小鼠前成骨细胞MC3T3-E1在自组装多肽水凝胶支架中的成骨分化

目的研究MC3T3-E1细胞在自组装多肽水凝胶支架上的生长和成骨分化.方法在多肽水凝胶支架RADA16上接种MC3T3-E1细胞,荧光染色观察细胞形态和存活情况;组织化学染色检测MC3T3-E1细胞碱性磷酸酶活性以及细胞外钙质沉积;RT-PCR分析成骨特异性基因的表达.结果 MC3T3-E1细胞在水凝胶支架RADA16上粘附铺展良好,呈纺锤样形态.诱导培养后支架上的细胞有较高水平的碱性磷酸酶表达和矿化基质沉积.此外,骨分化特异性基因骨桥蛋白和骨涎蛋白也有表达,且表达量随培养时间的延长而增多.结论 在自组装水凝胶内MC3T3-E1细胞可向成骨方向分化,并能在凝胶内产生矿化的细胞外基质.     

MSCs在自组装多肽纳米纤维支架中的三维培养及脂向分化研究

拟采用自组装多肽RADA16水凝胶建市MSCs的三维培养体系,以观察MSCs在RADA16中的黏附、形态及脂向分化情况.将第3代细胞置于RADA16水凝胶中进行三维培养.实验组细胞-材料复合物以脂向诱导液诱导,对照组以DMEM培养液培养,然后进行形态学观察,油红O染色及Western blot检测.荧光染色显示,绝大多数MSCs在RADA16水凝胶中能存活,且在不同的三维平面上生长.经诱导后,细胞内有大量油红O染色阳性的脂滴聚集,Western blot分析结果显示有脂肪细胞特异的蛋白PPARγ表达,且表达量随诱导时间的延长而增加.以上结果表明,RADA16水凝胶支架为MSCs的黏附、生长提供良好的三维环境,经定向诱导后支架内的MSCs可向脂肪组织方向分化.     

功能化自组装肽水凝胶在细胞培养中应用

自组装肽水凝胶是一类能够在特定的条件下利用疏水作用、静电作用、氢键、范德华力等非共价作用力来形成内部高度有序结构的多肽分子凝胶.自组装多肽凝胶具有易于设计合成、低免疫原性、低炎症反应、良好组织相容性、生物利用度高等特点,可为各种细胞提供近似于天然的细胞外基质,促进细胞增殖、分化、黏附等细胞生物学行为.因此,自组装肽水凝...     

RADA-16的研究进展

自组装多肽RADA-16(RADARADARADARADA)是化学合成的一种纳米材料,最早是麻省理工学院的张曙光教授合成。研究显示,1%的RADA-16溶液在盐溶液的激发下能迅速自组装成纳米纤维水凝胶;在不同的多肽浓度下,RADA-16形成不同的结构形态,经超声波破碎打断的RADA-16纤维会随着时间的延长而重新组装成较长的纳米纤维;p H值的变化也会影响RADA-16水凝胶的形成,在酸性、碱性、中性条件下分别以3种离子状态存在;RADA-16纳米纤维水凝胶能够提供一个利于细胞生长的三维环境,将不同的细胞种植在水凝胶中能够促进细胞的增殖和迁移;已有科学家将RADA-16应用在组织工程中皮肤缺损、软骨修复、神经修复、止血等方面的研究并取得很好的研究成果。本研究主要对RADA-16的研究进展进行阐述。     

自组装多肽纳米纤维支架诱导骨髓间充质干细胞定向分化

组织工程是现代修复重建医学领域的新思路,生物支架和种子细胞是组织工程两大关键要素。自组装多肽纳米纤维支架(SAPNS)是两亲性多肽(PAs)分子在一定条件下自组装成的一类具有三维网状结构的新型生物支架,其结构、生物功能、机械力学等特性类似天然细胞外基质(ECM),其内部经功能化修饰的抗原表位以高浓度呈递在纳米纤维表面并高效选择性地调控种子细胞生物学行为。种子细胞是组织成功再生的必需条件,骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)因其良好的自我更新和多向分化潜能成为了组织工程最佳候选细胞。体外实验表明经特异功能化修饰的SAPNS在有/无辅助因子条件下可促进BMSCs黏附、增殖、迁移和定向分化,动物模型体内实验发现SAPNS结合BMSCs构建的组织工程移植物可修复缺损部位的组织结构和功能,故其在修复重建医学中有良好的应用前景。对SAPNS、自组装、BMSCs、SAPNS诱导BMSCs定向分化等方面进行了综述。     

