不同菌株同态发酵玉米秸秆生产饲料蛋白的比较研究

利用24株能够降解纤维素和木质素的菌种对玉米秸秆粉进行单菌株发酵、多菌株组合发酵以及不同氮源发酵生产饲料蛋白的比较研究。结果表明。结果表明：24株单菌株发酵中F－21的发酵产物真蛋白含量最高（平均为7．64％）;以F－5,F－17,F－21和F－24组成的多菌株发酵体系,经3d发酵后,发酵产物粗蛋白含量由2．80％提高到10．07％比原料本身的粗蛋白含量高259．6％;粗纤维含量由38．17％降低到36．07％,氨基酸总量由2．1％增加到5．7％,比原料本身高171．4％,且氮基酸种类齐全;尿素和（NH4）2SO4的添加量与发酵产物真蛋白含量的关系呈抛物线,对相同添加量以尿素效果较好,而在尿素中,2％的添加量为最好,聚类分析将24株单菌株发酵后真蛋白含量和对照分为4组,其中G3{F-1,F-21}发酵效果最好,G1{F-3,F-5,F-7,F-8,F-12,F-13,F-15,F-17,F-19,F-20,F-22}次之,G2{F-2,F-4,F-9,F-10,F-11,F-14,F-18,F-18,F-23,F-24}较差,G4{对照,F－16}最差。试验结果表明,由F－5,F－17,F－21和F－24组成的多菌株发酵体系为发酵秸秆生产饲料蛋白的优良菌株。     

不同菌株固态发酵玉米秸秆生产饲料蛋白的比较研究

利用24株能够降解纤维素和木质素的菌种对玉米秸秆粉进行了单菌株发酵、多菌株组合发酵以及不同氮源发酵生产饲料蛋白的比较研究.结果表明24株单菌株发酵中F-21的发酵产物真蛋白含量最高(平均为7.64%);以F-5,F-17,F-21和F-24组成的多菌株发酵体系,经3d发酵后,发酵产物粗蛋白含量由2.80%提高到10.07%,比原料本身的粗蛋白含量高259.6%;粗纤维含量由38.17%降低到36.07%;氨基酸总量由2.1%增加到5.7%,比原料本身高171.4%,且氨基酸种类齐全;尿素和(NH4)2SO4的添加量与发酵产物真蛋白含量的关系呈抛物线,对相同添加量以尿素效果较好,而在尿素中,2%的添加量为最好.聚类分析将24株单菌株发酵后真蛋白含量和对照分为4组,其中G3{F-1,F-21}发酵效果最好.G1{F-3,F-5,F-6,F-7,F-8,F-12,F-13,F-15,F-17,F-19,F-20,F-22}次之,G2{F-2,F-4,F-9,F-10,F-11,F-14,F-18,F-23,F-24}较差,G4{对照,F-16}最差.试验结果表明,由F-5,F-17,F-21和F-24组成的多菌株发酵体系为发酵秸秆生产饲料蛋白的优良菌株.     

苹果渣发酵生产饲料蛋白的菌种筛选

通过对初选的１００株菌种进行筛选,选到了适合苹果渣发酵的菌种,在此基础上进行双菌种混生发酵,获得了优良的菌种组合。采用所选菌种组合在通过试验所确定的配方和试验条件下进行了发酵,所得产物的粗蛋白含量达到２９.３０％,提高４５.７７％,蛋白质含量达到２７．５６％,提高８２．８８％,粗纤维降低幅度为２３．２７％。试验结果还表明,所选菌种组合有降低棉籽饼中棉酚含量的作用,降低幅度超过９０％。     

固态发酵木薯酒精渣生产生物饲料菌种的筛选

目的:筛选获得能混合固态发酵木薯酒精渣生产生物饲料的真菌组合.方法:利用木薯酒精渣堵养基,初筛能在其上良好生长的植物内生真菌菌株,再将这些菌株两两组合进行固态混菌发酵、添加酵母混菌发酵,测定产物中粗蛋白和粗纤维的含量,获得能有效降低木薯酒精渣中粗纤维、提高粗蛋白含量的菌株组合.结果:菌株G4与C15、Q4与C32混菌发酵效果最好,可将粗蛋白质含最从底物的1.42%分别提高到产物的16.08%与18.54%(于基),粗纤维含量从底物的32.41%降低到27.57%与26.59%.添加酵母培养后,两个组合产物中粗蛋白质含量可进一步提高到21.79%与23.56%,而粗纤维含量几乎无变化.结论:菌株G4(黑曲霉)、C15(白地霉)与郎比可假丝酵母,Q4(黑曲霉)、C32(青霉)与季也蒙假丝酵母可用作混菌固态发酵木薯酒精渣生产生物饲料的菌种.     

