New Species of Parakiefferiella Thienemann, 1936 from South America (Chironomidae,Orthocladiinae)

Parakiefferiella lagorum spec. nov. from central Chile is described and figured as male, female and pupa; P. hernandezi spec. nov. from south Chile and P. strixinorum spec. nov. from southeast Brazil as males and pupae; and P. wardorum spec. nov. from south Chile, as male only. In addition, an unassociated pupa from south Chile is described and figured. Keys to the Parakiefferiella males and pupae from South America are provided.     

A New Species of Terrestrial Isopoda from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,Colombia (Crustacea: Oniscidea: Crinocheta)

A new species of the neotropical genus Ischioscia Verhoeff, 1928 is described from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia: Ischioscia curvaculeus spec. nov. It is characterised by a hook on the merus of the male pereopod 7 not found in any other species of this genus. It was found in the rain forest at an altitude of 1700 m. The phylogeny of the new species is discussed and a note on the biogeography of the Santa Marta region is given.     

Stenotaenia Koch, 1847: a hitherto unrecognized lineage of western Palaearctic centipedes with unusual diversity in body size and segment number (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)

Based on morphological evidence, we newly define the genus Stenotaenia Koch, 1847 (=Scnipaeus Bergsøe & Meinert, 1866; =Simophilus Silvestri, 1896; =Onychopodogaster Verhoeff, 1902; =Insigniporus Attems, 1903; =Notadenophilus Verhoeff, 1928; =Bithyniphilus Verhoeff, 1941; =Schizopleres Folkmanova, 1956; =Euronesogeophilus Matic, 1972; all syn. nov. ) as including the following 15 species: Stenotaenia linearis (Koch, 1835) (=Geophilus simplex Gervais, 1835; =Geophilus brevicornis Koch, 1837; =Scnipaeus foveolatus Bergsøe & Meinert, 1866; =Himantarium caldarium Meinert, 1886 syn. nov. ; =Geophilus (Geophilus) linearis var. polyporus Verhoeff, 1896 syn. nov. ; =Geophilus ormanyensis Attems, 1903 syn. nov. , after lectotype designation; =Insigniporus acuneli C?pu?e, 1968 syn. nov. ) from central and northern Europe; Stenotaenia frenum (Meinert, 1870) from northern Africa; Stenotaenia romana (Silvestri, 1895) (=Geophilus silvestrii Verhoeff, 1928 syn. nov. ) and Stenotaenia sorrentina (Attems, 1903) (=Geophilus forficularius Fanzago, 1881 syn. nov. ; =Geophilus linearis abbreviatus Verhoeff, 1925 syn. nov. ) from the Italian peninsula and Sardinia; Stenotaenia antecribellata (Verhoeff, 1898) (=Simophilus albanensis Attems, 1929 syn. nov. ), Stenotaenia cribelliger (Verhoeff, 1898), Stenotaenia palpiger (Attems, 1903), Stenotaenia rhodopensis (Kaczmarek, 1970), and Stenotaenia sturanyi (Attems, 1903) from the Balkan peninsula; Stenotaenia naxia (Verhoeff, 1901) (=Geophilus graecus Verhoeff, 1902) from the Aegean islands; Stenotaenia asiaeminoris (Verhoeff, 1898) and Stenotaenia bosporana (Verhoeff, 1941) from Anatolia; Stenotaenia giljarovi (Folkmanova, 1956) from western Caucasus; Stenotaenia fimbriata (Verhoeff, 1934) and Stenotaenia palaestina (Verhoeff, 1925) from Palestine; with the only exception of S. linearis, all of these binomens are comb. nov. In Stenotaenia, a strongly conserved overall morphology is matched by an unusual interspecific variation in both the body size of fully grown specimens (from 1.7 cm in S. romana to 7.7 cm in S. sturanyi) and the number of leg‐bearing segments (from 43 in male S. romana to 115 in female S. sturanyi). The number of segments correlates with maximum body size. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 153 , 253–286.     

A new species of Oniscus Linnaeus, 1758 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from northern Spain, with a revised key to members of the genus

Oniscvs ancarenisis from the Sierra de Ancares in northern Spain is described as new. The genus Oniscus now contains four species: ancarensis sp. nov. , asellus Linnaeus, lusitanus Verhoeff and simoni Budde-Lund. The distribution of these species is figured and discussed, and a key is given for their determination.     