自组装短肽R2I4R2对皮肤创伤快速修复过程的研究

研究探索自组装短肽R₂I₄R₂在人皮肤成纤维细胞体外三维培养的应用效果与对创伤修复过程的作用。通过圆二色谱仪分析不同时间、温度和离子条件对其二级结构的影响;刚果红染色宏观检测短肽自组装情况;体外培养人皮肤成纤维细胞探索细胞在R₂I₄R₂形成的纳米纤维网络中的生长状态及凋亡情况;建立SD大鼠皮肤创伤模型,HE染色与免疫组织化学检测其对皮肤创伤修复的病理变化。结果表明,R₂I₄R₂在不同条件下均可形成较为稳定的二级结构;自组装24h后可形成均一稳定的膜片状结构,为细胞三维培养提供支架;人皮肤成纤维细胞可在R₂I₄R₂形成的纳米纤维网络三维环境中生长且状态良好;动物实验表明,短肽R₂I₄R₂可减少炎症、促进新生血管生成、加速皮肤创伤修复过程。自组装短肽R₂I₄R₂作为新的纳米支架材料,可用于细胞三维培养与皮肤创伤修复。     

促细胞黏附生长的自组装肽水凝胶

随着细胞与组织工程的迅猛发展,能够促进细胞黏附、生长和分化的生物材料基质支架的研究日益重要。具有生物相容性且含水量超过99％的自组装肽水凝胶因其很好地符合理想的生物材料基质支架标准而备受重视。这类自我互补的两亲寡肽含50％的带电残基,并且以交替的离子亲水性和不带电的氨基酸残基周期性重复为特征;在其寡肽的氨基末端可用直接固相合成法修饰几个短序列生物活性模体进行功能化,用以促进不同细胞的黏附生长和靶向定位。现对自组装肽水凝胶的结构特征、自组装机制、对细胞黏附生长的影响以及未来自组装肽生物材料设计的目标进行综述．     

自组装在多肽药物中的应用

自组装是指分子、纳米级结构材料等基本单元自发地组装成一个稳定而又紧密结构的过程。多肽可在各种非共价驱动力下自组装形成纳米纤维、纳米层状结构、胶束等不同的形貌。因多肽具有氨基酸序列明确、易于合成、便于设计等优势,多肽自组装技术成为了近年来的一个研究热点。有研究表明,对某些多肽类药物进行自组装设计或者使用自组装肽材料作为药物递送的载体,可以解决药物自身存在的半衰期短、水溶性差、生理屏障穿透率低等问题。本文重点介绍了自组装多肽的形成机制、自组装形貌、影响因素、自组装设计方法及其在生物医学领域的主要应用,为多肽的高效利用提供参考。     

负载白藜芦醇自组装多肽水凝胶的抗菌性能研究

[目的]制备一种负载白藜芦醇的自组装多肽水凝胶并探讨其抗菌性能。[方法]通过自组装制备多肽(FmocFFGGRGD)水凝胶和载有白藜芦醇的多肽水凝胶(Pep/RES);通过扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察水凝胶的形貌和内部结构;通过流变仪检测水凝胶的流变性质;通过高效液相色谱检测Pep/RES的释放速率;通过细胞毒性试验研究该水凝胶的生物相容性;通过抑菌圈实验和活死细菌染色研究Pep/RES对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌性能。[结果]多肽溶液可在30 min内自组装形成稳定的水凝胶,水凝胶内部的三维结构密度随多肽浓度的增加而增加,2.0wt%浓度的多肽水凝胶稳定效果最好。白藜芦醇从Pep/RES水凝胶中缓慢释放7 d释放量达到50%,Pep/RES浸泡液对NIH/3T3细胞表现出良好的生物相容性。Pep/RES水凝胶中负载的白藜芦醇浓度为512μg/m L时,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径即可达到5.41±0.18 mm,但即使白藜芦醇浓度达到1 024μg/m L,对大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径仅为4.27±0.22 nm。[结论]Pep/RES结构稳定,安全无毒,能缓释白藜芦醇,并对金黄色葡萄球菌具有显著抑制作用。     

