光周期调节光敏感不育水稻叶片抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性

从第二次枝梗原基分化期开始用长日照(LD)或短日照(SD)处理光敏感核不育水稻农垦58S和常规水稻农垦58。与SD处理比较,LD处理明显抑制农垦58S和农垦58的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AsAPOD)的活性,对农垦58S的AsA POD活性的抑制效应较之农垦58的大。随着AsA POD活性下降,抗坏血酸(AsA)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量逐渐增加,AsA POD活性与AsA和MDA含量之间呈负相关。LD抑制ASA POD活性和抑制幼穗发育的时间有一定的一致性。推测在LD处理下AsA POD活性下降与幼穗发育受阻有某些内在的联系。     

吡喃酮类衍生物对水稻的杀雄作用与活性氧代谢的关系

在幼穗发育的雌雄蕊形成期用化学杀雄剂Ⅲ号(一种吡喃酮类衍生物)30mg/m2处理籼稻HX-3和粳稻镇稻88后,其幼穗、颖花和花药中的活性氧产生速率和丙二醛(MDA)积累高于对照,而过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ASA-POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则低于对照.在处理后第5天,与对照相比,幼穗中H2O2、O2、MDA含量明显增高,而相关的抗氧化酶活性下降.至处理后第15天,花药中H2O2、O2、MDA含量均比对照增加约1.5倍以上,同时POD、ASA-POD、SOD活性比对照下降一半以上.化学杀雄剂III号处理水稻导致雄性不育的发生,可能与幼穗、颖花和花药中较高的活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化加剧,从而损伤幼穗及花药细胞结构有关.     

吡喃酮类衍生物对水稻的杀雄作用与活性氧代谢的关系

在幼穗发育的雌雄蕊形成期用化学杀雄剂Ⅲ号（一种吡喃酮类衍生物）30mg/m2处理灿稻HX－3和粳稻镇稻88后,其幼穗,疑花和花药中的活性氧产生速率和丙二醛（MDA）积累高于对照,而过氧化物酶（POD）,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ASA－POD）,过氧化氢酶（CAT）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性则低于对照。在处理后第5天,与对照相比,幼穗中H2O2,O2－,MDA含量明显增高,而相关的抗氧化酶活性下降,至处理后第15天,花药中H2O2,O2,MDA含量均比对照增加约1．5倍以上,同时POD,ASA－POD,SOD活性比对照下降一半以上,化学杀雄剂Ⅲ号处理水稻导致雄性不育的发生,可能与幼穗,颖花和花药中较高的活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化加剧,从而损伤幼穗及花药细胞结构有关。     

光周期对光敏核不育水稻光敏色素A含量及其mRNA丰度的影响

光敏核不育水稻(农垦58S)是我国特有的水稻(Oryza sativa L.)种质材料,光敏色素是光周期诱导其育性转变的受体。报道了育性转换敏感期间的光周期处理对农垦58S及对照“农垦58”叶片中光敏色素A(Phy A)含量及其mRNA丰度的影响。在10个光周期处理的最后一个暗期结束前,收获每株水稻的上部两片叶,用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定Phy A。和长日照(LD)相比,短日照(SD)处理导致农垦58SPhy A相对含量增加38.5％;而“农垦58”只增加18.5％。显然,在较长的暗期中,农垦58S中Phy A的积累比对照快。在水稻幼苗中也得出相似的结果。以光敏色素A基因(phy A)的特异性片段RPA3作探针,用RNA斑点杂交的方法对叶片中Phy A mRNA丰度进行分析的结果表明,光周期处理5d和10d时,两品种水稻的Phy A mRNA丰度都是SD处理的比LD的高,而且SD下农垦58S Phy A mRNA的丰度均比“农垦58”的高。这些结果表明,甲基化水平较低的农垦58S phy A可能比“农垦58”的phy A更活跃地表达。另外,在育性转换敏感期每日主光期结束时(EOD)进行10次短暂的远红光(FR)照射。结果表明,农垦58S植株抽穗和开花期比SD处理推迟2d,而花粉败育率、种子结实率却无变化。暗示农垦58S开花和育性转变过程的光周期反应可能不同。     