Soil Ciliates from Saudi Arabia, Including Descriptions of Two New Genera and Six New Species

Six soil samples from natural and cultivated sites of Saudi Arabia were investigated for ciliate diversity, using the non-flooded Petri dish culture method, live observation, and silver impregnation. We identified 135 species, all new for the fauna of Saudi Arabia, of which seven were undescribed: Spathidium alqasabi nov. spec.; Enchelyodon alqasabi nov. spec.; Metauroleptus arabicus nov. gen., nov. spec.; Pseudohemisincirra arabica nov. gen., nov. spec.; Saudithrix terricola? Berger, Al-Rasheid and Foissner, 2006; Oxytricha arabica nov. spec.; and Erimophrya monostyla nov. spec. Based on Spathidium alqasabi, S. seppelti foissneri? Vd'a?ny et al., 2006 and S. seppelti etoschense? Foissner et al., 2002 are raised to species rank; for the latter, a new name is required to avoid homonymy: Spathidium fraterculum nov. nom. The new genus Metauroleptus, which possesses two long and two to three short ventral cirral rows, generates all dorsal kineties intrakinetally and produces caudal cirri exclusively in dorsal kinety 1. Metauroleptus belongs to the hypotrichs, while family classification remains doubtful. The same applies to the new hypotrich genus Pseudohemisincirra, which has frontoventral and transverse cirri, while buccal cirri and caudal cirri are absent. The number of species contained in Saudi Arabian soils, including sand dunes, is in the range reported from other regions of the earth, suggesting that ciliates are well adapted to dry habitats, possibly mainly by their ability to produce very resistant resting cysts, most surviving for a long time due to reduced metazoan predation.     

Terfezia disappears from the American truffle mycota as two new genera and Mattirolomyces species emerge

Reexamination and molecular phylogenetic analyses of American Terfezia species and Mattirolomyces tiffanyae revealed that their generic assignments were wrong. Therefore we here propose these combinations: Mattirolomyces spinosus comb. nov. (≡ Terfezia spinosa), Stouffera longii gen. & comb. nov. (≡ Terfezia longii) and Temperantia tiffanyae gen. & comb. nov. (≡ Mattirolomyces tiffanyae). In addition we describe a new species, Mattirolomyces mexicanus spec. nov. All species belong to the Pezizaceae. Based on these results Terfezia is not known from North America, Mattirolomyces is represented by two species and two new monotypic genera are present.     

Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of three freshwater scuticociliates,with descriptions of one new genus and two new species (Protista,Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea)

Three freshwater scuticociliates, Apouronema harbinensis gen. nov. spec. nov., Cyclidium vorax spec. nov., and C. glaucoma Müller, 1773, collected from rivers in Hulan District, Harbin, northeastern China, were investigated using morphological and phylogenetic criteria. Apouronema gen. nov., assigned to the family Uronematidae, is mainly distinguished from the other genera of the family by its paroral membrane extending anteriorly to the middle of membranelle 1. Apouronema harbinensis spec. nov. is defined by body size in vivo about 45–55 × 20–25 μm, buccal field about 70–80% of cell length; 12 or 13 somatic kineties; membranelle 1 having two rows, with 16–18 basal bodies in each kinety; membranelle 2 and membranelle 3 both having two rows each; scutica X-shaped with five pairs of basal bodies. Cyclidium vorax spec. nov. is characterized by the following features: body size 35–40 × 18–20 μm in vivo; 9 or 10 somatic kineties; membranelle 1 having two longitudinal rows, much shorter than M2; M2 triangle-shaped. The phylogenetic analyses show that: (1) Apouronema clustered in the Uronematidae clade, and grouped with genera Uronemita and Uronema; (2) Cyclidium vorax spec. nov. grouped with C. glaucoma and C. sinicum, which supports the assignment of the new species to the genus Cyclidium; (3) Cyclidium remains non-monophyletic with the addition of the new sequence.     

中国裸瘦足蝇属两新种（双翅目：瘦足蝇科）

记述中国瘦足蝇科裸瘦足蝇属Cliobata Enderlein 2新种:浅褐裸瘦足蝇Cliobata ecruis sp. nov.和周氏裸瘦足蝇Cliobata choui sp. nov.。浅褐裸瘦足蝇的鉴别特征为体浅褐色,胸部褐色具黄色斑;翅近端部具宽的透明带;生殖叉褐色,其臂部几乎与基部等长,臂基部中央具新月形凹陷。周氏裸瘦足蝇的鉴别特征为体黑色;翅近端部透明带窄;生殖叉黑褐色,其臂部长于基部,臂基部中央具半圆形凹陷。新种模式标本保存在中国农业大学昆虫博物馆。     

Notes on the soil ciliate biota (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from the Shimba Hills in Kenya (Africa): diversity and description of three new genera and ten new species

