桂林喀斯特石山50种常见植物叶片光合特性

选取桂林喀斯特石山生境中常见的50种植物为研究对象,分别测定叶片单位面积最大净光合速率（A_area）、单位质量最大净光合速率（A_mass）、气孔导度（Gs）、水分利用效率（WUE）、胞间/环境CO₂浓度比值（Ci/Ca）和蒸腾速率（Tr）等光合特性指标,探讨不同物种光合特性的差异以及光合特性之间的内在联系,以此探究不同植物适应喀斯特石山生境所表现出的光合生理特性。结果表明,50种植物叶片A_area,A_mass,Gs,WUE,Ci/Ca和Tr的平均值分别为8.35 μmol m^-2 s^-1,110.98 nmol g^-1 s^-1,0.10 mol m^-2 s^-1,94.84 μmol/mol,0.57和2.37 mmol m^-2 s^-1;方差分析表明,不同物种之间在A_area,A_mass,Gs,WUE,Ci/Ca和Tr之间存在显著差异。Pearson相关性分析表明,表征50种常见植物叶片光合特性的6个指标相关性除Ci/Ca与A_area和A_mass,WUE与A_mass不一致外,其他指标两两之间相关性均表现为一致性,其中Gs与Ci/Ca呈极显著的正相关。主成分分析表明,在6个光合特性指标中,Gs和Ci/Ca可作为反映喀斯特石山植物适应生境的重要光合指标,主要表征对水分条件的敏感程度以及耐旱性强弱,同时反映了植物叶片光合速率大小,用于衡量植物对喀斯特生境的生理生态适应性。基于Gs和Ci/Ca进行聚类分析表明,50种植物划分为3类：即中等Gs较高Ci/Ca型,较低Gs较高Ci/Ca型和较低Gs,Ci/Ca型。本研究表明,喀斯特生境植物在生理生态方面所表现出的适应策略主要为对资源利用方式及抵御外界不利环境的适应策略,这为后续选择物种加速植被恢复演替进程提供了参考。     

沙质草地植物功能性状对放牧、增水、氮添加及其耦合效应的响应机制

人类活动和气候变化对陆地生态系统结构和功能的影响日益明显。在中国半干旱草原区,植物功能性状对这些变化的响应机制仍不是很清楚。以科尔沁沙质草地植物群落功能性状（CWM_trait）、一年生和多年生植物平均功能性状为研究对象,开展非生长季放牧、增水、氮添加及其耦合效应的模拟控制试验,于2016年8月中旬在沙质草地开展了植物功能性状的调查及测定,主要包括植物高度、比叶面积（specific leaf area,SLA）、叶片干物质含量（leaf dry matter content,LDMC）、叶片氮含量（leaf nitrogen content,LNC）和叶片碳同位素（leaf carbon isotopes,δ¹³C）。结果表明：氮添加显著提高了CWM_height和CWM_LNC（P<0.05）,降低了CWM_LDMC（P<0.05）,同时放牧和增水的耦合效应对CWM_SLA具有显著影响（P<0.05）;放牧显著降低了一年生植物的平均高度（P<0.05）,氮添加显著提高了一年生植物的平均高度、LNC和δ¹³C （P<0.05）;氮添加显著提高了多年生植物的平均SLA、LNC和δ¹³C （P<0.05）,同时放牧和增水的耦合效应对多年生植物的平均SLA和LDMC具有显著影响（P<0.05）。主成分分析表明,放牧促进了植物群落和多年生植物SLA与LDMC、LNC和δ¹³C之间的负相关关系,增水促进了植物群落和多年生植物高度与SLA之间的正相关关系以及LDMC、LNC和δ¹³C之间的正相关关系,说明多年生植物在调控沙质草地植物群落响应外界干扰时具有较强的主导性作用。非生长季放牧、生长季禁牧有利于沙质草地的可持续发展和管理,增水能够减缓放牧压力对于草地植物的影响,氮添加有利于植物同化δ¹³C,并提高植物叶片的水分利用效率。     

