高、低营养水平饲粮对环江香猪结肠菌群结构及代谢物的影响

【目的】研究两种饲粮对环江香猪结肠内容物菌群结构及其代谢物的影响。【方法】选用33.5±8.1 kg的环江香猪10头,随机分为两组,每组5头猪,单栏饲养,分别饲喂高营养水平饲粮(粗蛋白质含量为13.11%,消化能为14.73 MJ/kg)和低营养水平饲粮(粗蛋白质含量为9.77%,消化能为12.24 MJ/kg)。饲喂75 d后屠宰,每组选3头猪采集结肠内容物提取细菌总DNA,PCR扩增获得16S r RNA基因V4标签片段,用于Mi Seq高通量测序,基于QIIME平台比较结肠内容物菌群结构多样性;每组取5头猪的结肠内容物,利用气相色谱和液相色谱分析其中短链脂肪酸、氨氮、生物胺、吲哚和粪臭素的含量。【结果】硬壁菌门、拟杆菌门、螺旋体门和软壁菌门细菌为环江香猪结肠内容物中的优势菌门;饲粮组成不影响环江香猪结肠内容物菌群结构的多样性,高营养水平饲粮组结肠内容物中广古细菌含量显著低于、瘤胃球菌属和假丁酸弧菌属细菌含量显著高于低营养水平饲粮组;高营养水平饲粮组环江香猪结肠内容物中乙酸和丙酸含量显著低于、氨氮和尸胺含量显著高于低营养水平饲粮组。【结论】硬壁菌门、拟杆菌门、螺旋体门和软壁菌门细菌为环江香猪结肠内容物中的优势菌门,短期饲喂高营养水平饲粮可改变环江香猪结肠中的部分微生物含量及其代谢特性。     

微生物油脂中花生四烯酸含量的准确快速测定

建立了快速、准确测定微生物油脂中花生四烯酸(ARA)含量的气相色谱检测方法。选用DB-23毛细管色谱柱,设置合适的载气压力,采用FID检测器,对ARA含量进行了定量分析。测定结果表明:油脂中各脂肪酸组分可有效分离,分析时间仅需20 min,ARA的回收率为90.146%~100.634%,相对标准偏差为4.175%。     

基于超高效液相色谱法快速测定短链脂肪酸方法的建立

建立了采用超高效液相色谱法全面快速分析粪便与发酵液中短链脂肪酸的方法。以InertSustain AQ-C18色谱柱对粪便与发酵液中短链脂肪酸进行分离,流速为0.5 mL/min,波长为210 nm,流动相为20 mmol/L NaH_2PO_4(pH 2.2)与乙腈进行梯度洗脱。结果表明:该方法能在10 min内快速分离11种短链脂肪酸,加标培养基中各短链脂肪酸回收率为95.15%～107.01%,精密度为0.58%～7.33%,加标粪便样本中各短链脂肪酸回收率为98.43%～105.14%,精密度为1.13%～5.20%。该方法可用于粪便、发酵液中短链脂肪酸的检测,具有快速、简单及全面等优点。     

生理盐水实验性干预对肉鸡盲肠微生物区系和短链脂肪酸含量的影响

目的研究生理盐水实验性干预对肉鸡盲肠微生物区系和短链脂肪酸含量的影响,以期为早期菌群干预实验的研究提供一定的理论依据。方法选取80只初出壳的小鸡,随机分为2组,分别为对照组(C组)和生理盐水组(S组)。出壳后前2 d,连续每天给S组小鸡灌服0.5 mL灭菌的生理盐水,C组不做处理。第3天,第7天于两组分别随机挑选8只鸡,测定其体重后屠宰取其盲肠内容物,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对盲肠内容物菌群结构进行测定,并用气相色谱法测定盲肠内容物中短链脂肪酸的含量。结果生理盐水实验性干预对肉鸡早期阶段的平均日增重无显著影响(P>0.05)。在门的水平上,两组肉鸡盲肠菌群占比基本相似,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为早期肉鸡肠道内的优势菌门。在属的水平,3日龄时S组肉鸡盲肠中拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和蓝细菌属(Cyanobacteria_norank)的相对丰度较C组分别提高了160%和143%(P<0.05);7日龄时,两组间盲肠菌属的相对丰度无显著差异。此外,生理盐水实验性干预可极显著降低3日龄肉鸡盲肠内容物中乙酸、丁酸和异戊酸的含量(P<0.01),但7日龄时两组肉鸡盲肠内容物中短链脂肪酸的含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论生理盐水实验性干预会对3日龄肉鸡盲肠菌群结构及短链脂肪酸含量产生一定的影响,但这种影响不具有持续性,随着日龄的增加会逐渐消失。     

