福建三种常绿阔叶林碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

为探明福建三种常绿阔叶林生态系统的养分循环状况及其主要影响因素,采用样地调查采样法,研究了福建武夷山自然保护区甜槠（Castanopsis eyrei）林、天宝岩自然保护区刨花润楠（Machilus pauhoi）林和虎伯寮自然保护区薄叶润楠（Machilus leptophylla）林的植物、凋落物和表层土壤（0-10 cm）碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）含量、化学计量特征及其与环境因子的相关性。结果表明：（1）比较3个样点同组分C、N和P含量,除了乔木层的N含量外,虎伯寮植物和凋落物层C、N和P含量均显著高于天宝岩和武夷山;武夷山表层土壤的C和N含量显著高于虎伯寮和天宝岩,P含量排序为天宝岩>武夷山>虎伯寮。（2） P是福建天然林植物生长的主要限制因子,土壤P的缺乏是影响福建常绿阔叶林养分循环的重要因素。（3）植物叶片与凋落物中的养分含量及化学计量比呈极显著正相关,与表层土壤呈极显著负相关,可见福建常绿阔叶林生态系统养分循环过程中,土壤养分消耗速率超过了凋落物的养分供给速率,导致生态系统养分循环缓慢。（4）气温和土壤C ∶ N是影响常绿阔叶林生态系统养分循环的关键环境因子。     

甘南黄河流域4种典型林分土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

土壤碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）是参与植物光合作用和影响生态系统初级生产力的主要元素。甘南高原是黄河流域重要的生态屏障,为了解该区不同林分土壤养分状况的差异,选取该区4种典型林分：云杉林、华北落叶松林、巴山冷杉林以及岷江冷杉糙皮桦混交林为研究对象,研究土壤C、N、P化学计量特征。结果表明：（1）岷江冷杉及糙皮桦混交林土壤C、N含量最高,云杉林土壤N、P含量最低。不同林分间P含量差异显著（P<0.05）,不同土层间C、N含量差异均显著（P<0.05）。（2）云杉林土壤C ： N值显著高于其他林分,岷江冷杉及糙皮桦混交林土壤N ： P及C ： P高于其他林分。（3）海拔、土壤pH、容重与土壤含水量是影响土壤养分的重要因素。土壤C含量与N、P含量均显著相关（P<0.05）。总体来说,不同林分土壤化学计量特征具有显著差异,混交林土壤养分状况较纯林好,未来森林管理和植被建设中,可以通过选择合适的树种和提高树种多样性有效改善森林土壤质量。     

防除狼毒对狼毒斑块植物-土壤C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

使用化学除草剂防除狼毒能有效遏制狼毒种群的扩张,对于防除狼毒后狼毒斑块的植被和土壤生态化学计量特征的研究鲜有报道。基于此,本研究运用生态化学计量学的原理、方法,以分枝数相同的单株狼毒（Stellera chamaejasme）斑块为研究对象,通过化学药剂防除狼毒后,分析狼毒斑块内外植物-土壤C、N、P含量及其比值的变化,探讨植物和土壤化学计量特征的内在联系以及狼毒斑块的养分循环规律,为狼毒型退化草地的生态恢复及利用提供参考。结果表明：防除狼毒后禾本科生物量有所增加,豆科和杂类草地上生物量显著低于狼毒斑块内（P<0.05）。不同狼毒斑块的豆科植物N含量和杂类草P含量最高,防除狼毒后植物C、N含量高于其他斑块;禾本科P含量为狼毒斑块外显著高于狼毒斑块内（P<0.05）;狼毒斑块内外莎草科C∶N显著高于防除狼毒（P<0.05）;莎草科和豆科C∶P和N∶P为防除狼毒显著高于狼毒斑块内和狼毒斑块外（P<0.05）,杂类草C∶P和N∶P为防除狼毒显著高于狼毒斑块外（P<0.05）,禾本科C∶P为狼毒斑块内显著高于防除狼毒和狼毒斑块外（P<0.05）。不同狼毒斑块土壤C、P含量以及C∶P表现为狼毒斑块内>狼毒斑块外>防除狼毒,N含量和N∶P为防除狼毒>狼毒斑块内>狼毒斑块外,C∶N表现为狼毒斑块内和狼毒斑块外显著高于防除狼毒（P<0.05）。冗余分析（RDA）结果显示植物与土壤的C,C∶N,C∶P,N∶P两两显著正相关,N,P两两显著负相关,且防除狼毒后对植物和土壤的N含量,N∶P以及植物P含量影响较大。     