A very diverse ciliate community was found in nine soil samples from the Shimba Hills Nature Reserve in Kenya, equatorial Africa. The ciliates, respectively, their resting cysts, were re-activated from air-dried samples using the non-flooded Petri dish method. Species were determined from life and by silver impregnation. 34 (27%) of the 125 taxa identified had not yet been described in 1985, when the samples were collected and investigated. The richest samples, each containing 59 species, were those from a deciduous primary forest and a young secondary pine forest. The most remarkable species discovered in the Shimba Hills were Krassniggia auxiliaris, Bresslauides terricola, Gigantothrix herzogi, and Afrothrix darbyshirei. They are flagships with a very distinct morphology and easy to recognise due to their extraordinarily large body size. Krassniggia auxiliaris occurs also in Australia and probably has a restricted Gondwanan distribution, like some other ciliates. Bresslauides terricola was later found in soils from all main biogeographical regions, except for Antarctica. Gigantothrix herzogi and Afrothrix darbyshirei are still unique to the Shimba Hills. The following taxa are described in detail: Sikorops woronowiczae nov. gen., nov. spec., Arcuospathidium multinucleatum nov. spec., Dileptus similis Foissner, 1995, Plagiocampa bitricha nov. spec., Drepanomonas exigua exigua Penard, 1922, D. exigua bidentata nov. sspec., Parafurgasonia protectissima (Penard, 1922) nov. comb., P. terricola nov. spec., Brachyosoma brachypoda mucosa nov. sspec., Gigantothrix herzogi nov. gen., nov. spec., Afrothrix darbyshirei nov. gen., nov. spec., Oxytricha africana nov. spec., and O. elegans nov. spec.     

Morphological description of three marine ciliates (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia), with establishment of a new genus and two new species

Three marine scuticociliates, Falcicyclidium fangi nov. gen., nov. spec., Falcicyclidium atractodes nov. spec., and Cristigera media Kahl, 1928 were investigated using live observation and silver impregnation methods. The genus Falcicyclidium is distinguished by the combination of: (i) dorsoventrally flattened body, (ii) hook-like (falciform) paroral membrane, (iii) anterior end of paroral membrane posterior to anterior end of membranelle 1, and (iv) multiple caudal cilia. Falcicyclidium fangi nov. spec., the type of the new genus, can be recognized by the combination of its large size, extremely dorsoventrally flattened (3:1) body, consistently 10 somatic kineties, and the broad, elongate buccal area occupying 60% of the body length. Falcicyclidium atractodes nov. spec. is mainly characterized by a unique spine projecting from both the anterior and posterior end. The uncommon form, Cristigera media is redescribed based on the population from Qingdao, the statistic data and additional features, especially the morphology of the living cells, are documented.     

Description of two new marine pleurostomatid ciliates, Loxophyllum choii nov. spec. and L. shini nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Pleurostomatida) from China

The morphology and infraciliature of two pleurostomatid ciliates, Loxophyllum choii nov. spec. and L. shini nov. spec., collected from inshore waters and a shrimp-culturing pond near Qingdao (Tsingtao), China, were investigated using live observations and the protargol-impregnation method. L. choii is distinguished from its congeners by the presence of conspicuous warts and prominent spines along the dorsal margin. L. shini is identified by a combination of characters including the small body size, the presence of two macronuclear nodules and the evenly distributed extrusomes whose tips protrude from the surface along both margins.     

Peregrinacarus reticulatus gen. nov. spec. nov., a freshwater halacarid mite (Acari,Halacaridae) from Marion Island

Peregrinacarus reticulatus gen. nov. spec. nov. is described. The genus belongs to the subfamily Halacarinae and is related to the marine genus Halacarellus. The most marked character is the absence of a ventromedial seta on tarsus I. P. reticulatus supposedly is a very recent immigrant in diluted brackish and fresh water. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Calyptraeid gastropods are well know for the taxonomic difficulties caused by their simple, phenotypically variable shells. In this paper I demonstrate that what was previously considered to be a single species, Crepidula aculeata , is an ancient (3–15 Myr) cryptic species complex made up of at least eight species, and that this group should be placed in the genus Bostrycapulus . Despite the difficulty in finding diagnostic adult shell and anatomical features upon which species can be unambiguously identified, DNA sequences, protoconch morphology, embryonic morphology and developmental characters clearly differentiate these eight species. A single species with direct development and nurse eggs is present in the South Atlantic, and a species with planktotrophic development occurs in the equatorial Pacific. The species from Japan, Australia, Florida, the Pacific coasts of Mexico and Central America, and the Cape Verde Islands all have direct development. Most of these species are separated by > 15% divergence in COI sequence data. The fossil record of Bostrycapulus goes back to the Miocene, which agrees with genetic estimates of divergences within the genus ranging from 3 to 15 Mya. Surprisingly, these ancient species differ only slightly in morphology from each other and genetic differentiation does not correlate with geographical distance. I revise the genus Bostrycapulus on the basis of differences in adult morphology, embryonic morphology, mode of development, protoconch morphology, and DNA sequence data. I also describe four new species ( B. pritzkeri sp. nov., B. odites sp. nov., B. latebrus sp. nov. and B. urraca sp. nov. ) and remove three others ( B. gravispinosus , B. calyptraeformis , and B.  cf. tegulicius ) from synonymy with B. aculeatus .  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 144 , 75−101.     