核酸代谢抑制剂对水稻光敏核不育性的影响

在稻穗分化的二次枝梗期后,观察比较了叶片喷施核酸代谢抑制剂5-FU对水稻光敏核不育性及幼穗发育的影响,结果表明：长日照下,5-FU在使农垦58S穗长缩短、颖花数减少的同时,却使其抽穗提前,可育性得到一定程度的恢复;5-FU处理还使农垦58的抽穗被完全阻止。在短日照下,5-FU处理则使农垦58S与农垦58在穗长与颖花数减少的同时,其抽穗反被延迟,可育性受到抑制而结实率显著降低,上述效应还可被随后施用的恢复剂乳清酸所弱化。因此可以认为光敏核不育现象与稻穗发育中核酸代谢的改变有关。     

农垦58s育性转换与吲哚乙酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶的关系

本文报道了农垦58s和农垦58幼穗发育期长短日下吲哚乙酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性变化。结果表明:58s LD叶片中吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性从花粉母细胞形成期至花粉内容物充实期显著低于58s SD,与游离IAA的积累密切相关,可能影响花粉育性;但过氧化物酶的活性在上述时期显著高于58s SD,与游离IAA的积累无关,其作用尚不清楚。58s LD幼穗及花药中两酶活性在减数分裂期和花粉内容物充实期均较58s SD高,与同期幼穗及花药中游离IAA的亏缺有一定联系,从而可能在一定程度上影响花粉育性。对照农垦58叶片和幼穗及花药中两酶活性变化都不呈现上述现象。     

免疫测定光敏核不育水稻中光敏色素I含量

光敏核不育水稻（农垦58S）是中国水稻研究中的一个重要发现,水稻杂交育种上有巨大潜力。研究表明：农垦58S的雄性不育性受光周期调控,光敏色素是育性转变过程中光周期反应的光受体。然而,鉴于高等植物中存在至少两种不同的光敏色素分子,并且它们同时存在水稻中,人们对调节农垦58S雄性不育过程的光敏色素分子种类及作用方式仍然不清楚。本文采用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）,比较了不同光周期下农垦58S和对照品种农垦58叶片（光周期感受器官）中光敏色素（phyA）的含量。从农垦58S的二次技梗原基分化期开始,进行10天的光周期处理,一组为短日照（SD）,另一组为长日照（LD）。在第10个暗期结束前,于暗绿光下收获每株水稻的最上部两片新展叶,立即保存在液氮中。样品在研钵中磨成液氮粉,然后加入提取液（含50mmol/LTris-HCI和0．2mol／L巯基乙醇,pH8．5）匀浆。粗提液经0．5％聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）沉淀一,上清液供ELISA分析。以燕麦phyA的多克隆隆抗体、单克隆抗体分别作ELISA的一抗和检测抗体。供ELISA分析。以燕麦phyA的多克隆抗体、单克隆抗体分别作ELISA的一抗和检测抗体。采用ELISA可以专一性地检测水稻phyA(Table1)。几次独立的实验说明,光周期处理对phyA含量有较大的影响。要相同的光周期下,农垦58S的phyA在较长时间暗期中的合成速度明显比农垦58快,这证实了前人的推测,即农垦58S甲基化程度较低的phyA基因的表达可能比农垦59更活跃。许多研究指出,pohyA含量的高低必然影响有关的生理过程。两种基因型相同的大麦品种对光周期、远红光（FR）敏感性的不同反应正是phyA含量差异所致。因此,SD下叶片积累较多的phA可能是农垦58S花粉育性恢复所必需的。另外,在农垦58S育性转变敏感期内每天的光周期结束时（EOD）进行短暂（15分钟）的FR照射实验,以推测光敏色素(PhyB)在育性转变中的作用,因为EODFR反应由phyB介导。10次EODFR处理后,农垦58S的抽穗、开花期均比SD对照相应地推迟2天。这与穗、开花（LD效应）,其花粉败育、种了结实率却没有变化（图1）,说明开花与花粉育性的调控机制有所不同。从上述结果我们认为,可能是phyA,而不是pohyB参与光周期诱导的农垦58s花粉育性转变过程,并且phyA可能通过其含量的变化起调节作用;phyB与水稻的抽穗、开花等现象有关。农垦58S可能通过其含量的变化起调节作用;phyB与水稻的抽穗、开花等现象有关。农垦58s控制花粉正常发育的phyA信号传导链可能存在某些缺陷,从而导致对光周期的敏感性增加,SD下积累较多的phyA则可以弥补这些缺陷。     

