生物土壤结皮对荒漠土壤种子库和种子萌发的影响

研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘在不同自然条件（风、温度、水分）下,人工固沙植被区（24龄、41龄、50龄）和相邻天然植被区的两种生物土壤结皮对荒漠土壤种子库和种子萌发的影响。结果表明,荒漠土壤种子库在苔藓结皮上的储量显著高于藻类结皮。随着生物土壤结皮的发育,种子萌发量在苔藓结皮上增加,在藻类结皮上减少。生物土壤结皮层的含水量对种子萌发有显著的影响（p〈0.05）,植物种子在湿润处理的生物土壤结皮上的萌发量高于干燥处理的生物土壤结皮上的种子萌发量。生物土壤结皮表层温度和亚表层温度对荒漠植物种子萌发无显著影响（p〉0.05）,但总体而言,对于苔藓结皮,植物种子在较高温度下的萌发量略高于在较低温度下的萌发量,而对于藻类结皮,植物种子在较低温度下的萌发量略高。     

实验室条件下两种生物土壤结皮对荒漠植物种子萌发的影响

生物土壤结皮广泛分布在干旱、半干旱区,深刻影响着土壤表层特性,进而对植物种子散布、萌发和定居产生极大的影响。到目前为止,生物土壤结皮与植物关系的研究很少见到,并且这些有限的研究所得出的结论存在着争议。研究了不同年龄的两种生物土壤结皮（苔藓结皮和藻类结皮）对油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）和雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla）种子萌发的影响,同时也研究了这两种结皮在失去活性前后对油蒿、雾冰藜和小画眉草（Eragrostis poaeoides）种子萌发的影响。苔藓和藻类结皮的出现对油蒿和雾冰藜种子的萌发均有显著的促进作用,而结皮年龄对植物种子的萌发没有显著的差异。对于不同的植物种,结皮类型和活性对种子的萌发具有不同的作用。雾冰藜在两种结皮上的萌发有显著的差异而油蒿和小画眉草在两种结皮上的萌发没有显著差异。活藻类显著地增加了三种植物的种子萌发,活苔藓仅增加了油蒿和雾冰藜种子萌发量而对小画眉草种子的萌发没有作用,研究表明,生物土壤结皮对一些植物种子萌发具有明显的促进作用。     

生物结皮影响下沙漠土壤表面凝结水的形成与变化特征

在水资源匮乏的沙漠生境,凝结水是植物、生物结皮、无脊椎和脊椎小动物的重要水分来源之一.采用微渗计法对比研究3种生物结皮类型(藻结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮)和自然裸沙对地表凝结水量及凝结水蒸散过程的影响.微渗计的规格为内径6 cm,高3.5 cm的PVC管.研究结果表明:不同类型地表的总凝结水量之间存在极显著的差异(P < 0.01),总凝结水量随生物结皮发育水平呈显著增加的趋势,依次为:裸沙 < 藻结皮 < 地衣结皮 < 苔藓结皮,即生物结皮的存在有利于沙漠地表凝结水的形成.不同类型地表凝结水量的日均值有所差异.对于同一地表类型,凝结水量的最大值为最小值的数倍.黎明时,苔藓结皮的凝结水量最大,而裸沙的凝结水量最小,地衣结皮和藻结皮居中.凝结现象自20:00～22:00,次日8:00～9:00结束.大多数日出后凝结现象仍继续发生.不同类型地表的凝结及蒸散过程经历2个阶段:日出前凝结水量呈缓慢增加的趋势,日出后随温度的升高凝结水量快速减少,其中以苔藓结皮凝结水量下降最为迅速.凝结水量主要受温度、大气湿度、凝结面类型、气象条件和生境等方面因素的影响.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘苔藓结皮对荒漠土壤种子库的影响

对腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头人工植被区和天然植被区苔藓结皮种子库进行了研究.结果表明,土壤种子库密度随着苔藓结皮的发育呈现增加的趋势,天然植被区是24年生人工植被区的3.4倍.种子库中共发现12种植物种子,分属于6科,其中1年生草本植物占70%以上.人工植被区未发现有多年生草本的植物种子,天然植被区多年生草本占20%,半灌木植物在人工植被区和天然植被区分别占20%和10%.人工植被区土壤种子库物种丰富度指数相对较低,而天然植被区物种丰富度指数是人工植被区的2倍;人工植被区土壤种子库物种多样性指数随着结皮的发育略有下降,天然植被区的多样性指数最高,为0.693;人工植被区土壤种子库物种相似性指数为1,相对较高,而人工植物区与天然植被区的物种相似性指数为0.4.苔藓结皮的出现增加了地表粗糙度,有利于对种子的捕获,同时显著地改善了土壤环境,有利于更多植物的定居.     

生物结皮粗糙特征——以古尔班通古特沙漠为例

摘要：空气动力粗糙度可以反映地表气流与下垫面的相互作用。古尔班通古特沙漠是我国最大的固定、半固定沙漠,其间广泛分布的生物结皮在稳定地表和改善环境方面意义重大。对未经扰动的4种类型生物结皮进行表面微形态观察,并通过风洞实验确定动力粗糙度Z0和摩阻风速u*,结果表明：（1）不同生物结皮类型,其组成和表面微形态等都具有明显差异。藻结皮以表面致密光滑为显著特征,由藻类分泌物和藻丝体粘结细粒物质所形成;地衣结皮表面藻类和真菌形成的叶状体匍匐沙面生长,呈现三维生长方式,形成有明显凹凸的壳状覆被;苔藓结皮以苔藓植物体密集丛生为特点,地上部分出现了茎叶分化,有一定的柔韧性。（2）就动力粗糙度的大小而言,是按地衣结皮>藻类－地衣结皮>苔藓结皮>藻结皮的顺序排列的,Z0平均值依次为（6.5890.850）mm、（4.1790.239）mm、（2.5420.357）mm和（0.3930.220）mm,与定床裸沙面的（0.0420.019）mm相比,生物结皮Z0值提高了10—150倍。随着风速的增大Z0值有所减小,其中以地衣结皮的减小趋势较为明显。（3）由风速廓线对比发现,四类生物结皮对气流阻滞作用的差异主要局限于4 cm以下的高度范围,风速越大这种差异也越大。各类生物结皮摩阻风速u*随风速增大而增大,其中藻结皮的增大速率明显低于其它三类结皮,说明藻结皮随风速增大的阻滞效应较其它三类结皮要差。（4）在净风条件下,地衣结皮具有最好的防风效果,其次为藻类－地衣结皮和苔藓结皮,藻结皮最差。当生物结皮破损后,床面结构和气流性质将发生变化,对空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻风速产生的影响将有待于进行更深入的研究。     

Effect of microbiotic soil surface crusts on emergence of vascular plants

Microbiotic crusts are a common and widespread feature of arid and semi-arid landscapes. Their effect on vascular plant success has been discussed controversially. However, only very few field studies have yet tried to experimentally investigate the effect of microbiotic crusts on vascular plant establishment.In this study we investigate the influence of cyanobacteria dominated microbiotic soil surface crust on vascular plants in a desert sand dune area by using a series of manipulative experiments. Crusts were disturbed and removed and density response to these treatments was monitored during the two following years.Emergence densities of vascular plants were considerably higher when crusts were removed and destroyed. This effect was particularly pronounced when the disturbances were applied before the main seed dispersal period. By experimentally preventing seed dispersal into disturbed areas we could show that undisturbed crusts reduce the probability for seeds to come to rest. This indicates that soil surface roughness is a major determinant for the establishment of vascular plants in the study area. We conclude that small-scale and well-timed disturbances of microbiotic crusts in arid lands may increase vascular plant establishment probabilities. A potential feedback process of long-term vegetation dynamics is suggested: disturbance of microbiotic crusts results in higher numbers of emerging plants, which in turn represent a rough seed-trapping element leading to a further increase in densities in consecutive years.     