Two new marine pleurostomatid ciliates from China,Amphileptus gui nov. spec. and Amphileptus yuianus nov. spec. (Ciliophora,Pleurostomatida)

The morphology and infraciliature of two pleurostomatid ciliates, Amphileptus gui nov. spec. and A. yuianus nov. spec., collected from mariculture ponds near Qingdao (Tsingtao), China, were investigated using living observations and the protargol impregnation method. These new species are distinguished from their congeners by a combination of characters including their marine habitat and the presence of an apical group of densely packed extrusomes. Amphileptus gui nov. spec. differs from A. yuianus nov. spec. mainly in the number of contractile vacuoles (3–7 vs. 1), the shape of extrusomes (thin bar-like vs. clavate), and the number of left and right somatic kineties (7–11 and 37–50 vs. 4 and 18–22).     

SYSTEMATICS OF TRIPSACUM DACTYLOIDES (GRAMINEAE)

Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. extends across the range of this genus from about 42°N to 24°S latitude in the New World. It is recognized to include T. dactyloides var. dactyloides (North America), var. meridonale deWet et Timothy (South America), var. hispidum (Hitchc.) deWet et Harlan comb. nov. (Mesoamerica) and var. mexicanum deWet et Harlan var. nov. (Mesoamericana). The genus is divided into sections Tripsacum and Fasciculatum. Mesoamerican members of section Tripsacum are classified into T. bravum Gray, T. dactyloides (L.) L., T. intermedium deWet et Harlan spec, nov., T. latifolium Hitchc., T. manisuroides deWet et Harlan spec. nov. and T. zopilotense Hern,*** et Randolph. A key to the species of section Tripsacum is presented.     

Pleospora drummondii spec. nov. und ihr Anamorph Stemphylium drummondii spec. nov.

Pleospora drammondii spec. nov. and its anamorph Stemphylium drammondii spec. nov. The causal organism of a leaf spot disease on Phlox drummondii is described as Pleospora drummondii spec. nov. and its anamorph Stempbylium drummondii spec, nov. — in contrast to earlier reports from the USA, in which the fungus was identified as S. botryosum.     

Occurrence of Sapindopsis (Platanaceae) in the Cretaceous of Eurasia

Three new species of the genus Sapindopsis Fontaine from Central Asia and western Siberia are described: S. neuburgae (Vachr.) Golovn., comb. nov., S. janschinii (Vachr.) Golovn., comb. nov., and S. kryshtofovichii (I. Lebed.) Golovn., comb. nov. Geographical and stratigraphic analyses have shown that the genus evolved in Eurasia from the Middle Albian to the Cenomanian, and was mostly restricted to the subtropics of the Euro-Sinian phytogeographic area from the Middle East to Russian Primorye and northern China. The are no reliable records of Sapindopsis from Europe. The migration of Sapindopsis from North America to Eurasia through the Bering Land Bridge was most probably related to the Early-Middle Albian climatic optimum.     

Amphileptus aeschtae nov. spec. and Amphileptus eigneri nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Pleurostomatida), two new marine pleurostomatid ciliates from China

The morphology and infraciliature of two pleurostomatid ciliates, Amphileptus aeschtae nov. spec. and Amphileptus eigneri nov. spec., collected from shrimp-culturing ponds of the Bohai Sea, China, were investigated using live observations and the protargol impregnation method. The new species A. aeschtae is identified by the presence of 200-300 macronuclear nodules and several contractile vacuoles along the ventral side of the cell. A. eigneri differs from its congeners, inter alia, by the marine habitat, the presence of many contractile vacuoles along the ventral margin and the number of somatic kineties on both sides. Loxophyllum ozakii Shigematsu, 1953 is transferred to Kentrophyllum.