油蒿叶片氮分配对其最大净光合速率季节变异的影响

植物最大净光合速率的季节变异性及其氮调控机制是近年来植物生理生态领域研究热点,对荒漠植物光合最大净光合速率季节动态及其叶氮影响,特别是叶氮分配对最大净光合速率调控机制的了解仍非常有限。2018年5-10月在宁夏盐池毛乌素沙地,对当地主要建群种油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)进行生长季原位观测,测定其叶光合光响应曲线(A-PAR)、CO₂响应曲线(A-Ci)和叶氮含量,结合环境观测数据,分析A-PAR关键参数最大净光合速率(A_max)的季节变异和叶片氮分配相关参数对A_max的调控。结果表明,油蒿叶片A_max在生长期季节变异系数(Cv)为14%,在完全展叶中期,光合氮利用效率(PNUE)有最大值11.82 μmolCO₂ gN^-1 s^-1,此时叶片氮素在光合系统中的分配比例最大,A_max有最大值29.48 μmol CO₂ m^-2s^-1,油蒿光合能力较强。在完全展叶末期,油蒿叶片氮在光合系统中的分配比例(P_p)有最小值0.21,此时叶氮分配更倾向于非光合系统,A_max较小,光合能力较弱,有利于油蒿延长叶片寿命。A_max与单位干重叶片氮含量(N_mass)、氮在捕光系统中分配比例(P_L)、氮在生物力能系统中分配比例(P_b)正相关(P<0.05),其中,P_L对A_max产生了最大的直接正向影响,氮在羧化系统中分配比例(P_c)主要通过P_b对A_max的产生了间接的正向影响,P_b对A_max季节动态的解释度最大(R²=0.49,P<0.01)。A_max与比叶重(LMA)负相关(P<0.05),即当有较高LMA时油蒿具有较低的光合速率,此时叶片光合能力较弱,叶片机械韧性较强。不同物候时期,油蒿叶片氮素分配的变化及叶片光合能力与结构性状之间的权衡关系,标志着荒漠植物对其生境的适应性调节。研究结果不但可提高荒漠灌木油蒿生态系统生产力预测的准确性,也是对植物光合适应机理认识的补充和深入。     

黄土丘陵区退耕草地群落优势种叶片光合生理对氮磷添加的响应

以黄土丘陵区退耕草地群落典型优势种白羊草、长芒草和达乌里胡枝子为研究对象，测定不同氮磷（主区N：0，50，100 kg N hm^-2 a^-1；副区P：0，40，80 kg P₂O₅ hm^-2 a^-1）添加处理下叶片光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、叶片氮磷含量、光合氮利用效率（PNUE）和光合磷利用效率（PPUE），探究不同优势种光合生理特征对外源氮磷添加的响应特征与物种差异。结果表明：单独氮添加下，3个优势种的净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率（WUE_i）、气孔限制值（Ls）和光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）活性高于或显著高于未施肥处理，白羊草和达乌里胡枝子的PNUE和PPUE以及长芒草的PPUE显著增加。单独磷添加下，仅达乌里胡枝子的P_n、WUE_i、Ls和PNUE相比未施肥处理显著增加。氮磷共同添加下，50 kg N hm^-2 a^-1处理下，施磷后达乌里胡枝子的P_n以及三个优势种的PNUE显著增加，白羊草的PPUE显著降低；100 kg N hm^-2 a^-1处理下，施磷后达乌里胡枝子的P_n和PNUE均显著增加，白羊草PPUE和长芒草的PNUE的仅在40 kg P₂O₅ hm^-2 a^-1处理下显著增加。3个优势种的P_n均与PSⅡ最大光化学效率和叶片氮含量呈显著正相关关系，长芒草和达乌里胡枝子的P_n与PSⅡ潜在活性和叶片磷含量呈显著正相关关系。总体表明，氮磷对黄土丘陵区退耕草地优势种光合生理具有一定的交互作用，物种属性和施肥水平影响其光合生理特征响应程度。     