氮磷添加对荒漠草原植物-凋落物-土壤生态化学计量特征的影响

为明确植物、凋落物和土壤养分含量及化学计量比对土壤中添加多种限制性养分的响应，阐明"植物-凋落物-土壤"连续体化学计量动态及各组分之间的协同作用，以宁夏荒漠草原为研究对象，于2018年开始进行氮（N）、磷（P）养分添加控制试验。试验处理包括对照（CK）、N添加、P添加、NP共同添加4个处理。结果表明：（1） NP共同添加显著增加了荒漠草原植物N和P含量、以及凋落物和土壤P含量，显著降低了荒漠草原植物C：N和C：P、以及土壤和凋落物C：P和N：P。P添加显著增加了荒漠草原植物、凋落物和土壤P含量，显著降低了植物、凋落物、土壤C：P和N：P。N添加分别增加了植物、凋落物N含量和N：P，但对植物N含量影响未达到显著水平。（2） C、N、P含量和N：P大小均表现为植物 > 凋落物 > 土壤，C：N和C：P均表现为凋落物 > 植物。（3） N添加提高了荒漠草原植物对P再吸收效率，降低了荒漠草原植物对N利用效率；P添加提高荒漠草原植物对N再吸收效率，降低荒漠草原对P的利用效率；NP共同添加提高了荒漠草原植物对N和P再吸收效率，降低了荒漠草原植物对N和P利用效率。（4）植物-凋落物-土壤的N、P含量和化学计量比之间显著相关，其中植物N、P、N：P与凋落物和土壤N、P、N：P显著正相关，凋落物P、C：N与植物和土壤C：P、N：P显著负相关。（5）荒漠草原植物和凋落物N较稳定（1/H=0.45和1/H=0.48），而植物和凋落物P、N：P较敏感（1/H=0.80、0.73和1/H=0.81、0.78）。荒漠草原植物生长受N限制，N添加缓解荒漠草原植物N限制，P添加和NP添加加剧荒漠草原植物N限制，荒漠草原植物通过改变养分利用策略和再吸收利用效率适应土壤中N、P含量的变化。     

黄土高原刺槐叶片-土壤生态化学计量参数对降雨量的响应特征

以黄土高原10个典型样点的20年刺槐人工林为研究对象,测定了样地中刺槐叶片碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）含量,以及0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层土壤的主要理化指标,探讨了黄土高原刺槐叶片-土壤生态化学计量特征参数随水分梯度的变化规律。研究结果发现：①随着降水量增加,刺槐叶C、N含量呈增加趋势,叶片P含量无一致性规律。② 0-10 cm土层中土壤SOC、TN、TP、铵态氮含量以及C ∶ P和N ∶ P均随降雨量增加呈逐渐增加趋势,而C ∶ N比变化不明显。③刺槐叶片C、N、P及其化学计量比与土壤化学计量比相关性较弱,但叶片N、P与土壤铵态氮、速效磷等速效养分含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。本研究叶片N ∶ P>16,说明黄土高原刺槐生长主要受P元素限制,且随着降水的增加,土壤P养分的限制加强。     