模拟增温对荒漠生物土壤结皮-土壤系统CO2、CH4和N2O通量的影响

目前, 有关增温条件下荒漠生物土壤结皮(BSCs)-土壤系统与大气之间主要温室气体(CO₂、CH₄和N₂O)通量变化的研究十分匮乏, 以致很难准确地评估荒漠生态系统温室气体通量对气候变暖的响应与反馈的方向和程度。该文选择腾格里沙漠东南缘天然植被区由藻类、藓类以及二者混生的3种类型的BSCs覆盖土壤为研究对象, 以开顶式生长室(OTC)为增温方式模拟全球变暖, 采用静态箱-气相色谱法探究了2012年7月至2013年6月增温和不增温处理下CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量的变化特征。结果表明: 增温和结皮类型对CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量没有显著影响。采样日期、结皮类型与采样日期, 以及增温与结皮类型和采样日期的互作显著影响CO₂和CH₄通量, 增温和采样日期互作显著影响CH₄通量。BSCs-土壤系统的CO₂、CH₄和N₂O年通量及其增温潜能在增温和不增温处理下的差异均不显著。CO₂通量与5 cm深度的土壤温度呈显著的指数正相关关系, 与10 cm深度的土壤湿度呈线性正相关关系; 藓类、混生结皮的CH₄通量与5 cm深度的土壤温度和10 cm深度的土壤湿度均呈显著的线性负相关关系; 3种结皮类型的N₂O通量与5 cm深度的土壤温度均无相关关系, 藓类结皮的N₂O通量与10 cm深度的土壤湿度呈显著的线性负相关关系。藓类结皮的CO₂和CH₄在增温和不增温两种处理下的通量差异与5 cm深度的土壤温度差异呈显著的负线性相关, 藻类结皮N₂O的通量差异与温度差异呈近似正相关关系(p = 0.051)。以上结果说明: 在全球变暖的背景下, 荒漠BSCs-土壤系统主要温室气体通量不会有明显的变化, 意味着荒漠生态系统温室气体的排放可能对气候变暖没有明显的 反馈。     

Microbiotic Crusts and Ecosystem Processes

Microbiotic crusts are biological soil crusts composed of lichens, cyanobacteria, algae, mosses, and fungi. The biodiversity of these crusts is poorly understood; several cosmopolitan species dominate in most areas, but many species are confined to one or a few sites. Nitrogen fixation by organisms within the crust can be the dominant source of nitrogen input into many ecosystems, although rates of nitrogen input are limited by water availability, temperature, and nitrogen loss from the crust. Photosynthetic rates of the microbiotic crust can be 50% of those observed for higher plants, but the contribution of crusts to carbon cycling is not known. The microbiotic crust binds soil particles together, and this significantly increases soil surface stability and resistance to erosion. Greenhouse studies have found that crusts can enhance seed germination, seedling survivorship, and plant nutrient status, but further experiments are needed under field conditions. Crusts are extremely susceptible to surface disturbance and fire, and disruption of crusts can decrease soil fertility and stability resulting in lower nutrient availability for vascular plants and significant soil loss from the ecosystem.     

