从豆制品废水厌氧发酵液分离的一株新的产甲烷球菌

用Hungate厌氧技术,从豆制品废水厌氧发酵液中分离到一株细胞直径为0.5--1.2μm的球形产甲烷细菌,编号8508。该菌株利用H2／CO2和甲酸盐生长产甲烷。生长要求乙酸盐、酵母膏和酪素水解物。最佳生长要求0．5--1．0％的NaCl或MgCl20生长的最适温度为35℃,最适pH 7．0--7．3。DNA的G+C含量为41mol％。菌株8508可能是甲烷球菌属(Metha-nococcus)中的一个新种,但还要通过DNA杂交、荧光抗体等测定证实。     

嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌的分离、鉴定及其系统发育分析

利用纤维素降解细菌和纤维素粘附的方法分别从新鲜牛粪、高温堆肥和本实验室保存的纤维素降解富集物中分离得到4株嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌。分离菌株为革兰氏染色阴性,直的或稍弯曲杆菌,菌体大小为0.4μm～0.6μm×3μm～15μm,严格厌氧,不还原硫酸盐,形成芽孢。多数芽孢着生于菌体顶端。分离菌株能利用纤维素滤纸、纤维素粉Whatman CFII、微晶纤维素、纤维素粉MN300和未经处理的玉米秆芯、甘蔗渣、水稻秸杆。分离菌株在pH6.2～8.9、温度45℃～65℃范围内利用纤维素,最适pH为7.0～7.5,最适温度为55℃～60℃,发酵纤维素产生乙醇、乙酸、H2和CO2。分离菌株还可利用纤维二糖、葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖、山梨醇作为碳源。部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离菌株EVAI与Clostridium thermocellum具有99.8%相似性。     

甲烷短杆菌HX菌株的分离和特性

本文描述了从上海沼气池污泥中分离出的一株产甲烷菌。细胞为柳叶刀状到卵圆状的短杆菌,革兰氏阳性,0．5～0.8×1．0—1．2μm,单个或威对存在。滚管菌落很小,半透明,灰白色,近似圆形,边缘完整。反射荧光显徽镜检查呈鲜艳的蓝绿色荧光。分离物利用H z,／CO或者甲酸生长和产甲烷。不需要外加2一甲基丁酸(2一mcthylbu‘yrate)、辅酶M或者氨基酸。细胞生长不需要酵母膏、胰解酪蛋白、癌胃蔽和乙酸。但是,酵母膏、胰解酪蛋白和瘤胃液对生长和产甲烷有刺激作用。分离物在有胆盐存在的情况下不生长。生长和产甲烷的虽适温度均为q0℃。最适pH为7．6,生长和产甲烷的pH范围为6．9—8．60在含o．2 5％甲酸、0．2％酵母膏和胰解酪蛋白的培养液中,最低倍增时间为Io小时·DNA的G+c含量为31．I 3mo／~o该菌株具有甲烷短杆菌所特有的形态和DNA的G+c含量。因此,暂将它定为史氏甲烷短杆菌L-IX菌株(Metha~obrembaeter smitl~ii strain HX)o其真正的分类地位,需根据与已确定的(代表不同物种的)不同菌株产甲烷菌的抗血清发生的间接免疫荧光反应来决定。     

嗜热甲烷八叠球菌的分离和生理特性

采用严格的Hungatc厌氧技术,从成都市郊区常温沼气池污泥中分离到嗜热甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcina thermophilia)CB菌株。CB菌株能够利用甲醇、甲胺和醋酸生长并产生甲烷,不能利用H2／CO2、甲酸作为碳源和能源。该菌株的最适生长温度为50℃,最适生长pH为7．0,最适合生长的Na+、Mg+、NH+4的浓度分别为20mM、50mM和300mg／L。青霉素和低浓度的乳糖酸红霉素(50g／m1)对CB菌株的生长无抑制,这有利于cB菌株的分离和纯化。酵母膏和污泥上清液都对该菌株的生长有一定的刺激作用,同时在生长过程中,酵母膏、胰化酪蛋白和维生素均可代替污泥上清液,这一点又不同于嗜热甲烷八叠球菌’M1菌株。     

一个嗜热嗜酸细菌的新属——硫球菌属

本文报道从酸性热泉地区分离出一株比较少见的无机化能自养型嗜热酸细菌,经鉴定是一新属新种,命名为硫球菌属(Sulfosphaerellus gen. Nov.),模式种为嗜酸热硫球菌(Sulfosphae-rellus thcrmoacidophilum sp. Nov.)。细胞球形,直径0.8一1.2μm,有类似纤毛的结构,革兰氏阴性,需气,在无机盐培养条件下,氧化元素硫至硫酸获得能量进行自营生长。生长最适温度70℃,范尉55—80℃。生长最适pH2．5,范围1．0—5．5。DNA中G+C含量为33—39mol％。并将该菌与国外近十多年来分离的硫叶菌(Sulfolobus)等7种高温嗜酸细菌作了比较,并对其命名和分类位置作了讨论。     

一株产碱极端嗜盐杆菌

从青海省大柴旦盐湖中分离到一株极端嗜盐杆菌。该菌株在培养过程中产碱,革兰氏阴性,细胞杆状,0．7-1.0×2-3μm,极生鞭毛运动,绝对好氧,以氨基酸作唯一碳源。不利用碳水化合物,生长所需盐(NaCl)浓度在1 2％以上,最适盐浓度为l 8％。生长pH范围6-l0,最适pH9。MgSO4·7H2Oo-3％对生长无明显影响。细胞蛋白质酸性,不含二氨莲庚二酸和胞壁酸,含甘油二醚键化合物,不具有色素。根据以上特征,将该菌株定为一个新种,定名为产碱嗜盐杆菌(Halobocierium haloalcaligenum n.sp.)。     