贵州高原型喀斯特次生林C、N、P生态化学计量特征与储量

选取贵州高原型喀斯特次生常绿落叶阔叶混交林为对象,对其生态系统各组分碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）生态化学计量特征进行了研究,并全面估算了其生态系统C、N、P储量。结果表明,N、P含量在各树种和各器官（干、皮、枝、叶）之间表现出较大的变异,而C含量在各树种和各器官之间变异较小。C/N和C/P表现为叶片最高,树干（乔木）/枝干（灌木）最低,N/P在各器官间差异不显著（P > 0.05）。凋落物和木质残体的N/P显著（P < 0.01）高于植物活体。土壤C、N、P含量均随土壤深度的增加而降低,最表层（0-10 cm）土壤的C、N、P含量及N/P显著（P < 0.05）高于深层土壤;C/N和C/P在各土层间差异不显著（P > 0.05）。高原型喀斯特次生常绿落叶阔叶混交林的生态系统C、N、P储量分别为172.42 Mg/hm²、5.24 Mg/hm²和1.19 Mg/hm²。大部分森林C（54.69%）、N（84.46%）、P（97.26%）存储于土壤中。与非喀斯特森林相比,喀斯特森林植物叶片N、P含量低,土壤C含量高,生态系统C、N、P储量低。     

黄土高原退耕还草地C、N、P生态化学计量特征对植物多样性的影响

为探讨退耕还草地生态化学计量特征随恢复年限的变化以及其对植物多样性的影响,选取黄土高原不同恢复年限退耕还草地为研究对象,分别为农田（对照）、恢复8 a、15 a、25 a和35 a,测定了植物地上部分和土壤C、N、P含量,并分析了其C：N：P化学计量特征与植物多样性之间的关系。结果表明：（1）总体上,随着恢复年限的增加,植物地上部分C、N、P含量呈现增长趋势,而其C：N、C：P以及N：P呈现降低趋势,其中C含量在恢复35 a时达到最大值（434.95 g/kg）;N含量在农田阶段最高（2.29 g/kg）,P含量在恢复25 a时达到最高（1.23 g/kg）。（2）土壤C、N、P含量及N：P随恢复年限的增加总体上呈现增加趋势,C：N呈现降低趋势,而C：P基本保持不变;土壤C、N、P含量的最大值均出现在恢复35 a,其值分别为10.94 g/kg、0.07 g/kg、0.06 g/kg。（3）随着植物地上部分C含量和C：N的增加,Shannon-Weiner指数降低;植物地上部分C含量和土壤P含量是影响Simpson指数的主要因子,其与植物地上部分C含量负相关,而与土壤P含量显著正相关;Pielou均匀度指数与土壤N含量、N：P、C：P以及植物地上部分C含量等因子正相关;Margalef指数与植物地上部分N含量、P含量等因子正相关。研究表明草地恢复中植物和土壤C：N：P化学计量特征对植物多样性具有重要的影响。     

青藏高原东缘主要针叶树种叶片碳氮磷化学计量分布格局及其驱动因素

理解植物叶片化学计量特征及其驱动因素对认识植物种群分布规律及预测植物对环境变化响应具有重要意义。该研究采集了青藏高原东缘针叶林84个样点共29种主要针叶树种叶片, 探讨该区域常绿针叶树种叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征和分布格局及其驱动因素。结果表明: (1)在科和属水平上, 不同针叶树种叶片C、N含量和C:N差异显著; 叶片N:P < 14, 表明该区域针叶树种主要受N限制。(2)叶片N、P含量在环境梯度上表现出一致的分布规律: 均呈现出随纬度和海拔增加而显著降低, 随年平均气温(MAT)和年降水量(MAP)增加而显著增加的趋势; 而叶片C含量与纬度、海拔、MAT和MAP均未表现出显著相关性。(3)叶片C:N、C:P呈现出与N、P含量变化相反的分布格局: 均随纬度和海拔增加而显著增加, 随MAT和MAP增加而显著降低; 而叶片N:P与海拔、MAT和MAP均无显著相关性。(4)进一步分析表明, 叶片C、N、P含量及其化学计量比的主要驱动因素不尽相同。具体而言: 土壤特性是叶片C含量和N:P变异的主要驱动因子, 而叶片N、P含量和C:N、C:P的变异主要由气候因素决定。总之, 该区域针叶树种叶片化学计量沿环境梯度的变异规律有力地支持了温度生物地球化学假说, 在一定程度上丰富了对环境变化下植物叶片化学计量分布格局及其驱动机制的认识。     

