分子机制。 方法分别用细胞培养液、3‰二甲基亚砜（DMSO）和不同浓度（10、30、50、100 μg/mL）补骨脂素处理膀胱癌细胞分成对照组、DMSO组和补骨脂素组,CCK-8检测细胞存活率。流式细胞术检测细胞周期和细胞凋亡。划痕实验检测划痕愈合率。RT-qPCR法检测磷脂酰肌醇3激酶（PI3K）和蛋白激酶B （AKT） mRNA表达水平、Western blot法检测PI3K和AKT蛋白的表达及磷酸化情况。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验。 结果与DMSO组比较,除10 μg/mL补骨脂素作用24 h外,其余浓度补骨脂素作用不同时间的细胞存活率随着补骨脂素浓度增高、作用时间延长而逐渐降低（P < 0.05）。与DMSO组比较,30、100 μg/mL补骨脂素干预24 h后,G1期细胞比例增多,G2/M期比例减少,细胞凋亡率[（9.16±0.97）%、（15.45±1.57）%比（1.02±0.36）%]升高,划痕愈合率[24 h：（45.00±3.44）%、（27.60±2.21）%比（66.10±2.61）%,48 h：（70.00 ± 3.40）%、（45.17±2.44）%比（85.17±3.85）%]降低,PI3K、AKT mRNA表达以及PI3K、AKT蛋白表达水平和磷酸化水平均降低（P均< 0.05）。 结论补骨脂素降低膀胱癌细胞存活率、阻滞细胞周期、诱导细胞凋亡和抑制细胞迁移,其机制可能与下调PI3K、AKT mRNA、蛋白表达及磷酸化水平有关。     

姜黄素作用PTEN/PI3K/AKT通路诱导食管癌EC109细胞凋亡

目的:研究姜黄素作用食管癌的分子机制。方法:体外培养人食管癌细胞(EC109),15~120μmol/L姜黄素处理后,采用CCK-8法检测姜黄素对细胞的增殖抑制作用,透射电镜观察细胞超微结构,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞凋亡,流式细胞术分析15~120μmol/L姜黄素作用EC109细胞后PTEN/PI3K/AKT通路相关蛋白PTEN、AKT、GSK3β和Caspase 3的表达水平。结果:CCK-8检测结果姜黄素能显著抑制EC109细胞的增殖,呈剂量和时间效应关系;透射电镜和激光共聚集显微镜观察发现姜黄素能使EC109细胞发生凋亡;流式细胞仪蛋白水平分析显示姜黄素可增强细胞中PTEN、GSK3β和Caspase 3的表达,抑制AKT的表达。结论:姜黄素抑制EC109细胞的增殖并促进其凋亡的生物学效应与增强PTEN的表达抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路有关。     

紫草素对人肝癌HepG2细胞增殖的抑制及诱导凋亡作用

目的:观察紫草素抑制人肝癌HepG2细胞增殖及凋亡诱导的作用。方法:用不同浓度的紫草素处理HepG2细胞,MTT检测紫草素对HepG2细胞生长增殖的抑制作用;比色法测定Caspase-3酶活性;Western blot法检测磷酸化Akt蛋白(pAkt)的表达。结果:紫草素能够抑制人肝癌HepG2细胞的增殖,并呈浓度、时间依赖性,紫草素与HepG2细胞作用24小时后Caspase-3酶活性显著增强,显示紫草素诱导的调亡作用随时间的延长而增加;同时,紫草素处理HepG2细胞后,随着药物浓度的增加,磷酸化Akt蛋白表达下降。结论:紫草素可抑制人肝癌细胞HepG2的增殖,诱导HepG2细胞凋亡,凋亡机制可能与紫草素抑制PI3K/Akt信号途径有关。     

苦参碱对鼻咽癌细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因p53的表达研究

目的：探讨苦参碱对体外培养的人鼻咽癌细胞增殖、凋亡及凋亡相关基因p53 mRNA和蛋白表达的影响,初步探讨苦参碱诱导人鼻咽癌细胞凋亡的可能机制。方法：采用MTT法检测不同浓度苦参碱（0、0.25、0.5、1、1.5、2 mg/ml）对CNE1、CNE2细胞增殖的影响;采用荧光定量PCR法检测这些浓度的苦参碱处理48 h后CNE2细胞p53 mRNA的变化;Western Blot检测其蛋白的变化情况。结果：MTT结果显示苦参碱具有抑制CNE1、CNE2细胞体外增殖作用,其抑制率存在浓度、时间依赖性。荧光定量PCR及Western Blot检测结果显示,苦参碱抑制CNE2细胞p53 mRNA和蛋白的表达,且亦呈浓度依赖性。结论：苦参碱抑制CNE2细胞的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,呈现浓度、时间依赖性,其作用与抑制CNE2细胞中p53基因和蛋白的表达密切相关。     