荒漠地表生物土壤结皮形成与演替特征概述

土壤表面结皮是世界范围内干旱沙漠地区土壤表面广泛存在的自然现象,包括物理结皮和生物土壤结皮两大类型。其中,生物土壤结皮作为干旱沙漠地区特殊环境的产物,是由细菌、真菌、蓝绿藻、地衣和苔藓植物与土壤形成的有机复合体。它的形成使土壤表面在物理、化学和生物学特性上均明显不同于松散沙土,具有较强的抗风蚀功能和重要的生态效应,成为干旱沙漠地区植被演替的重要基础。随着形成生物土壤结皮的物种更替,维持结皮结构的主要胶结方式亦随之发生变化,即由胞外多糖的粘结作用逐渐转变为蓝藻和荒漠藻的藻丝体、地衣菌丝体以及苔藓植物假根的缠绕和捆绑作用,物种更替是结皮微结构和胶结方式转化的生物基础。生物土壤结皮的形成通常可以分为以下几个阶段:生物土壤结皮的早期阶段(土壤酶和土壤微生物),藻结皮阶段、地衣结皮阶段和苔藓结皮阶段。即随着土壤微生物在沙土表面的生长,随后出现丝状蓝藻和荒漠藻类植物,形成以藻类植物为主体的荒漠藻结皮;当土壤表面得到一定固定后,便开始出现地衣和苔藓植物,形成以地衣和苔藓植物为优势的生物结皮类型。其中,前一阶段的完成又为后一阶段的开始提供良好的环境条件。当环境条件适宜时,生物土壤结皮也可以不经历其中某个阶段而直接发育到更高级的阶段。     

Biological Soil Crusts in a Xeric Florida Shrubland: Composition,Abundance, and Spatial Heterogeneity of Crusts with Different Disturbance Histories

Biological soil crusts consisting of algae, cyanobacteria, lichens, fungi, bacteria, and mosses are common in habitats where water and nutrients are limited and vascular plant cover is discontinuous. Crusts alter soil factors including water availability, nutrient content, and erosion susceptibility, and thus are likely to both directly and indirectly affect plants. To establish this link, we must first understand the crust landscape. We described the composition, abundance, and distribution of microalgae in crusts from a periodically burned, xeric Florida shrubland, with the goal of understanding the underlying variability they create for vascular plants, as well as the scale of that variability. This is the first comprehensive study of crusts in the southeastern United States, where the climate is mesic but sandy soils create xeric conditions. We found that crusts were both temporally and spatially heterogeneous in depth and species composition. For example, cyanobacteria and algae increased in abundance 10-15 years after fire and away from dominant shrubs. Chlorophyll a levels recovered rapidly from small-scale disturbance relative to intact crusts, but these disturbances added to crust patchiness. Plants less than 1 m apart can experience different crust environments that may alter plant fitness, plant interactions, and plant community composition.     

Bacterial Communities in Soil Under Moss and Lichen-Moss Crusts

Biological soil crusts are symbiotic microbial communities formed by green algae, mosses, fungi, lichens, cyanobacteria and bacteria in different proportions. Crusts contribute to soil fertility and favour water retention and infiltration. However, little is known about the bacterial community structure in soil under the crusts. Soil was sampled under a moss crust (considered the MOSS group), lichen plus moss (considered the LICHEN group) and bare soil (considered the BARE group) and the microbial communities determined using nearly full 16S rRNA gene libraries. Bacteria belonging to seven different phyla were found and the Acidobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria were the dominant in each group. The crusts affected negatively the abundance of the Burkholderiales. The phylogenetic diversity and bacterial community membership were different in the LICHEN group compared to the BARE and MOSS groups, but not species richness and community structure. The beta diversity analysis also revealed a different bacterial community structure beneath the LICHEN and MOSS crusts, suggesting species-specific influence. This is a first insight into the effect of a biological soil crust on the bacterial community structure in an organic matter rich soil of a high altitude mountain forest.     

黄土丘陵区生物土壤结皮层水稳性

采用改进的土壤水稳性团聚体数量测定方法,研究了黄土丘陵区不同组成和生物量的生物结皮层水稳定性.结果表明：生物结皮层的水稳定性与其生物组成有关,苔藓结皮的水稳定性显著高于藻结皮,震荡390次后,苔藓结皮的厚度和质量损失率仅分别是藻结皮损失率的47.3%和40.1%;生物结皮层水稳定性与生物结皮的生物组成有关,60%以上苔藓覆盖度的生物结皮的稳定性最高,质量和厚度损失率分别是藻结皮（无苔藓覆盖）损失率的28.6%和22.7%;生物结皮层水平方向结构水稳定性显著大于垂直方向,震荡390次后,苔藓结皮的面积损失率仅为厚度损失率的6.4%.试验分析证实,生物结皮层是一种水平方向稳定性极强的层状结构体,这一结构特性增强了其抗风蚀和水蚀的能力.     