青藏高原东缘主要针叶树种叶片碳氮磷化学计量分布格局及其驱动因素

理解植物叶片化学计量特征及其驱动因素对认识植物种群分布规律及预测植物对环境变化响应具有重要意义。该研究采集了青藏高原东缘针叶林84个样点共29种主要针叶树种叶片,探讨该区域常绿针叶树种叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征和分布格局及其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)在科和属水平上,不同针叶树种叶片C、N含量和C:N差异显著;叶片N:P 14,表明该区域针叶树种主要受N限制。(2)叶片N、P含量在环境梯度上表现出一致的分布规律:均呈现出随纬度和海拔增加而显著降低,随年平均气温(MAT)和年降水量(MAP)增加而显著增加的趋势;而叶片C含量与纬度、海拔、MAT和MAP均未表现出显著相关性。(3)叶片C:N、C:P呈现出与N、P含量变化相反的分布格局:均随纬度和海拔增加而显著增加,随MAT和MAP增加而显著降低;而叶片N:P与海拔、MAT和MAP均无显著相关性。(4)进一步分析表明,叶片C、N、P含量及其化学计量比的主要驱动因素不尽相同。具体而言:土壤特性是叶片C含量和N:P变异的主要驱动因子,而叶片N、P含量和C:N、C:P的变异主要由气候因素决定。总之,该区域针叶树种叶片化学计量沿环境梯度的变异规律有力地支持了温度生物地球化学假说,在一定程度上丰富了对环境变化下植物叶片化学计量分布格局及其驱动机制的认识。     

宁夏燃煤电厂周边土壤、植物和微生物生态化学计量特征及其影响因素

大气酸沉降增加对陆地生态系统的影响已得到了广泛证实,但有关酸沉降累积下工业排放源周边植被-土壤系统元素平衡特征及其影响机制的研究较少。燃煤电厂是主要的工业酸排放源之一。因此,以宁东能源化工基地3个燃煤电厂为观测点,研究了电厂周边土壤-植物叶片-微生物生态化学计量特征,分析了叶片和微生物生物量生态化学计量特征与降水降尘S、N沉降量及土壤性质的关系。结果表明：土壤和微生物生物量C ： N ： P生态化学计量特征变异系数较大,叶片各指标的变异系数较小。与受人类活动影响较少的其他同类型区相比,研究区具有较高的土壤有机C水平和N、P供给,且P相对于N丰富。植物可能主要受N限制,而微生物主要受P限制;土壤及微生物元素间均存在极显著的线性关系（P<0.001）。叶片全C与全N、全P均无显著的关系（P>0.05）。叶片全N、全P和N ： P具有高的内稳性。微生物生物量N ： P内稳性较强,但生物量N和P内稳性较弱,对土壤环境的变化反应敏感;SO₄^2-沉降有助于促进叶片对P的摄取和微生物对C、N、P的固持。少量NO₃^-沉降有利于叶片N摄取,但持续增加的NO₃^-沉降可能会使土壤P受限性增强,进而抑制叶片P摄取和微生物生物量积累。土壤酶活性、Ca²⁺和含水量亦显著影响着植物和微生物元素生态化学计量关系（P<0.05）。因此,今后还需结合多个电厂的土壤性质和植被状况,从较长时间尺度上深入揭示酸沉降增加对工业排放源周边植被-土壤系统元素平衡特征的影响机制。     

Medfly eradication in California:

The impact of malathion-bait sprays (directed against medfly, Ceratitis capitata [Wiedemann]) on an endemic gall midge (Rhopalomyia californica Felt) and its parasitoids was investigated during 1982–83 in the south San Francisco Bay area of northern California. In a heavily sprayed area (Woodside), a population explosion of the midge was detected following 24 applications of malathion bait. The midge population reached levels ca. 90x greater than those observed in an adjacent unsprayed area (Jasper Ridge). In a moderately sprayed area (Portola Valley), the midge population increased as much as 5x that observed in the adjacent unsprayed area (Jasper Ridge), following 12 applications of malathion bait. In laboratory tests, the malathion bait was toxic to both the midge and its parasitoids. The major parasitoids were Torymus koebelei (Huber), Zatropis capitis Burks, Platygaster californica (Ashmead) and Mesopolobus sp. Population increases of the midge following malathion-bait sprays were attributed to destruction of parasitoids and other natural enemies of the midge. If the environmental impact of malathion-bait sprays is related to the number of applications (as suggested in this study), then it would be worthwhile to determine the appropriate bait-spray strategy for a given situation, so as to minimize adverse effects on nontarget species, yet insure suppression or eradication of medfly.