Wnt3a regulates proliferation,apoptosis and function of pancreatic NIT‐1 beta cells via activation of IRS2/PI3K signaling

Wnt‐signaling pathway is implicated in pancreatic development and functional regulation of mature beta‐cells. Wnt3a/Wnt pathway activation expands islet cell mass in vitro by increasing proliferation and decreasing apoptosis of beta‐cells, thereby enhancing its function. However, the signaling pathways that mediate these effects remain unknown. By using a clonal beta‐cell line (NIT‐1), we examined the role of IRS2/PI3K in the mediation of Wnt3a‐stimulated beta‐cell growth. Real‐time PCR and Western blot were employed to investigate the activity of Wnt/β‐catenin and IRS2/PI3K signaling. Proliferation of NIT‐1 cells was assessed by BrdU incorporation, and apoptosis was quantitatively determined by TUNEL and flow cytometry (FCM). Dkk1, an inhibitor of Wnt signaling, and wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI3K, were also used. Results showed that Wnt3a rapidly activated Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, promoted IRS2 expression and Akt phosphorylation in NIT‐1 cells. These effects were completely abrogated by Dkk1 or partially eliminated by wortmannin. Wnt3a also promoted NIT‐1 cell proliferation, inhibited cytokine‐induced beta‐cell apoptosis, and increased insulin secretion. Both of these effects were also eliminated by Dkk1 or wortmannin. Our results demonstrated that Wnt3a regulates proliferation, apoptosis and enhances function of pancreatic NIT‐1 beta cells via activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, involving crosstalk with IRS2/PI3K signaling, with the effect of Wnt signaling on beta‐cells also being IRS2/PI3K/AKT dependent. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1488–1497, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

PI3K/AKT抑制剂渥曼青霉素对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

为探寻PI3K/AKT抑制剂渥曼青霉素(Wortmannin,WM)对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖和凋亡均无影响的适宜浓度,文章首先分离并验证了猪原代前体脂肪细胞的分化潜能,然后对不同浓度渥曼青霉素处理11 d的细胞采用Annexin V-FITC/PI双标法检测细胞凋亡,并通过凋亡相关基因的表达以及DNA损伤程度进行验证,同时利用甲烷硫代磺酸盐(Methanethiosulfonate,MTS)检测了细胞的增殖活性。结果表明,100 nmol/L渥曼青霉素对猪前体脂肪细胞的增殖和凋亡均无显著影响,而200 nmol/L的渥曼青霉素对猪原代脂肪细胞的增殖活性虽没有显著影响,但对细胞凋亡有显著促进作用。研究发现,处理后促凋亡因子caspase8和TNFR1表达显著上调,非caspase依赖促凋亡因子GZMA表达无显著性差异,而GZMB表达则显著上调,抗凋亡因子Bcl-x1表达显著上调,cFLIP表达则无显著性差异。100 nmol/L的渥曼青霉素对细胞DNA的损伤不显著。因此,100 nmol/L的渥曼青霉素对猪前体脂肪细胞的增殖和凋亡均无显著影响,是在不影响细胞生长的情况下研究PI3K通路对脂肪细胞分化的较为理想的浓度。     

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT1 pathway involvement in drug and all-trans-retinoic acid resistance of leukemia cells

Disruption of the apoptotic pathways may account for resistance to chemotherapy and treatment failures in human neoplastic disease. To further evaluate this issue, we isolated a HL-60 cell clone highly resistant to several drugs inducing apoptosis and to the differentiating chemical all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). The resistant clone displayed an activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT1 pathway, with levels of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate higher than the parental cells and increased levels of both Thr 308 and Ser 473 phosphorylated AKT1. In vitro AKT1 activity was elevated in resistant cells, whereas treatment of the resistant cell clone with two inhibitors of PI3K, wortmannin or Ly294002, strongly reduced phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate levels and AKT1 activity. The inhibitors reversed resistance to drugs. Resistant cells overexpressing either dominant negative PI3K or dominant negative AKT1 became sensitive to drugs and ATRA. Conversely, if parental HL-60 cells were forced to overexpress an activated AKT1, they became resistant to apoptotic inducers and ATRA. There was a tight relationship between the activation of the PI3K/AKT1 axis and the expression of c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 proteins. Activation of the PI3K/AKT1 axis in resistant cells was dependent on enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K, conceivably due to an autocrine insulin-like growth factor-I production. Our findings suggest that an up-regulation of the PI3K/AKT1 pathway might be one of the survival mechanisms responsible for the onset of resistance to chemotherapeutic and differentiating therapy in patients with acute leukemia.     