ADH在光敏感核不育水稻中反应特征的研究

乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性在湖北光敏感核不育水稻(HPGMR)幼穗发育的育性诱导阶段对光周期反应非常敏感。此时,在短日照或远红光处理的条件下,乙醇脱氢酶同工酶AdhII活性高,湖北光敏感核不育水稻原始不育株农垦58雄性可育;在长日照或红光间断长暗期的条件下,AdhII活性陡降,表现雄性不育。因此认为AdhII与湖北光敏感核不育水稻育性转换有关,可能是它参予了育性基因表达的调控作用。     

广适性光温敏不育系Y58S幼穗分化期耐冷性表现及生理机制

为了阐明水稻光温敏不育系幼穗分化期耐冷的形态生理机制,以耐冷不育系Y58S和4个生产上常用光温敏不育系为试验材料,研究了低温胁迫(17.5℃,10 d)下结实率、穗部形态、株高、光合特性以及抗氧化物酶系统等的变化。结果表明,低温胁迫下Y58S的幼穗分化期耐冷性在5个不育系中最强,与敏感的C815S和株1S相比,Y58S表现为株高和穗长降低幅度较小,保持较高结实率;光合作用受低温影响不显著,SPAD值、光合速率等光合指标无显著变化;SOD、POD活性降低幅度较小,MDA含量、相对电导率增幅较小。     

光质对烟草叶片生长发育过程中抗氧化系统的影响

以云烟87植株为材料,通过覆盖白、红、黄、蓝、紫色滤膜获得不同光质,于大田条件下研究了光质对烟草叶片生长发育过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶活性,抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明,在烟草植株第11片叶生长发育的7~70 d内,其抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势.与白光(对照)相比,黄光诱导烟草叶片SOD、CAT、APX和GR活性升高,以及AsA和GSH含量增加;而红光诱导APX和GR活性上升,以及GSH和AsA含量升高;但紫光却使SOD、CAT、POD、GR和GPX活性下降,GSH和AsA含量降低,而蓝光则使所有抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量降低.紫光和蓝光处理的烟草叶片中MDA含量较高,而黄光和红光处理的则较低.总体而言,在大田条件下,相对红光和黄光而言,蓝光和紫光处理下的烟草叶片更容易发生光氧化胁迫.     

Relationship Between Male Fertility and Endogenous Phytohormones in Photoperiod-Sensitive Genic Male-Sterile Rice

A spontaneous male sterile rice plant (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nongken 58S) "Photoperiod-sensitive Genic Male-sterile Rice has been found to be male sterile under long day cycles (LD) and fertile in short day cycles (SD). The period from secondary rachis-branch and spikelet primodia to pollen mother cell formation in the process of panical development was the photoperiod-sensitive stage for fertility alternation. The phenotype of this mutant was reported to be controlled by two pairs of recessive alleles. The research on relationship between the fertility alternation and phytohormone action in this mutant have been performed by Chinese scientists since 1985. In order to study the mechanism of fertility alternation in Nongken 58S, endogenous IAA, ABA, GA1 and GA4 in apical leaves and reproductive organs in different development stages under LD and SD conditions have been quantiatvely and qualitatively identified by GC-MS-SIM method. It was found that endogenous IAA in apical leaves at the stage of pistil and stamen primodia formation and in panicles at pollen mother cell stage of Nongken 58S with LD condition was deficient comparing with those in SD. Endogenous ABA level in panicles at pollen mother cell stage, in spikelets at uninucleate stage and in anthers at anthesis stage of Nongken 58S-LD were lower than those in SD. ABA levels in corresponding organs and developmental stages of wild type of rice, "Nongken 58" were always higher in LD treatment than those in SD. Endogenous IAA, GA1 and GA4 levels in anthers at anthesis stasge of "Nongken 58"-LD were increased obviously. Thus it appeared that "Nongken 58" possess stronger resistance to LD stress than Nongken 58S. It is concluded that IAA deficiency of reproductive organs at early developmental stage, ABA decrease implying poor resistance to LD stress and reduction of GAs in late developmental stages were the factors causing the anther sterility in Nongken 58S-LD.     