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Résumé L'impact des pièges tratiés au malathion (destinés à Ceratitis capitata Wiedem) sur Rhopalomyia californica Felt et ses parasitoïdes a été examiné en 1982–1983 dans le sud de la zone de la baie de San Francisco en Californie. Dans une zone fortement traitée (Woodside), une explosion de population a été décelée après 24 traitements. La population de R. californica a atteint des niveaux 90 fois supérieurs à ceux observés dans une zone contiguë non traitée (Jasper Ridge). Dans une zone modérément traitée (Portola Valley), avec 12 traitement, la population de R. californica a atteint jusqu'a 5 fois celle de Jasper Ridge. Au laboratoire, le piège à malathion a été toxique tant pour R. californica que pour ses parasitoïdes, dont les principaux étaient: Torymus koebelei (Huber), Zatropis capitis Burks, Platygaster californica(Ashmead) et Mesopolobus sp. L'accroissement de la population de C. capitata après traitement a été attribué à la destruction de parasitoïdes et d'autres ennemis naturels. Si l'effet su l'environnement du traitement est lié au nombre d'interventions (comme le suggère cette étude), alors cela vaudrait la peine de définir une stratégie de traitement appropriée à une situation donnée, de façon à minimiser les effets négatifs sur des espèces non visées, tout en assurant la suppression ou l'éradication de C. capitata.

     

Calospatha subsumed in Calamus (Arecaceae: Calamoideae)

Summary  Based on previously published phylogenetic research, the genus Calospatha Becc. (Calamoideae) is placed in synonymy within Calamus L. The new combination, Calamus calospathus (Ridl.) W. J. Baker & J. Dransf. is made.     

Molecular detection of pathogen DNA in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): A review

Ticks play an important role in human and veterinary medicine, in particular due to their ability to transmit a wide spectrum of pathogenic micro-organisms of protozoal, rickettsial, bacterial and viral origin. Pathogens in ticks can be identified by conventional methods such as indirect immuno-fluorescence, isolation in cell culture or by using histological staining techniques. However, the advent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has resulted in tremendous improvements in the specific and sensitive detection of pathogen DNA in ticks. In this paper, literature on DNA extraction methods, PCR protocols, primers and probes, which are in use for the successful detection and identification of pathogens in ticks, are critically reviewed. Some recommendations are also given towards the end of tht review.     

Hexamermis glossinae [Nematoda: Mermithidae] parasitizing tsetse [Diptera: Glossinidae] in Kenya

Glossina pallidipes Austen,G. brevipalpis Newstead andG. austeni Newstead were collected from 5 sites along the south Kenyan coast over a 2 year period. They were dissected and examined for nematodes. Three of the sites yielded tsetse parasitized by juvenile mermithids identified asHexamermis glossinae Poinar et al. Glossina pallidipes andG. brevipalpis are new host records for this parasite, whileG. austeni was captured infrequently and only at a site that failed to yield other parasitized tsetse. Parasite prevalence was low (0.16–0.61 %) and did not differ between male and female hosts. More tsetse than expected by chance harboured nematodes during the long rains season (April–August) than during the short rains (September–November) or dry season (December–March). Early juvenile stages (0.5–2.5 mm long) were recovered mainly from tsetse less than 50 days old, while late juvenile stages (35–85 mm long) were only found in flies older than 30 days. Late stages occurred singly while early ones usually occurred as two or more per host.     

Mycotoxins in Australia: biocontrol of aflatoxin in peanuts

The major mycotoxin problem in Australia is the formation of aflatoxins in peanuts by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. This is controlled by good farm management practice, segregation into grades on aflatoxin content at intake to shelling facilities, colour sorting and aflatoxin assays. A second problem is the potential presence of ochratoxin A in grapes and grape products, resulting from infection by Aspergillus carbonarius. Good quality control before and during wine making ensures ochratoxin A is kept to very low levels, but in dried vine fruit, ochratoxin A levels may be higher. Biocontrol by competitive exclusion has been developed as the most promising means of controlling aflatoxins in peanuts. Some details of the process are given, including some basic laboratory experiments.     