大蒜阿霍烯抗胃癌的作用及分子机制*

目的: 探讨大蒜阿霍烯对胃癌细胞MGC-803的作用及相关分子机制。方法: 终浓度分别为0、1、5、25和125 μmol/L大蒜阿霍烯作用于细胞MGC-803 24 h、48 h和72 h,各设3复孔,MTS法检测细胞增殖活性,JC-1和Hoechst染色法观察线粒体膜电位和核型改变,LDH释放法检测细胞毒性,流式法分析细胞的凋亡和周期改变,RT-qPCR和Western blot检测P53、Caspase-3、RAS、ERK、BCL-2、AKT、mTOR、PI3K基因的表达,同时,取4周龄雄性BALB/C鼠随机分成5组,20只/组,腹股沟皮下接种胃癌细胞MGC-803,2 d后各组分别经皮下注射浓度为0 μmol/L、1 μmol/L、5 μmol/L、25 μmol/L、125 μmol/L的大蒜阿霍烯,0.1 ml/次,隔天注射一次,并于首次注射肿瘤细胞的第20日每组杀10只,取瘤组织,称重。记录剩余小鼠的存活期,观察大蒜阿霍烯对荷瘤小鼠胃癌生长及生存期的影响。结果: 大蒜阿霍烯可明显抑制MGC-803细胞增殖活性,诱导细胞凋亡(P＜0.01),显著上调P53、Caspase-3、BAX基因的转录和表达水平,抑制基因RAS、ERK1、BCL-2、AKT、mTOR和PI3K的表达(P＜0.01),显著抑制小鼠胃癌移植瘤生长,并延长荷瘤小鼠存活期(P＜0.01)。结论: 大蒜阿霍烯对胃癌有治疗作用,可通过调节PI3K-AKT-mTOR、RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK信号通路而抑制胃癌细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡。     

Hepatocyte growth factor and keratinocyte growth factor enhance IL-1-induced IL-8 secretion through different mechanisms in Caco-2 epithelial cells

A variety of cytokines have been detected in inflamed intestinal mucosal tissues, including the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1 (IL-1), along with growth factors involved in wound healing processes such as proliferation and cell migration. However, little is known about how IL-1 and growth factors interact with intestinal epithelial cells to regulate the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8). Previously, we have shown that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) could significantly enhance IL-1-stimulated IL-8 secretion by the Caco-2 colonic epithelial cell line, yet HGF, by itself, did not stimulate IL-8 secretion. In this report, a second growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), was also found to significantly enhance IL-1-induced IL-8 secretion by Caco-2 cells, yet KGF, by itself, also had no effect. Simultaneous addition of both IL-1 and KGF was also required for the enhancing effect. Treatment of the Caco-2 cells with wortmannin or triciribine suppressed the enhancing effect of HGF, suggesting that the effect was mediated by signaling through phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and the kinase AKT. The enhancing effect of KGF was not affected by wortmannin, but was suppressed by triciribine, suggesting that the effect of KGF was through a PI3K-independent activation of AKT. These results suggest that the growth factors HGF and KGF may play a role in enhancing IL-1-stimulated production of IL-8 by epithelial cells during mucosal inflammations. However, the mechanism by which the growth factors enhance the IL-1 response may be through different initial signaling pathways.     

PER1 suppresses glycolysis and cell proliferation in oral squamous cell carcinoma via the PER1/RACK1/PI3K signaling complex

There is increasing evidence that the core clock gene Period 1 (PER1) plays important roles in the formation of various tumors. However, the biological functions and mechanism of PER1 in promoting tumor progression remain largely unknown. Here, we discovered that PER1 was markedly downregulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Then, OSCC cell lines with stable overexpression, knockdown, and mutation of PER1 were established. We found that PER1 overexpression significantly inhibited glycolysis, glucose uptake, proliferation, and the PI3K/AKT pathway in OSCC cells. The opposite effects were observed in PER1-knockdown OSCC cells. After treatment of PER1-overexpressing OSCC cells with an AKT activator or treatment of PER1-knockdown OSCC cells with an AKT inhibitor, glycolysis, glucose uptake, and proliferation were markedly rescued. In addition, after treatment of PER1-knockdown OSCC cells with a glycolysis inhibitor, the increase in cell proliferation was significantly reversed. Further, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and cycloheximide (CHX) chase experiment demonstrated that PER1 can bind with RACK1 and PI3K to form the PER1/RACK1/PI3K complex in OSCC cells. In PER1-overexpressing OSCC cells, the abundance of the PER1/RACK1/PI3K complex was significantly increased, the half-life of PI3K was markedly decreased, and glycolysis, proliferation, and the PI3K/AKT pathway were significantly inhibited. However, these effects were markedly reversed in PER1-mutant OSCC cells. In vivo tumorigenicity assays confirmed that PER1 overexpression inhibited tumor growth while suppressing glycolysis, proliferation, and the PI3K/AKT pathway. Collectively, this study generated the novel findings that PER1 suppresses OSCC progression by inhibiting glycolysis-mediated cell proliferation via the formation of the PER1/RACK1/PI3K complex to regulate the stability of PI3K and the PI3K/AKT pathway-dependent manner and that PER1 could potentially be a valuable therapeutic target in OSCC.Subject terms: Oral cancer, Cell growth, RNAi     