超分子多肽自组装在生物医学中的应用

近年来,自组装多肽纳米技术因其可形成规则有序的结构、具有多样的功能而备受关注。研究发现自组装多肽能在特定的条件下形成具有确定结构的聚集体,这种聚集体具备生物相容性好、稳定性高等优点,表现出不同于单体多肽分子的特性和优势,因此其在药物传递、组织工程、抗菌等领域具有良好的应用前景。文中介绍了自组装多肽形成的分子机理、类型、影响因素,综述了自组装多肽形成的纤维肽基水凝胶与自组装抗菌肽的最新进展,并提出目前多肽自组装技术所存在的问题及展望。     

Preparation and Characterization of Electrospun PLCL/Poloxamer Nanofibers and Dextran/Gelatin Hydrogels for Skin Tissue Engineering

In this study, two different biomaterials were fabricated and their potential use as a bilayer scaffold for skin tissue engineering applications was assessed. The upper layer biomaterial was a Poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide)/Poloxamer (PLCL/Poloxamer) nanofiber membrane fabricated using electrospinning technology. The PLCL/Poloxamer nanofibers (PLCL/Poloxamer, 9/1) exhibited strong mechanical properties (stress/strain values of 9.37±0.38 MPa/187.43±10.66%) and good biocompatibility to support adipose-derived stem cells proliferation. The lower layer biomaterial was a hydrogel composed of 10% dextran and 20% gelatin without the addition of a chemical crosslinking agent. The 5/5 dextran/gelatin hydrogel displayed high swelling property, good compressive strength, capacity to present more than 3 weeks and was able to support cells proliferation. A bilayer scaffold was fabricated using these two materials by underlaying the nanofibers and casting hydrogel to mimic the structure and biological function of native skin tissue. The upper layer membrane provided mechanical support in the scaffold and the lower layer hydrogel provided adequate space to allow cells to proliferate and generate extracellular matrix. The biocompatibility of bilayer scaffold was preliminarily investigated to assess the potential cytotoxicity. The results show that cell viability had not been affected when cocultured with bilayer scaffold. As a consequence, the bilayer scaffold composed of PLCL/Poloxamer nanofibers and dextran/gelatin hydrogels is biocompatible and possesses its potentially high application prospect in the field of skin tissue engineering.     

嗅神经鞘细胞的培养纯化及体外生长特性

采用原代培养的方法,从2,5月成年大鼠的嗅球分离培养嗅神经鞘细胞（OECs),培养6天后,用阿糖胞苷（Ara-C)抑制,差速贴壁,Forskolin和BPE营养物质处理,根据P75蛋白免疫细胞化学染色和形态学特征分析了所得细胞的纯度,同时对不同培养时期的OECs 的形态进行观察和纯化后的活力测定。实验结果显示：（1）这种纯化方法简单,经济,快捷,所得的OECS纯度可达95％以上,并且随培养时间延长,细胞仍保持较高的纯度。（2）在培养早期2天到5天主要以巨噬细胞状,多极状,不规则状为主,培养中期7天到20天主要以扁平的双极,三极为主。晚期20天以后呈现双极,三极形态,其起上有许多细小的棘突。93）其中以培养早中期细胞的活力较好,培养20天以后,细胞活力较差,本研究为以OECs 作为移植材料对促进神经再生的研究获得丰富的细胞来源奠定了基础。     

Hydrolytically degradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel scaffolds as a cell delivery vehicle: Characterization of PC12 cell response