遮阴和施氮对黄檗幼苗叶片光合特性和碳氮计量特征的影响

选取大田环境下3年生黄檗幼苗,采用人工控制双因素随机区组试验,在不同光照［全光照(S₀)、轻度遮光21.4%(S₁)和重度遮光8.7%(S₂)］和不同氮添加［无添加对照(F₀)、轻度添加(F₁)和重度添加(F₂)］条件下,测定黄檗幼苗叶片的相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、气体交换参数及碳氮化学计量特征,探讨黄檗幼苗对遮阴和施氮的响应机制。结果表明：(1)随着遮光程度增强,黄檗幼苗叶片的SPAD值、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、碳氮比(C∶N)和瞬时光合氮利用率(PNUE)均呈现先增后降的趋势,两种遮光条件下SPAD均显著高于全光照环境;黄檗幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、水分利用率(WUE)和气孔限制值(L_s)逐渐降低;而叶片氮(N)和碳(C)含量均呈先降后升的趋势。(2)随氮添加量增加,黄檗幼苗叶片的P_n、WUE、L_s、N和C含量均呈先增后降趋势,T_r、G_s和PNUE则逐渐下降,而C∶N逐渐增加。(3)黄檗幼苗叶片的P_n在各光氮组合处理间均无显著差异;SPAD含量以S₁F₀、S₂F₀和S₁F₂处理组合显著较高,而以全光照(S₀)处理组合显著最低;T_r和G_s以轻度遮光(S₁)处理组合明显较高,而以S₂F₁、S₀F₂、S₂F₂明显较低;WUE和L_s均以S₀F₂显著最高,S₂F₂处理组合显著最低。黄檗幼苗叶片N和C含量在重度遮光/轻度氮添加(S₂F₁)时具有较大值,而其C∶N和PNUE在轻度遮光/无氮添加(S₁F₀)时具有较大值。(4)隶属函数综合评价认为,黄檗幼苗对光氮复合作用总体属中等耐受型,轻度遮光时不添加氮肥(S₁F₀)和轻度氮添加(S₁F₁)及全光照时轻度氮添加(S₀F₁)为适于幼苗生长的光氮组合。研究发现,光环境是影响黄檗幼苗光合作用和更新的主导因子,但黄檗苗期能耐受一定的遮阴胁迫;光照不受限制时,适当增加氮肥有利于黄檗幼苗生长;光照受限(重度遮光)时,施氮则抑制叶片叶绿素合成,降低了幼苗光能利用率,不利于其生长。     

内蒙古草原常见植物叶片δ13C和δ15N对环境因子的响应

在中国东北样带沿线的内蒙古草原地区采集了一些常见植物的叶片样品,并测定其δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值,分析了其统计学特征以及对环境因子(年平均降雨量和温度)的响应模式。发现东北样带草原区同时存在C₃和C₄两种不同光合途径的植物,但是C₃植物占主导地位,C₄植物数量有限。C₃植物叶片δ¹³C随着年平均降雨量和年平均温度的升高而显著降低,反映了此区域C₃植物δ¹³C受控于降水量和温度。C₄植物的叶片δ¹³C值随着降雨量的增多而有轻微升高的趋势,但是C₄植物的叶片δ¹³C值对年平均温度的响应不敏感。不论对C₃植物还是C₄植物而言,叶片δ¹⁵N都随降雨量增加而显著降低,即干旱区的植物叶片δ¹⁵N大于湿润地区,这说明降水是影响植物叶片δ¹⁵N的一个重要因素。然而两者叶片δ¹⁵N对温度的响应不敏感。     

南亚热带森林2种菌根类型树木水分传导和养分利用策略的对比研究

为揭示南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林在季节性干旱加剧和氮沉降增加等环境影响下,菌根树木优势度变化趋势机理,对3种优势EM树木黄杞（Engelhardtia roxburghiana）、锥（Castanopsis chinensis）、黧蒴锥（C. fissa）和3种优势AM树木云南银柴（Aporusa yunnanensis）、山蒲桃（Syzygium levinei）、广东金叶子（Craibiodendron scleranthum var. kwangtungense）的水力性状和养分性状进行了研究。结果表明,EM树木叶片导水率下降50%和88%时的水势（P₅₀、P₈₈）和膨压丧失点（Ψ_tlp）均低于AM树木,边材比导水率（K_S）、叶片比导水率（K_L）、光合氮利用效率（PNUE）和光合磷利用效率（PPUE）均高于AM树木。可见,EM树木比AM树木具有更强的抗旱能力以及更高的导水效率和养分利用效率,这可能是在干旱加剧和氮沉降增加背景下EM树木优势度增加而AM树木优势度减少的生理机制。     