Specific Proteins in Chloroplasts of Photoperiod-Sensitive Genic Male-Sterile Rice

The chloroplast proteins of a male-sterile mutant Nongken 58S, namely “Hubei Photoperiod-sensitive Genic Male-sterile Rice”, which is male sterile under long day (LD) cycles and fertile under short day (SD) cycles, and its original cultivar Nongken 58 (Oryza sativa L. subsp, japonica, Nongken 58) at seedling stage and photoperiod sensitive stage of fertility transition could be resolved into at least 20 major and more than 70 minor protein components on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, with molecular weights ranging from 10kD to 67kD and isoelc points (pI) from 4.3 to 8.5. The mutant Nongken 58S had twospecific proteins with molecular weight of 45kD(pI6.7) and 61 kD (pI6.0) as compared with Nongken 58. Another 61 kD(pI6.2) protein was more in Nongken 58S than in Nongken 58. The existance of these proteins was not influenced by SD or LD treatment. The results showed difference in patterns of gene expression between Nongken 58S and Nongken 58. A possible function of these proteins in relation to regulation of sterility was discussed.     

Effect of Photoperiod Treatments on Phytochrome a Levels and Its mRNA Abundance in Photoperiod-Sensitive Genic Male-Sterile Rice Mutant and the Wild Type

The effect of photoperiod treatments on phytochrome A (Phy A) level and its mRNA abundance in the leaves of a photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile mutant (Nongken 58S) and its wild type ("Nongken 58') of Oryza sativa L. was investigated. The top two leaves of each rice shoot were harvested at the end of the last dark phase of 10 cycles during photoperiod-sensitive stage for fertility alteration of the mutant. Phy A was measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using rabbit polyclonal and mouse monoclonal antibodies. Compared with longday (LD) treatment,short day (SD) resulted in 38.5% increase of relative Phy A content in the mutant, only 18.5% increase in the wild type. In an extended darkness (25 h), the accumulation of Phy A also appeared to be more rapid in the mutant seedlings than in its wild type. RNA dot blot analyses with RPA3 (a cDNA clone of rice Phy A) as a probe showed:the abundances of Phy A mRNA in top leaves of Nongken 58S and "Nongken 58" were obviously higher in SD than those in ID at the end of dark phase of 5 d and 10 d photoperiod treatments. Moreover, under SD Phy A mRNA contents in Nongken 58S were more than those in "Nongken 58" during the whole photoperi- od-sensitive stage for fertility alteration. In addition, after 10 cycles of end-of-day far-red irradiations (EOD FR), the heading and flowering date of the mutant was delayed for 2 d. However, EOD FR had little or no effect on male fertility of the mutant.     

水分胁迫对龙眼幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化及内源保护体系的影响

对龙眼（ＤｉｍｏｃａｒｐｕｓｌｏｎｇａｎａＬｏｕｒ．）实生幼苗进行人工水分胁迫,检测其抗氧化酶和抗氧化剂的变化,研究了干旱对叶片膜脂过氧化及内源保护体系的影响,结果表明,在水分胁迫下,龙眼叶片ＲＷＣ下降,电解质渗漏上升,ＲＷＣ的下降和电解质渗漏的上升呈极显著负相关;叶片中ＳＯＤ和ＰＯＤ活性及ＭＤＡ含量明显上升,且与电解质渗漏的增加呈极显著正相关;叶片中可溶性蛋白质,ＧＳＨ含量和ＡｓＡ－ＰＯＤ活性显     