马铃薯渣固体发酵生产菌体蛋白饲料的研究

试验以提高马铃薯渣的营养价值为目的，以马铃薯渣为主原料，选用黑曲霉，白地霉，热带假丝酵母，酿酒酵母4个菌株，采用了多菌协生固态发酵技术，经糖比，发酵，干燥等工艺，试制出了菌体蛋白饲料。通过对其感官特征的比较和主要理化指标的定量分析，结果表明，经黑曲霉糖化多菌种协生（白地霉：热带假丝酵母：酿酒酵母=8：1.5：0.5，总接种量为10％，28℃，56h）发酵后，产物蛋白质含量可提高到22.16％，并使原料的霉腐味等异味消除。     

苹果渣发酵生产饲料蛋白的工艺条件

采用经试验所筛选出的菌种组合,通过试验,获得了苹果渣发酵的适宜工艺条件：接种比例为１∶５-１∶１０,接种量１５-３０％ ,料水比１０∶７-１０∶８,ｐ Ｈ 值为６-７,发酵时间 ３-４ｄ,静止发酵料层厚度不超过３０ｍ ｍ 。发酵产物测定结果显示,粗蛋白含量达到２９３０％ ,提高了４５７７％ ,蛋白质含量达到２７５６％ ,提高了８２８８％ ,粗纤维含量降低了２３２７％ 。测定结果还进一步显示,所选菌种具有明显的脱毒作用,棉酚含量降低９０６３％ 。大部分氨基酸含量较发酵原料显著增加,蛋白质营养价值明显提高。     

苹果渣发酵生产饲料蛋白的工艺条件

采用经试验所筛选出的菌种组合,通过试验,获得了苹果渣发酵的适宜工艺条件：接种比例为１：５－１：１０,接种量１５－３０％,料水比１０：７－１０：８,ｐＨ值为６－７,发酵时间３－４ｄ,静止发酵料层厚度不超过３０ｍｍ。发酵产物测定结果显示,粗蛋白含量达到２９．３０％,提高到４５．７７％。蛋白质含量达到２７．５６％,提高了８２．８８％,粗纤维含量降低了２３．２７％。     

雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮(4-AD)转化菌种的筛选及鉴定

从土壤中筛选能将植物甾醇转化为雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮(4-AD)的菌种。采用富集培养基富集能降解植物甾醇的菌种、采用摇瓶进行发酵、采用薄层层析的方法对发酵产物进行检测、采用高效液相方法测定发酵液中4-AD的含量、采用PCR方法扩增菌种的16S rDNA序列。筛选出了一株转化能力最强的菌株,命名为:3-12。将这株菌的16S rDNA序列与GeneBank中收载的序列进行比对,3-12号菌株为分支杆菌。     

液体发酵法筛选樟芝优良诱变新菌株的研究

对3个樟芝野生菌株和5个物理诱变菌株进行液体发酵,通过测定发酵液黏度变化情况,观测培养性状、菌球及粗提物产量和多糖、蛋白质及三萜含量,从中筛选出适宜液体发酵的多糖、三萜及蛋白质高产优良菌株。试验结果显示：供试的8个樟芝菌株生长曲线基本一致,其中,菌株327和Gg生长速度较快,培养的第9–10天开始出现菌丝自溶现象;经过筛选,327菌株为多糖和蛋白质高产菌株,多糖和蛋白质的产量分别比出发菌株提高238.20%和10.33%;Gg为三萜高产菌株,三萜产量比出发菌株提高57.86%。野生樟芝菌株经物理诱变效果明显。     

豆豉中发酵菌株的分离与鉴定

目的 从豆豉菌曲中分离并鉴定其发酵菌株.方法 将豆豉菌曲采用平板稀释的方法进行菌种分离后,采用革兰染色和16S rDNA序列分析进行菌株的鉴定.以黑豆为原料,分别接种分离的菌株进行豆豉的纯种发酵,观察并测定豆豉在发酵过程中的外观、温度、气味的变化.结果 筛选并鉴定获得10株分属魏斯菌、乳杆菌、芽胞杆菌和葡萄球菌等的菌株,且用枯草芽胞杆菌、发酵乳杆菌纯种发酵的豆豉在外观及气味等方面与自然发酵相近.结论 分离得到的枯草芽胞杆菌、发酵乳杆菌可取代自然发酵菌种,作为工业纯种发酵的参考菌株应用.     