模拟增温对高寒沙区生物土壤结皮-土壤系统呼吸的影响

生物土壤结皮是高寒沙区重要的地表覆盖类型, 研究增温对高寒地区生物土壤结皮-土壤系统呼吸的影响, 能够为准确评估高寒生态系统中生物土壤结皮对气候变化的响应和反馈提供一定的参考。该文以人工植被恢复区的苔藓和藻类结皮为研究对象, 采用开顶式被动增温装置(OTC)进行模拟增温, 观测增温条件下苔藓和藻类结皮-土壤系统呼吸速率的日动态和生长季动态, 探讨增温对其CO₂释放量和温度敏感性的影响。研究结果显示, 增温未改变苔藓和藻类结皮-土壤系统呼吸速率的日动态和生长季动态特征, 均呈“单峰”曲线, 日动态峰值出现在13:00左右, 生长季动态峰值出现在8月左右; 增温改变了生物土壤结皮-土壤系统呼吸速率的日动态峰值。相对干旱年份(2017), 适度增温增加了两类生物土壤结皮-土壤系统生长季累积CO₂释放量, 过高幅度增温, 两类生物土壤结皮-土壤系统CO₂释放量的增加程度降低; 相对湿润年份(2018), 增温幅度越高, 两类生物土壤结皮-土壤系统CO₂释放量增加程度越大。两种类型生物土壤结皮-土壤系统呼吸速率与温度间的关系均可用指数函数较好地描述, 相对干旱年份, 增温幅度越高, 苔藓和藻类结皮-土壤呼吸的温度敏感性越小, 变化范围分别为1.47-1.61和1.60-1.95; 相对湿润年份, 增温幅度越高, 温度敏感性越大, 变化范围分别为1.44-1.68和1.44-1.76。该研究表明, 全球气候变暖很大程度地增强了高寒生态系统中生物土壤结皮-土壤系统的呼吸作用, 因此在准确评估高寒生态系统碳循环过程时, 应充分考虑气候变暖对该区广泛分布的生物土壤结皮所产生的影响。     

Seed characteristics and soil surface patch type interact to affect germination of semi-arid woodland species

Biological soil crusts are common in many arid and semi-arid regions and they can alter microenvironments which are likely to directly and indirectly influence vascular plant establishment. The effect of biological soil crusts on germination is also influenced by the biological characteristics of the seeds themselves but rarely have the effects of both crust type and seed morphology on germination been examined in the same study. In this study, seed of five semi-arid woodland species with contrasting seed morphology were sown on top of patch types that commonly occur in natural woodlands (foliose lichen, short-turf moss, tree leaf litter, disturbed crust) and their emergence was followed. Percent germination varied between patch types and, for the largest-seeded species (Maireana excavata), final germination was significantly lower on the biological soil crust and litter patch types because they strongly acted as a physical barrier to seed penetration into the soil. The remaining four species showed no significant differences in final percent germination with patch type because most seeds either completely or partially penetrated the surface layer. Germination time courses, however, showed that biological soil crusts delayed the timing of germination of these species. Hence, soil crusts might differentially affect the spatial patterning of species in semi-arid woodlands by their subtle influence on seedling emergence that is determined by differences in seed morphology and subsequent positioning within crusts.     