发酵饲料对生长育肥猪结肠微生物发酵及菌群组成的影响

【目的】研究复合菌发酵饲料对生长育肥猪结肠发酵、结肠黏膜与结肠内容物菌群组成的影响。【方法】采用气相色谱法检测育肥猪结肠内容物中挥发性脂肪酸浓度;采用MiSeq高通量测序方法检测育肥猪结肠黏膜与内容物中细菌菌群组成。【结果】饲喂发酵饲料对结肠黏膜及内容物中菌群多样性无显著影响(P0.05);显著提高了猪结肠黏膜中魏斯菌属和柔嫩梭菌属的相对丰度(P0.05),提高了结肠内容物中魏斯菌属、Subdoligranulum菌属相对丰度(P0.05);饲喂发酵饲料对结肠内容物中pH、乳酸、乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度无显著影响(P0.05),但显著提高了结肠内容物中的丁酸水平(P0.05)。【结论】饲喂复合菌发酵饲料可在一定程度上影响育肥猪结肠中细菌菌群的组成,促进丁酸生成,对肠道健康具有改善作用。     

衍生化GC-MS同时测定苍耳子中14种脂肪酸的含量

建立衍生化气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)同时测定苍耳子不同产地及商品药材中14种脂肪酸含量的方法。采用HP-5MS(30.0 m×250μm×0.25μm)毛细管色谱柱,程序升温,初温:80℃,以10℃/min升至195℃,保持2 min,再以3℃/min升至230℃,保持2 min。进样口温度250℃,分流比10∶1,进样量1.0μL,载气为氮气,流速为10 m L/min,对苍耳子不同产地及商品药材脂肪油的甲酯化样品采用SIM模式进行分析。14种脂肪酸的响应峰面积与其相应浓度的线性关系良好(r0.9948),加样回收率为97.02%~100.75%。本方法准确、专属,重复性好,能有效测定苍耳子药材中含有的脂肪酸,为苍耳子药材内在质量的综合评价提供依据。     

小鼠粪便中短链脂肪酸提取与检测方法的建立及应用

目的:建立小鼠粪便中三种短链脂肪酸(乙酸、丙酸、丁酸)的检测方法及其应用。方法:使用水提法和乙醚萃取法提取小鼠粪便中的短链脂肪酸(SCFA)通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)评价两种方法的提取效果,并建立短链脂肪酸的HPLC定量检测方法并进行方法学考察,利用上述建立的体系评价新琼寡糖对小鼠短链脂肪酸合成的影响。结果:确定了SCFA的乙醚萃取方法和基于HPLC的定量检测方法,被测组分浓度与其峰面积呈良好线性关系,各组分测定的相对标准偏差在1.31%~2.61%之间,平均加标回收率为86.6%~105.8%之间;对喂饲新琼寡糖小鼠粪便中的SCFA检测显示,较对照组乙酸和丙酸含量提高了1倍,丁酸含量提高了0.45倍。结论:建立了小鼠粪便中SCFA的提取和定量检测方法,并利用该方法证明了新琼寡糖能促进小鼠短链脂肪酸的合成。     

气相色谱—质谱技术对艰难梭菌细胞的挥发性脂肪酸成份的鉴定

应用气相色谱技术测定艰难梭菌培养物和悉生小鼠盲肠内含物中的挥发性脂肪酸含量,并用气相色谱—质谱技术加以鉴定。结果表明2-甲基丁酸是艰难梭菌的特征性产物,以前曾被其他作者错误地鉴定为异戊酸。     

培养条件对青枯雷尔氏菌脂肪酸组成的影响

应用气相色谱技术测定不同温度、培养时间、pH值等培养条件下青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)脂肪酸的结果表明: 青枯雷尔氏菌强致病力菌株Rs-J.1.4-010704-01v的脂肪酸种类有14~34种, 主要特征脂肪酸为C16:1ω7c/C15:0 ISO 2OH(10.644 min), C16:0(10.950 min), C18:1ω7c(14.177 min), 所占总百分比含量为总脂肪酸的55.66%~75.69%; 该菌脂肪酸的种类与含量随着培养条件的改变而发生变化,     

桂花籽中脂肪酸成分、氨基酸及矿物质含量分析

目的:通过研究桂花籽脂肪酸成分、氨基酸、矿物质元素含量,为桂花籽资源利用开发提供理论依据.方法:以八月桂桂花籽为实验材料,通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析桂花籽脂肪酸成分、凯氏定氮分析蛋白质含量及氨基酸自动分析仪快速分析16种氨基酸含量、电感耦合原子发射光谱仪分析6种微量元素含量.结果:桂花籽中脂肪酸主要成分油酸(5.91...     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。