P13K／AKT信号转导通路与人舌鳞癌细胞TCA8113顺铂耐药的相关性研究

目的：探讨P13K特异性抑制剂LY294002逆转顺铂耐药口腔鳞癌细胞TCA8113／CDDP的可行性。方法：采用间歇性加药,逐步递增CDDP药量,体外连续诱导培养TCA8113／CDDP细胞;用不同浓度的LY294002和顺铂处理TCA8113和TCA8113／CDDP细胞;MTT法观察对细胞增殖的影响,Western印迹分析LY294002作用前后p-Akt、Akt、P13K蛋白的表达。结果：建立了舌鳞癌耐药细胞TCA8113／CDDP,耐药指数为7．7;MTT实验显示LY294002对TCA8113和TCA8113／CDDP细胞的抑制作用与浓度及作用时间呈正相关;LY294002联合顺铂对2种细胞的抑制作用比单用顺铂效果好;P13K、Akt、P—AKT蛋白表达明显降低,其中TCA8113／CDDP细胞中P13K、AKT、p-AKT蛋白的表达比TCA8113细胞明显增多（P〈0．05）。结论：LY294002能增加耐药口腔鳞癌顺铂化疗的敏感性。     

Vascular endothelial growth factor up-regulates ICAM-1 expression via the phosphatidylinositol 3 OH-kinase/AKT/Nitric oxide pathway and modulates migration of brain microvascular endothelial cells

Endothelium of the cerebral blood microvessels, which constitutes the major component of the blood-brain barrier, controls leukocyte and metastatic cancer cell adhesion and trafficking into the brain parenchyma. In this study, using rat primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC), we demonstrate that the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent promoter of angiogenesis, up-regulates the expression of the intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) through a novel pathway that includes phosphatidylinositol 3 OH-kinase (PI3K), AKT, and nitric oxide (NO), resulting in the migration of BMEC. Upon VEGF treatment, AKT is phosphorylated in a PI3K-dependent manner. AKT activation leads to NO production and release and activation-deficient AKT attenuates NO production stimulated by VEGF. Transfection of the constitutive myr-AKT construct significantly increased basal NO release in BMEC. In these cells, VEGF and the endothelium-derived NO synergistically up-regulated the expression of ICAM-1, which was mediated by the PI3K pathway. This activity was blocked by the PI3K-specific inhibitor, wortmannin. Furthermore, VEGF and NO significantly increased BMEC migration, which was mediated by the up-regulation of ICAM-1 expression and was dependent on the integrity of the PI3K/AKT/NO pathway. This effect was abolished by wortmannin, by the specific ICAM-1 antibody, by the specific inhibitor of NO synthase, N(G)-l-monomethyl-arginine (l-NMMA) or by a combination of wortmannin, ICAM-1 antibody, and l-NMMA. These findings demonstrate that the angiogenic factor VEGF up-regulates ICAM-1 expression and signals to ICAM-1 as an effector molecule through the PI3K/AKT/NO pathway, which leads to brain microvessel endothelial cell migration. These observations may contribute to a better understanding of BMEC angiogenesis and the physiological as well as pathophysiological function of the blood-brain barrier, whose integrity is crucial for normal brain function.     

Basic fibroblast growth factor inhibits radiation-induced apoptosis of HUVECs. I. The PI3K/AKT pathway and induction of phosphorylation of BAD

Radiation-induced endothelial cell apoptosis is involved in the development of many radiation injuries, including radiation-induced skin ulcers. The proangiogenic growth factors basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, NUDT6) and VEGF enhance endothelial cell survival. In the present study, we used primary cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) irradiated with (60)Co gamma rays to explore the effects of bFGF on radiation-induced apoptosis of HUVECs and its signaling pathways. We found that bFGF inhibited radiation-induced apoptosis of HUVECs, and that the effect was mediated by the PI3K/AKT pathway. This pathway was activated by exposure of irradiated HUVECs to bFGF, involving phosphorylation of FGFR, PI3K and AKT. The survival-enhancing effect of bFGF was abrogated by wortmannin and LY294002. Transfection of a dominant-negative mutant of AKT completely blocked the anti-apoptosis effect of bFGF in irradiated HUVECs. We also found evidence for the first time that bFGF induced BAD phosphorylation in the gamma-irradiated HUVECs. These results showed that the PI3K/AKT pathway participated in the bFGF-induced modulation of the survival of irradiated HUVECs. Activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway plays an important role in bFGF-induced endothelial cell survival in the treatment of radiation-induced skin ulcers.