The central nervous system (CNS) has a low intrinsic potential for regeneration following injury and disease, yet neural stem/progenitor cell (NPC) transplants show promise to provide a dynamic therapeutic in this complex tissue environment. Moreover, biomaterial scaffolds may improve the success of NPC‐based therapeutics by promoting cell viability and guiding cell response. We hypothesized that a hydrogel scaffold could provide a temporary neurogenic environment that supports cell survival during encapsulation, and degrades completely in a temporally controlled manner to allow progression of dynamic cellular processes such as neurite extension. We utilized PC12 cells as a model cell line with an inducible neuronal phenotype to define key properties of hydrolytically degradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel scaffolds that impact cell viability and differentiation following release from the degraded hydrogel. Adhesive peptide ligands (RGDS, IKVAV, or YIGSR), were required to maintain cell viability during encapsulation; as compared to YIGSR, the RGDS, and IKVAV ligands were associated with a higher percentage of PC12 cells that differentiated to the neuronal phenotype following release from the hydrogel. Moreover, among the hydrogel properties examined (e.g., ligand type, concentration), total polymer density within the hydrogel had the most prominent effect on cell viability, with densities above 15% w/v leading to decreased cell viability likely due to a higher shear modulus. Thus, by identifying key properties of degradable hydrogels that affect cell viability and differentiation following release from the hydrogel, we lay the foundation for application of this system towards future applications of the scaffold as a neural cell delivery vehicle. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:1255–1264, 2013     

甘丙肽及其受体在嗅成鞘细胞中的表达及对细胞增殖的影响

本实验从新生大鼠嗅球中分离出嗅成鞘细胞,进行体外培养。运用RT—PCR方法检测甘丙肽及其受体在体外培养的嗅成鞘细胞中的表达;运用MTT法检测甘丙肽及其受体激动剂、拮抗剂对嗅成鞘细胞增殖的影响。结果显示：嗅成鞘细胞表达甘丙肽(GAL)及其受体GalR2,而不表达其他两种受体GalRl和GalR3;甘丙肽及两种受体激动剂GALl-11和GAL2-11能够明显地抑制体外培养的嗅成鞘细胞的增殖,这一效应可被非特异性甘丙肽受体拮抗剂M35所阻断。     

甘丙肽及其受体在嗅成鞘细胞中的表达及对细胞增殖的影响

本实验从新生大鼠嗅球中分离出嗅成鞘细胞,进行体外培养。运用RT-PCR方法检测甘丙肽及其受体在体外培养的嗅成鞘细胞中的表达;运用MTT法检测甘丙肽及其受体激动剂、拮抗剂对嗅成鞘细胞增殖的影响。结果显示:嗅成鞘细胞表达甘丙肽(GAL)及其受体GalR2,而不表达其他两种受体GalR1和GalR3;甘西肽及两种受体激动剂GAL1-11和GAL2-11能够明显地抑制体外培养的嗅成鞘细胞的增殖,这一效应可被非特异性甘丙肽受体拮抗剂M35所阻断。     

Release of hydrophobic anticancer drug from a newly designed self-assembling peptide

A newly designed self-assembling peptide, P4 (Ac-NH-LDLKLELKLDLKLELK-CONH(2)), capable of stabilizing hydrophobic compounds in aqueous solution has been discovered. The ionic self-complementary peptide P4 has 16 amino acids, ～5 nm in size, with an alternating polar and non-polar pattern. Circular dichroism analysis demonstrated that P4 forms stable β-sheet structures, and self-assembles into nanofibers, which was demonstrated by atomic force microscopy. These nanofibers can form a scaffold hydrogel consisting of >99% water. It showed that the P4 hydrogel had stable hydrogel rheological properties. The ability of the peptide to stabilize the hydrophobic anticancer agent ellipticine was tested in this research. The results showed that the state of ellipticine in the complexes was dependent on the concentration of the peptide, which also affected the size and morphology of the complex. The anticancer activity of the complexes was studied by testing the viability with a MTT assay and a LIVE/DEAD Viability/Cytotoxicity kit in two cancer cell lines including SMMC7721 and EC9706. The viability results showed that complexes of protonated ellipticine could significantly reduce the viability of the two cell lines. The results described herein provide further incentives for basic studies on self-assembling peptide-based delivery of hydrophobic anticancer drugs.     