Tinea Nigra: Report of Twelve Cases in Venezuela

Tinea nigra is a superficial mycotic infection produced by Hortaea werneckii, formerly known as Phaeoannelomyces werneckii, formerly known as Exophiala werneckii, and Stenella araguata, the latter autochthonous in Venezuela, it was first described and named as Cladosporium castellanii in 1973. The present report describes 12 cases in the period of 1972–2002, diagnosed at the Medical Mycology Section at the Tropical Institute of the Universidad Central de Venezuela, in Caracas. This mycosis is more prevalent among young people, with fair skin, from 3 to 28 years of age, who visited beaches and in whom the lesions are more evident. Out of these 12 patients, 8 (66.66%) had Phaeoannelomyces werneckii as the causal agent and 2 (16.67%) Stenella araguata was isolated. Two patients had more than one macule, and curiously in these cases, each lesion was caused by a different species of the aforementioned fungus.     

Suberized tyloses in trees: An ultrastructural and cytochemical study

The nature of the wall layers observed in suberized tyloses was studied in Populus basalmifera L., Ulmus americana L. and Quercus rubra L. As the suberin layers were present only in tyloses that had completed their expansion, most of the results concern mature tyloses. The cyto- and immunocytochemical tests were conducted, respectively, with an exoglucanase having a binding affinity for β(1→4)-D-glucans, the subunits of cellulose, and with two monoclonal antibodies specific for un-esterified and esterified pectic molecules. In the three species, labelling for pectic compounds was intense over the external layer of tyloses but usually more dispersed or nearly absent over the layer corresponding to a primary wall that was, however, intensely labelled for β(1→4)-D-glucans. The outer wall layer, comparable to a middle lamella in mature tyloses, was continuous with similar material that appeared to be secreted by the tylosis. This material was particularly abundant in pit chambers, in void spaces between the tylosis and the vessel wall, particularly at the junction of the vessel and two adjacent cells, and close to the rim of vessel perforation plates. In P. balsamifera, a single suberized layer or occasionally a succession of suberized and cellulose-containing layers was observed internal to the tylosis primary wall. In U. americana, the wall of tylosis was similar to that of P. balsamifera except that, at times, a secondary-wall-like layer was formed and only a single suberized layer was observed. In Q. rubra, the suberized layer was always observed internal to the tylosis secondary wall. Simple pits were also constantly noted in Q. rubra tyloses. The occasional occurrence of a cellulosic layer internally to the suberized layer was observed in the three species. Histochemical tests revealed that lignin was also an important component of the tylosis wall. The tyloses frequently contained phenolic compounds in close association with the suberized layers. The significance of the formation of suberized tyloses in trees is discussed.     

Parasitism in diversified agroecosystems: Phenology ofTrichogramma minutum [Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae]

Parasitism ofOstrinia nubilalis egg masses byTrichogramma minutum was observed in maize-bare ground monocultures and polycultures of maize/bean/squash and maize/clover. Parasitism rates were 1.9 times higher in monocultures than in polycultures; seasonal phenology of parasitism, however, was similar in both. Parasitism first occurred during the late whorl/early tassel stage of maize; peak parasitism occurred during the mid to late tassel stage, and then dropped off rapidly. We speculate that direct predation of egg masses, and ammensal preemptive competition for egg masses byColeomegilla maculata may have contributed to the decline in parasitism rates in both monocultures and polycultures during the latter part of the season.      

Parasites ofMonellia caryella [Hom.: Aphididae]: Phenology and effect on the aphid population in pecan orchards in Israel

One primary parasite,Trioxys pallidus (Haliday) (Hym.: Braconidae), and a secondary parasite,Aphidencyrtus sp., were identified from the blackmargined aphid,Monellia caryella (Fitch) (Hom.: Aphididae), in Israeli pecan orchards. The average total parasitism for all locations sampled was 13.5%. Although a hyperparasite was discovered, it had no significantly detrimental effect on the parasite. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel, No. 2034-E, 1987 series.