湿润持续时间对生物土壤结皮固氮活性的影响

土壤可利用氮是干旱半干旱区生态系统中除水分之外的关键限制因子,研究湿润持续时间和温度变化对温性荒漠藻类结皮和藓类结皮固氮活性的影响,对于深入认识和准确评价全球变化大背景下生物土壤结皮对区域生态系统的氮贡献至关重要。通过野外调查采样,在一次较大降水事件发生后,利用开顶式生长室,采用乙炔还原法连续测定了沙坡头地区人工植被区和天然植被区两类典型生物土壤结皮固氮活性的变化,分析了湿润持续时间和模拟增温对其固氮活性的影响。研究结果表明:在经历31d持续干旱,降水发生后第4天两类结皮的固氮活性达到最大,此后随样品水分含量下降,至第10天其固氮活性将至最低;结皮固氮活性与水分含量之间呈显著的二次函数关系,其固氮活性随水分含量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,藻类结皮的固氮活性显著高于藓类结皮;短期模拟增温并不能显著提高其固氮活性,增温主要通过加速结皮水分散失来影响其固氮活性。上述结果反映了水分是控制生物土壤结皮固氮活性的关键因子,而实验前样品所经历的环境条件则决定了降水发生后其到达最大固氮速率的时间,野外长期观测结合控制严格的室内实验才能准确评价生物土壤结皮对区域生态系统的氮贡献。     

Germination and seed water status of four grasses on moss-dominated biological soil crusts from arid lands

Biological soil crusts dominated by drought-tolerant mosses are commonly found through arid and semiarid steppe communities of the northern Great Basin of North America. We conducted growth chamber experiments to investigate the effects of these crusts on the germination of four grasses: Festuca idahoensis, Festuca ovina, Elymus wawawaiensis and Bromus tectorum. For each of these species, we recorded germination time courses on bare soil and two types of biological soil crusts; one composed predominantly of the tall moss Tortula ruralis and the other dominated by the short moss Bryum argenteum. On the short-moss crust, the final germination percentage was about half of that on bare soil. Also, the mean germination time was 4 days longer on short-mosses than on bare soil. In contrast to the short-moss crust, the tall-moss crust did not reduce the final germination percentage but increased the mean germination time. Similar results were observed in the four grasses studied. To investigate the mechanism by which moss crusts affected germination, we analyzed the water status of seeds on bare soil and moss crusts. Six days after seeding, the water content of seeds on bare soil was approximately twice that of seeds on tall- or short-moss crust. Analysis of the time course of changes in seed weight and water potential in Bromus tectorum revealed that overtime seeds on tall mosses reached higher water content than those on short mosses. The increase in the water content of seeds on tall mosses occurred as the seeds gradually fell through the moss canopy. Taken together, our results indicate that biological soil crusts with distinct structural characteristics can have different effects on seed germination. Furthermore, this study revealed that a biological soil crust dominated by short mosses had a negative effect on seed water status and significantly reduced seed germination.     

Effects of Biological Soil Crusts on Seed Bank, Germination and Establishment of Two Annual Plant Species in the Tengger Desert (N China)

The presence of biological soil crusts can affect the germination and survival of vascular plants, but the reasons are not well investigated. We have conducted a field investigation and greenhouse experiments to test the effect of crusts on two desert annual plants, which occur on the stabilized dunes of the Tengger Desert in N China. The results showed that biological soil crusts negatively influenced the seed bank of Eragrostis poaeoides and Bassia dasyphylla. The important effect of biological soil crusts on seed germination and establishment were performed indirectly through reducing the amount of germinating seeds. Field investigation and experimental results with regard to the seed bank indicated that higher seedling density was found in disturbed crust soil and bare soil surface than in intact crust soils. Greenhouse experiments showed that the effects of biological soil crusts on germination and establishment of the two plants are not obvious in moist condition, while disturbed crusts are more favorable to seed germination in dry treatment. Significant differences in biomass were found between disturbed crust soil and bare soil. Survival and growth of the two annual plants were enhanced in both algal and moss crusts during the season of rainfall or in moist environment, but crusts did not affect seedling survival in the dry period. The small seeded E. poaeoides has higher germination than larger-seeded B. dasyphylla in crust soils, but B. dasyphylla has a relatively higher survival rate than E. poaeoides in crust soils.     