Enzyme hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation of liquid hot water and AFEX pretreated distillers' grains at high-solids loadings

The dry milling ethanol industry produces distiller's grains as major co-products, which are composed of unhydrolyzed and unfermented polymeric sugars. Utilization of the distiller's grains as an additional source of fermentable sugars has the potential to increase overall ethanol yields in current dry grind processes. In this study, controlled pH liquid hot water pretreatment (LHW) and ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) treatment have been applied to enhance enzymatic digestibility of the distiller's grains. Both pretreatment methods significantly increased the hydrolysis rate of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) over unpretreated material, resulting in 90% cellulose conversion to glucose within 24h of hydrolysis at an enzyme loading of 15FPU cellulase and 40 IU beta-glucosidase per gram of glucan and a solids loading of 5% DDGS. Hydrolysis of the pretreated wet distiller's grains at 13-15% (wt of dry distiller's grains per wt of total mixture) solids loading at the same enzyme reduced cellulose conversion to 70% and increased conversion time to 72h for both LHW and AFEX pretreatments. However, when the cellulase was supplemented with xylanase and feruloyl esterase, the pretreated wet distiller's grains at 15% or 20% solids (w/w) gave 80% glucose and 50% xylose yields. The rationale for supplementation of cellulases with non-cellulolytic enzymes is given by Dien et al., later in this journal volume. Fermentation of the hydrolyzed wet distiller's grains by glucose fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4124 strain resulted in 100% theoretical ethanol yields for both LHW and AFEX pretreated wet distiller's grains. The solids remaining after fermentation had significantly higher protein content and are representative of a protein-enhanced wet DG that would result in enhanced DDGS. Enhanced DDGS refers to the solid product of a modified dry grind process in which the distiller's grains are recycled and processed further to extract the unutilized polymeric sugars. Compositional changes of the laboratory generated enhanced DDGS are also presented and discussed.     

Cellulose conversion in dry grind ethanol plants

The expansion of the dry grind ethanol industry provides a unique opportunity to introduce cellulose conversion technology to existing grain to ethanol plants, while enhancing ethanol yields by up to 14%, and decreasing the volume while increasing protein content of distiller's grains. The technologies required are cellulose pretreatment, enzyme hydrolysis, fermentation, and drying. Laboratory data combined with compositional analysis and process simulations are used to present a comparative analysis of a dry grind process to a process with pretreatment and hydrolysis of cellulose in distiller's grains. The additional processing steps are projected to give a 32% increase in net present value if process modifications are made to a 100 million gallon/year plant.     

Breeding and growth of Rhizopus in raw cassava by solid state fermentation

Nineteen Rhizopus strains were selected and tested for their growth capacity on raw cassava starch and their ability to produce amylase when grown on solid-state fermentations. Only three strains grew significantly on this natural substrate. Glucoamylase production was higher on raw cassava than on cooked cassava. After 48 h of fermentation, the protein content of cassava was increased from 1.75% to 11.3%. The byproducts of fermentation were fumaric acid, lactid acid and ethanol.     

Fermentation of corn starch to ethanol with genetically engineered yeast

Expression of the glucoamylase gene from Aspergillus awamori by laboratory and distiller's strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae allowed them to ferment soluble starch. Approximately 95% of the carbohydrates in the starch were utilized. Glycerol production was significantly decreased when soluble starch was used instead of glucose. Ethanol yield on soluble starch was higher than that on glucose. The rate of starch fermentation was directly related to the level of glucoamylase activity. Strains with higher levels of glucoamylase expression fermented starch faster. The decline in starch fermentation rates toward the end of the fermentation was associated with accumulation of disaccharides and limit dextrins, poor substrates for glucoamylase. The buildup of these products in continuous fermentations inhibited glucoamylase activity and complete utilization of the starch. Under these conditions maltose-fermenting strains had a significant advantage over nonfermenting strains. The synthesis and secretion of glucoamylase showed no deleterious effects on cell growth rates, fermetation rates, and fermentation products.     