不同海拔青海云杉与祁连圆柏叶片抗氧化系统

以祁连山寺大隆林区连续海拔梯度(2 665~3 365 m)上青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)和祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii)为材料, 测定叶片中抗氧化保护系统的变化, 探讨常绿木本植物抗氧化系统对高山极端环境的适应机制。结果显示, 祁连圆柏和青海云杉叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量均与海拔高度呈正相关, 相同海拔上青海云杉MDA含量极显著高于祁连圆柏(p＜0.01)。随海拔升高, 两树种抗氧化保护酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和非酶促抗氧化剂脯氨酸(Pro)、抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均呈明显增加趋势。青海云杉叶片的AsA水平高于祁连圆柏, 但对海拔变化的敏感性较低; 祁连圆柏的GSH、Pro水平及其对海拔变化的敏感性均高于青海云杉。结果表明, 研究区青海云杉所受过氧化伤害较祁连圆柏更严重, 但两树种清除O₂^-·的能力相当而主要负责分解H₂O₂的酶种有所不同: 祁连圆柏中为POD, 青海云杉中则为CAT、APX和GR, AsA-GSH循环系统在青海云杉活性氧清除中的作用强于在祁连圆柏中, 祁连圆柏的活性氧清除物质可能以Pro为主。     

Retardation of Leaf Senescence by Triadimefon Treatment in Mung Bean Seedling

Treatment of triadimefon on detached leaves of mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L. ) seedlings increased the levels of chlorophyll and soluble proteins. Declined activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate-peroxidase (AsA-POD) and contents of ascorbate (ASA) and glutathione (GSH) were observed during the senescence of detached young leaves. Triadimefon at concentration of 20 mg/L promoted the activities of POD, AsA-POD and levels of AsA and GSH, but had no effect on the activities of SOD and CAT. On the other hand, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased and the increase of which was markedly negative correlated with the activities of POD, AsA-POD and with the contents of AsA and GSH during the senescence of leaves. MDA contents were decreased by triadimefon treatment. These resuits suggested that triadimefon retarded the senescence of leaves in mung bean seedlings in terms of enhancing the protective ability of plant tissues against membrane lipid peroxidation.     

免疫测定光敏核不育水稻中光敏色素Ⅰ含量

光敏核不育水稻（农垦５８Ｓ）是中国水稻研究中的一个重要发现,在水稻杂交育种上有巨大潜力。研究表明：农垦５８Ｓ的雄性不育性受光周期调控,光敏色素是育性转变过程中光周期反应的光受体,然而,鉴于高等植物中存在至少两种不同的光敏色素分子,并且它们同时存在于水稻中,人们对调节农垦５８Ｓ雄性不育过程的光敏色素分子种类及作用方式仍然不清楚。本文采用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）,比较了不同光周期下农垦５８Ｓ和对照品种农垦５８叶片（光周期感受器官）中光敏色素Ｉ（ｐｈｙＡ）的含量。从农垦５８Ｓ的二次枝梗原基分化期开始,进行１０天的光周期处理。一组为短日照（ＳＤ）,另一组为长日照（ＬＤ）。在第１０个暗期结束前,于暗绿光下收获每株水稻的最上部两片新展叶,立即保存在液氮中。样品在研钵中磨成液氮粉,然后加入提取液（含５０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＴｒｉｓ－ＨＣＩ和０．２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ巯基乙醇,ｐＨ８．５）匀浆。粗提液经０．５％聚乙烯亚胺（ＰＥＩ）沉淀后,上清液供ＥＬＩＳＡ分析。以燕麦ｐｈｙＡ的多克隆抗体、单克隆抗体分别作ＥＬＩＳＡ的一抗和检测抗体。采用ＥＬＩＳＡ可以专一性地检测水稻ｐｈｙＡ（Ｔａｂｌｅ１）。几次独立的实验说明,光周期处理对ｐｈｙＡ含