干旱及复水条件下外源褪黑素对玉米叶片光合作用的影响

为探究干旱胁迫及复水后外源褪黑素对玉米叶片光合作用的影响和调控机制。以玉米陕单609盆栽苗为试验材料,叶面喷施褪黑素100 μmol/L在重度干旱和复水后分别测定了生物量、净光合速率（P_n）以及光合电子传递速率等指标。结果显示：外源褪黑激素可减轻干旱胁迫引起的生长抑制;外源褪黑激素处理的植株表现出比未处理植株更高的P_n、气孔导度（G_s）以及更低的胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）;外源褪黑素增加了干旱胁迫下OJIP曲线的荧光参数φ_P0、φ_E0、ψ₀以及光合性能指数PI_abs;外源褪黑素也提高了干旱胁迫下叶片PSⅡ和PSI有效量子产量[Y（Ⅱ）,Y（I）];也增加了干旱胁迫下叶片的PSⅡ和PSI电子传递速率（ETRⅡ,ETRI）,但降低了干旱胁迫下叶片PSI受体侧限制[Y（NA）]和供体侧限制[Y（ND）]。表明外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下光抑制具有一定的缓解作用。复水后,干旱胁迫下褪黑素处理玉米叶片各参数都恢复到对照水平;而干旱胁迫处理玉米叶片各参数复水后不能完全恢复。可见,喷施褪黑素不仅缓解干旱胁迫对玉米PSⅡ和PSI结构和功能的损伤,而且能加速复水后光合机构功能的恢复,促进玉米植株恢复性生长。因此喷施褪黑素加强玉米叶片光合作用适应干旱环境是一种重要的调控方式。     

盐分胁迫下杠柳叶片光合特性的光响应研究

利用CID型便携式光合作用仪测定不同NaCl浓度下杠柳叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、水分利用效率（WUE）及光能利用率(LUE)生理参数的光响应过程,阐明盐分胁迫下其对光照响应的规律,探讨有利于杠柳正常生长的盐分浓度和光照条件。结果表明:（1）各盐分浓度下杠柳叶片光补偿点（LCP）在21.89～65.05 μmol·m^-2·s^-1之间变动,介于阴性植物与阳性植物之间;杠柳随土壤盐分的不同,其光合作用参数对光照强度表现出一定的适应性和可塑性;50 mmol·L^-1盐分浓度下杠柳光合同化能力最强,最有利于其干物质的积累,表现出一定的耐盐性。（2）轻度的盐分胁迫（小于50 mmol·L^-1）可以提高杠柳叶片的P_n、G_s、WUE和LUE,而盐分胁迫对杠柳的T_r有抑制作用,并随着盐分浓度的增加其抑制作用愈强烈。（3）维持杠柳正常生长的土壤盐分浓度小于50 mmol·L^-1,最佳PAR为1 000～2 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;而保持杠柳最大WUE和LUE的光照强度分别为800和100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

Cr6+对人工湿地薏苡光合特性和微量元素吸收的影响

为深入了解Cr⁶⁺胁迫对人工湿地植物薏苡光合特性和微量元素吸收的影响,该文通过构筑微型垂直流薏苡(Coix lacryma-jobi)人工湿地,采用1/2 Hoagland''s营养液配制的含0、5、20、40 mg·L^-1 Cr⁶⁺废水为灌溉用水,研究铬胁迫对人工湿地植物生长、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性和微量元素吸收等的影响。结果表明:(1)低浓度(5 mg·L^-1)Cr⁶⁺对薏苡的株高、茎粗和分蘖影响不显著,高浓度(20、40 mg·L^-1)Cr⁶⁺则显著抑制薏苡的生长。(2)低浓度Cr⁶⁺处理下,薏苡叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)有不同程度的提高,提高幅度分别为6.8%～54.8%、13.0%～40.3%和9.1%～36.4%。高浓度Cr⁶⁺处理下,叶片P_n、G_s、T_r等指标显著下降,但叶片胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)则显著提高。(3)薏苡叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均随着处理时间的延长而提高; 低浓度Cr⁶⁺处理下,薏苡叶片SOD活性与对照差异不大,高浓度Cr⁶⁺处理下,SOD活性受到显著抑制。薏苡叶片POD活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量均随Cr⁶⁺处理浓度的提高而提高。(4)高浓度Cr⁶⁺处理显著抑制根系、茎、叶对Cu 、Fe、Mn和Zn的吸收。(5)5、20 mg·L^-1 Cr⁶⁺处理下,人工湿地对Cr⁶⁺去除率最高可达99%,40 mg·L^-1 Cr⁶⁺处理下最高则为86%。综上认为,Cr⁶⁺胁迫导致Fe、Mn、Zn和Cu等元素吸收量显著下降,光合受阻,抗氧化系统受损,植物生长受到抑制,最终导致人工湿地处理含Cr⁶⁺废水的能力下降。     

Patterns of leaf size and morphology in relation to shoot length in Tsuga canadensis

Summary Pattern of change in leaf character was assessed along the length and around the circumference of Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. shoots of different length classes. Leaf size decreased, and number of leaves per unit length of shoot increased, with decrease in shoot length. Acropetally along the shoots, lamina length and width decreased, relative petiole length increased, apices became more pointed, and leaf margins bore more teeth. Around the shoot, from upper to side, and to lower surfaces, leaf size and number of marginal teeth in the proximal halves of leaves increased. These patterns were related both to production of preformed versus neoformed leaves, though their separation was indistinct, and to secondary orientation of leaves by twisting in their petiolar regions into two major bi-lateral ranks. An additional minor rank occurred along the upper surfaces of the shoots where secondary orientation of the leaves was minimal. Surface features of leaves did not differ in any obvious manner. Leaves on sylleptic shoots, which by definition were all neoformed, exhibited similar patterns, but were generally smaller than those on their parent shoots.     

