三江平原草甸湿地土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放

利用静态箱-碱液吸收法研究了三江平原草甸湿地土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO₂释放速率,讨论了影响CO₂释放的环境因素,估算了枯落物分解的CO₂释放对于总释放的贡献。结果表明,生长季,小叶章沼泽化草甸和小叶章湿草甸各部分CO₂释放均具有明显的时间变化特征,温度和水分是重要制约因素。两类草甸湿地的平均土壤呼吸速率分别为4.33g•m^-2•d^-1和6.15g•m^-2•d^-1,枯落物分解的CO₂平均释放速率分别为1.76g•m^-2•d^-1和3.10g•m^-2•d^-1,枯落物分解的CO₂释放占总释放量的31%和35%,说明在碳素由地上植物碳库转移到地下土壤碳库的过程中,湿地枯落物是一个不可忽略的碳损失源。     

三江平原典型湿地枯落物早期分解过程及影响因素

枯落物分解是湿地物质循环和能量流动的关键环节,是维持湿地功能的重要过程之一。采用分解袋法对三江平原3种典型湿地植物枯落物分解过程及影响因素进行了研究。研究表明,在164d实验过程中乌拉苔草分解速率始终最快;在分解前103d中毛果苔草分解速率大于小叶章,但在103~164d间小叶章分解速率大于毛果苔草;分解164d,小叶章、乌拉苔草和毛果苔草枯落物的失重率分别为初始重的31.98%、32.99%和28.91%。分解过程中小叶章和毛果苔草枯落物中有机碳浓度波动较大,而乌拉苔草枯落物中持续下降;3种枯落物有机碳绝对含量都表现为净释放。小叶章枯落物中N浓度波动较大,绝对含量发生净释放;毛果苔草枯落物N浓度持续增加,绝对含量净增加;乌拉苔草枯落物N浓度先增加后减少,绝对含量发生净释放。3种枯落物中P浓度都先迅速下降后缓慢上升,绝对含量都表现为净释放。3种枯落物中C/N和C/P也相应的发生变化。小叶章和乌拉苔草枯落物分解速率与枯落物C/P显著相关,而毛果苔草枯落物与枯落物N浓度显著相关;对应3种枯落物分解速率的主要环境因子分别为土壤含水量、土壤容重和土壤温度。3种枯落物分解速率和营养物质含量动态受到枯落物自身质量和温湿条件、周围环境营养状况等自然环境条件的共同影响,相比而言,受枯落物质量的影响更大。     

三江平原沼泽湿地枯落物分解及其营养动态

分解袋法研究了三江平原典型沼泽湿地枯落物的分解速率和N、P营养动态.湿地枯落物的分解速率（0.000612～0.000945 d^-1）在群落间差异显著,分解480d,分别损失初始重的45.36%（Carexpseudocuraica）、35.32%（Carex lasiocarpa）、33.72%（Deyeuxia angustifolia）和29.13%（Deyeuxia angustifolia-Shrub）,即随淹水深度由大到小、淹水时间由长到短,枯落物分解由快到慢,说明湿地的淹水状况是影响枯落物分解速率的主要因素.分解过程中,漂筏苔草和毛果苔草枯落物N浓度持续上升,N在枯落物中积累;小叶章枯落物N浓度在第1个月快速下降而后缓慢上升,分解使枯落物释放N.各类枯落物P浓度的变化大致呈不同程度的降低趋势,分解使湿地枯落物均发生P释放.结果表明,微生物的营养需求状况决定了湿地枯落物N、P的动态变化,而其积累或释放的强度则可能与枯落物初始C：N和C：P的大小有关.     

三江平原小叶章湿地枯落物分解及主要元素变化动态

应用分解袋法研究了三江平原小叶章湿地枯落物的分解失重及其主要营养元素的变化动态。结果表明,小叶章枯落物的年分解速率为0.257,二次指数模型:Wt/W0=0.0399e-0.545t+0.9601e0.018t(R2=0.945)能更好地描述其分解失重动态。分解过程中,C、N、P、Ca的积累系数(NAI)<100%(P<0.05),元素发生了净释放;K、Na的NAI>100%(P<0.05),元素发生了净积累;Mg、Mn、Fe的NAI值与100%无显著差异(P>0.05),元素既有释放又有积累。分解16个月后,小叶章枯落物各元素总体释放率的大小顺序为:Fe>P>Ca>N>C>Mg>Mn>K>Na,而相应元素的释放量分别为:0.106、0.147、0.971、0.568、65.37、-0.017、-0.114、-0.209和-0.125 g.m-2。     

胶州湾滨海湿地枯落物分解对土壤活性有机碳含量及其三维荧光特性的影响

通过室内试验模拟胶州湾滨海湿地碱蓬、芦苇、互花米草枯落物的分解过程,测定土壤活性有机碳(可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳)含量变化,并利用三维荧光技术对可溶性有机碳(DOC)进行光谱分析.结果表明: 土壤活性有机碳含量呈先增加后降低最终趋于稳定的变化趋势;不同枯落物类型和添加方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响不同,表现为碱蓬＞互花米草＞芦苇,且原状混合＞表面覆盖;光谱分析表明,分解过程各三维荧光光谱的荧光峰数量、荧光中心位置和荧光强度都存在一定差异,添加枯落物后土壤未发现类酪氨酸峰;芳香类蛋白物质占比最高,腐殖质类物质次之.枯落物分解是以微生物分解作用为主导、枯落物性质为本质要素、多重因子综合作用的结果,其对提高土壤活性有机碳含量、增强土壤碳库的稳定性具有促进作用;该过程通过改变DOC的结构和化学组分,提高其在土壤中的迁移转化能力,增强生物可降解性和可利用性,促进微生物内源DOC的产生,加快湿地土壤碳循环.     