Protease digestion from wheat stillage within a dry grind ethanol facility

As the current starch based ethanol market increases at its rapid pace, finding new markets for the primary coproduct, distiller's grains, has gained considerable interest. One possibility is to isolate the protein-rich fraction for use as precursors to biochemicals and bioplastics, further decreasing fossil fuel consumption. This research focuses on enzymatic extraction of protein peptides from wheat heavy stillage using commercially available proteases. The energy saved due to this process ranged from ～ 1.5 to 3.0 GJ/ton wheat stillage compared to fossil fuel-based chemicals. Using Protex 6L (Genencor), ～ 57% of the protein in the stillage was soluble 24 h after protease addition at 0.1% w/w loading. Of these proteins, ～ 32% were already soluble, indicating the importance of using wet heavy stillage as the feedstock rather than dried distiller's grains. Peptide size was less than 6 kDa. Further improvements in protein removal may be obtained through a fed batch addition of protease and improved protease cocktails.     

A two-step fermentation of distillers’ grains using Trichoderma viride and Rhodopseudomonas palustris for fish feed

It is important to provide added value or to make full use of the co-product of grains from ethanol production. In order to convert distillers’ grains into a high-quality feed, the Trichoderma viride and Rhodopseudomonas palustris fermentation were combined and investigated in this study. The T. viride fermentation was carried out in an aerobic fermentation installation in favoring of the growth of the fungi and the degradation of the cellulose, and then the fermentation of R. palustris was performed to increase the content of protein with an anaerobic installation. After the two step fermentations, the true protein content of dried distiller’ grains increased from 11.4 to 33.6 % (w/w) (the content of crude protein from 14.5 to 39.7 %), the crude fiber content decreased from 21.3 to 7.6 % (w/w), the crude fat content increased from 5.5 to 7.9 % (w/w), the crude ash decreased from 14.6 to 10.2 % (w/w), the total phosphorus content increased from 0.4 to 1.2 % (w/w), and the water content was 11.8 % (w/w). The dried and fermented grains contain the R. palustris viable count of 5.3 × 10¹¹ CFU/g dry matter. The results may support a new application of an active photosynthetic bacteria fish feed in fisheries industry and offer a reference for the further study of lignocellulosic materials as raw materials converting into high-quality feed.     

A strategy for construction of industrial strains of distiller's yeast

A procedure was developed for construction of industrial strains of distiller's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). It includes several steps: construction of congenic genetically marked haploid strains of opposite mating types starting from an industrial strain of hybrid nature, integrative transformation of the above haploid strains with a DNA fragment containing an expression cassette responsible for new technological facilities, and hybridization of transformants and isolation of final industrial homozygous strains under experimental conditions simulating commercial fermentation processes. This strategy permits the generation of strains that have desirable characteristics of traditional races of distiller's yeast along with new technological facilities determined by the particular expression cassette. Using this procedure, we have constructed an industrial strain with improved amylolytic activity. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

利用纤维质原料生产高酶活单细胞蛋白

以蒸汽爆破处理的玉米秸秆为主要原料,接种木霉菌和酵母菌,进行混合发酵生产高酶活单细胞蛋白,在优选的条件下,产品蛋白质含量达31．82％,较原料提高49．69％,纤维素降解率达56．88％,产品纤维素酶活性达105U/g。     

几株啤酒酵母的筛选及发酵性能比较*

啤酒酵母是啤酒酿造的灵魂,可以直接影响啤酒品质。在啤酒酿造过程中,由于啤酒酵母被多次传代和保藏,造成优良菌种发酵性能衰退等问题,导致发酵不彻底,影响最后啤酒的风味质量。为此以8株Lager型啤酒酵母为出发菌株,通过平板分离纯化获得80株分离菌株,再经过三角瓶发酵初筛和复筛、发酵罐中试发酵实验最终获得了8株发酵性能优良的啤酒酵母。其中,6株酵母可应用于酿造双乙酰含量低于0.1 mg/L的啤酒;3株酵母发酵度高于70%,适合酿造干啤酒;1株酵母发酵度低于50%,适合酿造低醇啤酒。在风味方面:1株酵母酿造的啤酒醇酯比为3.3,啤酒酯香味较突出;另1株酵母酿造的啤酒醇酯比为4.5,啤酒高级醇含量较高。8株经过选育的啤酒酵母发酵特征明显,便于精酿啤酒厂实际应用。