Respiration and photosynthesis of bladders and leaves of aquatic utricularia species

In aquatic species of carnivorous utricularia, about 10 - 50 % of the total biomass consists of bladders. Utricularia bladders are physiologically very active organs though their chlorophyll content may greatly be reduced. To specify energetic costs of carnivory, respiration (RD) and net photosynthetic rate (PN) were compared in bladders and leaves or shoot segments of six aquatic utricularia species with differentiated (U. ochroleuca, U. intermedia, U. floridana) or non-differentiated shoots (U. vulgaris, U. australis, U. bremii) under optimum conditions (20 degrees C, [CO (2)] 0.20 mM, 400 micromol m (-2) s (-1) PAR). RD of bladders of six utricularia species (5.1 - 8.6 mmol kg (-1)(FW) h (-1)) was 75 - 200 % greater, than that in leaves in carnivorous or photosynthetic shoots (1.7 - 6.1 mmol kg (-1)(FW) h (-1)). Within individual species, this difference was statistically significant at P < 0.002 - 0.01. However, PN in photosynthetic leaves/shoots (40 - 117 mmol kg (-1)(FW) h (-1)) exceeded that in bladders (5.2 - 14.7 mmol kg (-1)(FW) h (-1)) 7 - 10 times. RD of empty bladders of U. ochroleuca was exactly the same as that in bladders containing prey. Though utricularia bladders are essential for uptake of growth limiting mineral nutrients N and P from prey as the main benefit of carnivory, the current results support previous work showing that bladder function requires greater metabolic (maintenance) cost and very low photosynthetic efficiency (great RD : PN ratio).     

Shoot elongation,leaf demography and bud formation in relation to branch position on Larix laricina saplings

Summary Shoot development was investigated on branches of Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch trees growing in their 8th year in two plantations and in a natural stand approximately 12 years old. Expansion of throughout-crown series of short and long shoots was measured weekly, and later colour change and natural fall of leaves were assessed. Similar shoots were collected at intervals and dissected, the long shoots by 25-leaf segments. Leaf area and weight, as well as time of bud formation, were determined. Increasing acropetal trends were evident in time to bud burst: duration of short-shoot leaf-cluster expansion; size of leaf clusters and number, area and weight of leaves per cluster; duration and rate of long-shoot elongation; number, area and weight of leaves on long shoots; time to terminal-bud formation on long shoots. Along each long shoot, stem and leaf elongation and lateral-axis formation progressed acropetally. Lateral axes were most numerous on second to fourth 25-leaf segments. On longer shoots, some axes in middle segments developed as sylleptic short shoots rather than as lateral buds. Leaves of short shoots and basal leaves on long shoots turned yellow and abscissed sooner than axial leaves on long shoots. Colour change and loss among axial leaves were acropetal along shoots and up the crown. Thus, last-formed leaves, in axils of some of which lastformed lateral buds occurred, were held longest.     

繁殖方式对矮慈姑生长的影响

矮葱姑的种子繁殖和球茎营养繁殖对植株生物量和高度都有明显的影响。种子繁殖苗生物量的增长曲线方程不同球茎繁殖苗的生物量增长曲线方程从生物量比较可见,在生长初期。球茎繁殖苗的生物量远大于种子繁殖苗。生长过程中,种子繁殖苗的生长速率大于球茎繁殖苗。在生长后期,二者生物量接近。种子繁殖苗的高度动态方程与球茎繁殖苗的高度动态方程也不一样。种子繁殖苗和球茎繁殖苗高度的增长速率在生长的前期均高于生长后期。     

Rapid plant regeneration from various explants of Jatropha integerrima

A simple, rapid and reproducible protocol for direct shoot regeneration from different explants of Jatropha integerrima was developed. Prolific adventitious shoot bud initiation was obtained using a combination of 2.2 or 4.4 M benzyladenine and 4.9 M indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Reduction of IBA concentration (2.5 M) promoted further development of shoots. Regenerated shoots rooted readily on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium lacking growth regulators. Plantlets were acclimatized and successfully transferred to pots.     