湿地枯落物分解及其对全球变化的响应

综述了当前湿地枯落物分解及其对全球变化响应的研究动态。湿地枯落物分解研究已随研究方法的改进而不断深化;当前湿地枯落物分解过程研究主要集中在有机质组分和元素含量变化特征的探讨上;湿地枯落物分解同时受生物因素（即枯落物性质以及参与分解的异养微生物和土壤动物的种类、数量和活性等）和非生物因素（即枯落物分解过程的外部环境条件,包括气候条件、水分条件、酸碱度与盐分条件以及湿地沉积的行为与特征等）的制约;模型已成为湿地枯落物分解研究的重要手段,对其研究也在不断深化。还讨论了湿地枯落物分解对于全球变化的响应,指出全球变暖、大气CO2浓度上升、干湿沉降及其化学组成改变可能对枯落物分解产生的直接、间接和综合影响。最后,指出了当前该领域研究尚存在的问题以及今后亟需加强的几个研究方面。     

盐度对互花米草枯落物分解释放硅、碳、氮元素的影响

为了研究潮汐湿地盐度对枯落物分解过程中硅、碳、氮元素释放的影响,通过室内模拟不同盐度(0、5、15和30)对互花米草枯落物茎和叶分解释放过程中硅、碳、氮元素的动态变化进行测定。结果表明:(1)互花米草茎和叶枯落物失重率和分解速率均随盐度增加而降低。(2)互花米草茎和叶枯落物分解水体中硅含量均随着盐度升高而增加,并且盐度30处理下,枯落物分解硅释放量显著高于盐度0和5(P0.05)。而分解末期生物硅残留量则随盐度升高而降低。(3)不同盐度处理茎枯落物分解碳释放量无显著差异,但叶枯落物分解碳释放量在盐度5、15和30处理中显著高于淡水(P0.05)。(4)互花米草茎枯落物分解释放到水中的NH_4~+-N含量随着盐度的升高而减少,NO_3~--N含量与之相反。研究单因素盐度对枯落物分解及元素释放的影响,可以为预测潮汐湿地枯落物分解对盐水入侵的响应机制提供参考,为湿地生源要素生物地球化学循环过程研究提供基础依据。     

上海市大莲湖池杉林三种优势植物枯落物分解动态

用枯落物分解网袋法,对上海市大莲湖湿地池杉林内3种优势植物池杉(Taxodium ascendens)、孔雀稗(Echinochloa cruspavonis)、日本看麦娘(Alopecurus japonicus)的枯落物进行了190 d的分解培养,测定了分解速率及其C、N、P养分元素释放动态.用收集器法对池杉林枯落物的数量进行了研究.结果表明,池杉林内池杉每年产生枯落物量为5.70t·hm-2,是该林地枯落物的主要来源.3种植物枯落物的分解速率(枯落物的干重量损失)依次为日本看麦娘＞孔雀稗＞池杉.C元素含量在3种植物枯落物中随时间显著下降;N、P元素在池杉枯落物中均有不同程度的富集,而在日本看麦娘和孔雀稗中则没有发生富集现象.     

枯落物覆盖对阔叶红松林土壤蒸发的影响

通过对枯落物覆盖下森林土壤蒸发的观测,研究了不同干重及类型的枯落物对土壤蒸发的影响,及其与含水率的关系。结果表明:土壤含水率相同,枯落物覆盖量越大,土壤蒸发量越小;不同类型的枯落物对土壤蒸发的抑制作用不同,在相同干重的枯落物覆盖下,未分解、半分解和分解的枯落物对土壤蒸发的抑制能力依次减弱。土壤蒸发量与枯落物质量呈对数关系。随土壤含水率的降低,土壤蒸发量减少,含水率在41%～38%时,每下降1%,75g、45g、15g枯落物覆盖下的土壤蒸发量依次减少2.38g、1.43g、1.30g,且在土壤含水率下降过程中,覆盖的枯落物分解程度越高,土壤蒸发速率降低越不显著。     

长江口九段沙盐沼湿地芦苇和互花米草生物量及碳储量

2010-2012年,采用野外采样和实验室测定相结合的方法,研究了长江口九段沙芦苇、互花米草植被带生物量的季节动态和碳储存能力.结果表明:两种植物生物部分(地上、地下、枯立物生物量之和)的有机碳储量均为秋季最高、春季最低.地上活体互花米草单位面积的平均碳储量(445.81 g·m-2)高于芦苇(285.52 g·m-2),芦苇枯立物的平均碳储量(203.15 g·m-2)低于互花米草(315.28 g· m-2),但芦苇区土壤表层(0 ～30 cm)有机碳储量(1048.62 g·m-2)约为互花米草区(583.33 g· m-2)的2倍.芦苇区的碳储存能力(3212.96g· m-2)总体上高于互花米草区(2730.42 g·m-2).表明保护芦苇群落对于维护盐沼湿地的碳汇功能具有重要意义.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.