沙坡头地区生物结皮覆盖区土壤种子库组成及垂直分布特征

采用野外随机取样和室内萌发试验相结合的方法,对沙坡头人工植被区的藓类结皮、地衣结皮和裸沙覆盖区土壤种子库的组成及垂直分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:1)人工植被区土壤种子库的物种组成简单,以1年生草本为主,相较于裸沙,两种生物结皮的存在显著增加了土壤种子库的密度(P0.01),但降低了土壤种子库的物种多样性及其与地上植被的相似性;2)两种生物结皮覆盖区土壤种子库的总密度虽无显著差异,但在0—2 cm土层中,地衣结皮土壤种子库的密度显著高于藓类结皮(P0.05),而在2—5 cm和5—10 cm土层中,藓类结皮土壤种子库的密度高于地衣结皮,但差异不显著;3)不同生物结皮覆盖区土壤种子库的垂直分布特征存在差异,藓类结皮覆盖土壤中有活力的种子主要分布在0—5 cm土层中,而地衣结皮和裸沙覆盖土壤中有活力的种子主要分布在0—2 cm土层中,且随着深度的增加,土壤中有活力的种子急剧减少。该研究表明,相较于裸沙,生物结皮的存在不仅增加了土壤种子库的大小,还改变了土壤种子库的垂直分布格局。生物结皮层下仍有相当比例有活力的小种子,这些种子欠缺萌发条件,对地上植被的贡献作用较小,但它们的存在对荒漠生态系统健康及可持续发展具有重要意义。     

毛乌素沙地区域尺度生物结皮有机碳

生物结皮在旱区荒漠养分循环和碳氮固存等生态系统功能方面发挥着重要作用,尤其能通过光合作用固定CO₂,从而提高土壤有机碳含量。目前有关区域尺度生物结皮土壤有机碳认知的缺乏在一定程度上制约了土壤碳库的精准预测。本研究选取毛乌素沙地全域(4.22万km²)内45个样地,测算了藓结皮和藻结皮两类典型生物结皮及其下土壤的有机碳含量(SOC)和密度(SOCD),并结合气候、土壤和植被等指标,深入探讨了区域尺度下生物结皮有机碳的空间分布特征及其主控因素。结果表明: 1)与裸沙相比,生物结皮显著提升了土壤有机碳含量和密度,且藓结皮及其下土壤有机碳含量(4.93 g·kg^-1)和密度(0.41 kg·m^-2)均高于藻结皮(1.89 g·kg^-1、0.18 kg·m^-2)。2)区域尺度上,生物结皮的有机碳含量和密度具有明显的空间分布特征,呈现出由东北-中部、西部-东南方向递减的带状分布与块状镶嵌分布。3)生物结皮及其下土壤有机碳含量和密度主要受气候、土壤和植被的综合影响,并因生物结皮类型而异,藓结皮主要受年均最高温和蒸散力的影响,而藻结皮主要受水蒸气分压的影响。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区藓结皮对土壤酶活性的影响

以黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区黄绵土和风沙土上发育30年的典型藓结皮为对象,分6层采集0～12 cm土层土样,研究了藓结皮对不同土层4种水解酶活性的影响及其与土壤养分的关系.结果表明: 与无结皮相比,黄绵土藓结皮的脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和蛋白酶活性分别提升了2.4、7.6、20.7、2.4倍,而风沙土藓结皮的这4种水解酶活性分别提升了3.5、22.2、22.3、2.0倍;黄绵土和风沙土藓结皮的体积含水量分别降低了6.5%和0.8%,温度分别降低了0.8和2.5 ℃;黄绵土藓结皮的有机质、碱解氮和速效磷含量分别提升了2.5、2.9和3.6倍,风沙土分别提升了3.6、3.0和6.6倍.4种水解酶的活性与土壤养分含量呈显著正相关,与土壤含水量呈显著负相关;而土壤温度与脲酶活性呈显著正相关,与蛋白酶活性呈显著负相关.黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区2种土壤藓结皮均能显著提升水解酶活性,这是藓结皮加速土壤养分周转的重要因素;通过改变土壤含水量和温度等酶促反应条件间接影响酶活性,是藓结皮促进土壤酶活性的重要途径.