Composite 3D printed scaffold with structured electrospun nanofibers promotes chondrocyte adhesion and infiltration

Additive manufacturing, also called 3D printing, is an effective method for preparing scaffolds with defined structure and porosity. The disadvantage of the technique is the excessive smoothness of the printed fibers, which does not support cell adhesion. In the present study, a 3D printed scaffold was combined with electrospun classic or structured nanofibers to promote cell adhesion. Structured nanofibers were used to improve the infiltration of cells into the scaffold. Electrospun layers were connected to 3D printed fibers by gluing, thus enabling the fabrication of scaffolds with unlimited thickness. The composite 3D printed/nanofibrous scaffolds were seeded with primary chondrocytes and tested in vitro for cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. The experiment showed excellent cell infiltration, viability, and good cell proliferation. On the other hand, partial chondrocyte dedifferentiation was shown. Other materials supporting chondrogenic differentiation will be investigated in future studies.     

The all-D-configuration segment containing the IKVAV sequence of laminin A chain has similar activities to the all-L-peptide in vitro and in vivo.

Laminin is a basement membrane glycoprotein that has diverse biological activities. A sequence on the A chain containing IKVAV (Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val) has been shown to promote neurite outgrowth, cell adhesion, and tumor growth and metastasis. Here we have determined the structural requirements of this synthetic peptide for biological activity. Twelve-amino acid-long all-L- (LAM-L) and all-D-peptide (LAM-D) segments as well as an alternating D- and L-amino acid-containing peptide (LAM-DL), which included the IKVAV sequence (residues 2097-2108), were synthesized. Circular dichroism spectral analysis revealed a mirror image conformation of LAM-D and LAM-L with mainly beta-sheet and to a minor extent alpha-helical structure. LAM-DL did not exhibit any significant ordered conformational features. LAM-D and LAM-L showed similar cell attachment activities for rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12), whereas LAM-DL was inactive. A peptide analog with randomized IKVAV sequence (LAM-RM) was also inactive. A similar trend was observed in competition experiments of the four peptides with laminin in analogous cell attachment assays. In in vivo experiments, both LAM-D and LAM-L were capable of increasing tumor growth when subcutaneously injected into mice with murine melanoma cells B16F10. Results indicate that the conformational status of the IKVAV domain is a contributing factor in determining the biological activity but that there is no strict requirement for a specific chirality. There is a likely sequence specificity to the IKVAV region.     

Injectable multidomain peptide nanofiber hydrogel as a delivery agent for stem cell secretome

Peptide hydrogels show immense promise as therapeutic materials. Here we present a rationally designed multidomain peptide that self-assembles into nanofibers approximately 8 nm wide, 2 nm high, and micrometers in length in the presence of Mg(2+). At a concentration of 1% by weight, the peptide forms an extensive nanofibers network that results in a physically cross-linked viscoelastic hydrogel. This hydrogel undergoes shear thinning and then quickly recovers nearly 100% of its elastic modulus when the shearing force is released, making it ideal for use as an injectable material. When placed in the presence of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), the nanofibrous hydrogel acts like a sponge, soaking up the vast array of growth factors and cytokines released by the ESCs. The peptide hydrogel sponge can then be removed from the presence of the ESCs and placed in a therapeutic environment, where it can subsequently release these components. In vitro experiments demonstrate that release of stem cell secretome from these hydrogels in the presence of glomerular epithelial cells treated with high glucose significantly decreased protein permeability in a model of diabetes-induced kidney injury. Tracking experiments were then performed to determine the fate of the hydrogel upon injection in vivo. Hydrogels labeled with a Gd(3+) MRI contrast agent were injected into the abdominal cavity of mice and found to remain localized over 24 h. This implies that the hydrogel possesses sufficient rigidity to remain localized and release stem cell secretome over time rather than immediately dissolving in the abdominal cavity. Together, the shear thinning and recovery as observed by rheometry as well as secretome absorption and release in vivo demonstrate the potential of the nanofibrous multidomain peptide hydrogel as an injectable delivery agent.