Turonian Pinaceae of the Raritan Formation, New Jersey

 Fossil vegetative and reproductive structures from deposits of the Raritan Formation in New Jersey (Turonian, Upper Cretaceous, ∼90 MYBP) include ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Gymnosperms collected from this formation have been known since the beginning of the 20th century. Fossil leaves, wood and seed cones have been are identified as belonging to the Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, and Taxodiaceae. In the present contribution, we describe a series of fossil dwarf shoots, leaves and a pollen cone belonging to the family Pinaceae. Fossils are charcoalified with preserved three-dimensional structure and excellent cellular detail. The dwarf shoots are assigned to a new species Prepinus crossmanensis sp. nov. and to the previously described Pinus quinquefolia Jeffrey. The new species Prepinus crossmanensis differs in size, shape, presence of hypodermis, sclerenchyma and stomata in the cataphylls, and number and shape of needle leaves from previously known species. Also, isolated leaves were found that were assigned to the new species, Prepinus raritanensis sp. nov. The new species is differentiated by the size and shape of stomata, the presence of number of layers of the hypodermis; and the cell-shape and number of layers of the mesophyll and transfusion tissue. A previously undescribed male cone, Amboystrobus cretacicum gen. and sp. nov., has an axis with spirally attached microsporophylls, each bearing two abaxial ovoid microsporangia. The pollen grains are monosulcate and bisaccate (eusaccate), with an elliptical corpus, granulate exine sculpture, and honeycomb-like wall structure. Received March 21, 2000 Accepted November 13, 2000     

Differences in response to drought stress among highbush blueberry plants propagated conventionally and by tissue culture

Abstract

The effects of drought stress on the morphological and physiological features of highbush blueberry Brigitta Blue plants were investigated. The plants were propagated conventionally by stem cutting (SC) and tissue culture (TC). Micropropagated plants originating from axillary (TC-Ax) and adventitious (TC-Ad) shoots were separated. An additional group consisted of plants propagated several times by stem cuttings, derived from TC mother plants (TC/SC). Different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (3% and 7%) were applied to induce drought stress. Parameters such as dry and fresh weight, water content, shoot elongation as well as chlorophyll fluorescence and content were measured. The effect of PEG treatment varied in plants of different origin. Shoot elongation was mainly inhibited in SC plants, whereas TC/SC plants exhibited a stronger reduction of photosystem II efficiency. Fm and Fv differences between TC plants propagated by axillary or adventitious shoots were also observed under control conditions. These epigenotypes also differed in shoot elongation under 7% PEG treatment. The obtained results confirmed the influence of the propagation method of highbush blueberry plants not only on morphological traits, but also on the physiological status.     

Shoot multiplication and adventitious regeneration in Sorbus aucuparia

In vitro mother plants initiated from a mature tree of Sorbus aucuparia, produced numerous propagules on a medium containing 2 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.2 μM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). These were rooted on a medium containing 0.25 μM NAA and 0.25 μM indole−3-butyric acid. Adventitious shoots were produced on excised leaves and internodes on media containing 10 μM thidiazuron and 0.3–1.0 μM NAA. They formed by direct regeneration in the axils of leaflets of intact leaves. They also developed indirectly, from callus that developed on the rachis of intact leaves, and the cut ends of petioles and internodes. Somatic embryos were produced on cotyledons of zygotic embryos on medium containing 1 μM BAP, 1 μM kinetin, 0.5 μM NAA, 500 mg l⁻¹ casein hydrolysate and 250 mg l⁻¹ glutamine. On basal medium, 69% developed cotyledons and 20% germinated after pre-treatment at 4 °C on medium containing 30 g l⁻¹ maltose.     

人工低温对滇中砀山酥梨休眠芽和枝的效应

建立大田温栅,以不同的人工低温量（冷温小时数分别为６００ｈ、９００ｈ、１２００ｈ）处理滇中砀山酥梨休眠芽和枝,分别将枝条嫁接到温棚中,调查芽的萌动与发育状况,并检测不同的低温量导致芽和枝发生的生理生变化。结果表明,不经冬季低温处理的砀山酥酥梨花芽自然不能解除休眠,６００ｈ低温量基本可解险砀山酥梨花芽休眠,９００ｈ低温量使休眠芽的总萌发率、花芽萌动率均达最高值,１２００ｈ低 一反而使休眠芽的总萌发率