嗜热甲酸甲烷杆菌602B_3与拟杆菌5G—102的混合培养

研究了嗜热甲酸甲烷杆菌(Methanobacterium thermoformicicum)602B_3与发酵糖蜜产生C0_2和H_2的拟杆菌(Bacteroides sp.)5G-102的人工可配伍性。确定了它们混合培养的适宜培养基组分为(g/L):CaC0_3 50.0,NaHCO_3 4.0,Na_2S 0.16,NH_4Cl 1.07,K_2HPO_4 1.04,MgCl_2 0.19,糖蜜40(V/V),自来水IL,起始pH 6.8～7.2。混合培养物在60℃培养48h,甲烷产量达到最高,约45mmol/L。人工混合培养成功为进一步研究其在提高石油采收率工艺中的可用性提供了前提。     

嗜树木甲烷短杆菌和甲酸甲烷杆菌的分离和特性

从我国沼气池污泥样品中,采用改良的亨氏操作技术,分离出TC713和TC708两株不运动、革兰氏染色阴性、不形成芽孢的杆菌。TC713菌株呈短杆状,往往两个相连成双杆菌,个别呈链杆状,菌落圆形透明。TC708菌株培养后期呈长杆状,弯曲,菌落圆形,周边呈现丝状。 两菌株均只能利用H2／CO2作为碳源和能源,不能利用CH,COONa、CH,NH。、CH,OH。利用甲酸较慢,且利用率不高。在培养液中分别加入酵母膏、瘤胃液或酪素水解物均能刺激1c713菌株的生长,但该菌株不需要外源辅酶M。Tc713和Tc708菌株生长最适温度分别为35℃和35—40℃在45℃生长不良。适宜生长的pH值分别为6．5—8．5和6．8—9．20在含有o．I％酵母膏的培养液中,以H,／∞,为碳源和能源,37℃下振荡培养,其菌数倍增时间分别为6—7小时和8—10．5小时。Tc713菌株经荧光免疫测定,仅对甲酸甲烷杆菌抗体有微弱的反应。DNA中G+c克分子含量为27．83士0．26％。根据Tc713和Tc708两菌株的性状,分别确定为嗜树木甲烷短杆菌(Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus)和甲酸甲烷杆菌(Methano-bacterium formicicum)。     

一个水解纤维素的嗜热厌氧菌新种

本文报告了一株分解纤维素的嗜热厌氧菌。该菌株细胞革兰氏阴性,直或微弯杆状,大小0.2-0·6x1·5—9 0μm,以单端丛生鞭毛游动,形成端生膨大芽孢。可利用多种碳水化合物。在纤维素培养基中产生黄色。发酵纤维素的主要产物为乙醇、乙酸、CO2和H2。最适生长温度60℃,生长温度范围40—70℃;最适生长pH7．3—7．5。DNA中G+C含量为34mol％。经鉴定,它与已知的嗜热纤维素水解菌均有较大差别,定名为产黄纤维素梭菌(Clostridiumcelluloflavum sp．nov．)。     

云南和广东部分热泉Alicyclobacillus分布及系统发育

从云南和广东热泉采集的样品中富集分离得到12株嗜热或微嗜热的嗜酸杆菌,革兰氏染色阳性或不定,营异养生长,最适pH为3．5～5．5,最适温度为43℃～52℃。测定其16S rDNA序列表明这些菌株与脂环酸芽孢杆菌属亲缘关系最近,结合其形态、生理等特性,鉴定这些菌株属于脂环酸芽孢杆菌。     

人类口腔菌的一个新属

牙周病是人类的一种常见病、多发病,其致病菌具有多样性和复杂性,有关该病的致病菌和病因学的研究,对防治工作具有重要意义。作者从牙周病患者的病灶处分离到了一株细菌（90-1）,并对其进行了鉴定,现将结果报告如下。     

Methanosarcina baltica,sp. nov., a novel methanogen isolated from the Gotland Deep of the Baltic Sea

A novel methanogen, Methanosarcina baltica GS1-AT, DSM 14042, JCM 11281, was isolated from sediment at a depth of 241 m in the Gotland Deep of the Baltic Sea. Cells were irregular, monopolar monotrichous flagellated cocci 1.5-3 microm in diameter often occurring in pairs or tetrads. The catabolic substrates used included methanol, methylated amines, and acetate, but not formate or H2/CO2. Growth was observed in a temperature range between 4 degrees and 27 degrees C with an optimum at 25 degrees C. The doubling time with methanol as substrate was 84 h at 25 degrees C, 120 h at 9 degrees C, and 167 h at 4 degrees C. The doubling time with acetate as substrate was 252 h at 25 degrees C and 425 h at 20 degrees C. After the transfer of methanol-grown cultures, long lag phases were observed that lasted 15-20 days at 25 degrees C and 25 days at 4 degrees -9 degrees C. The NaCl optimum for growth was 2%-4%, and the fastest growth occurred within a pH range of 6.5-7.5. Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence revealed that the strain was phylogenetically related to Methanosarcina. The sequence similarity to described species of <95.7% and its physiological properties distinguished strain GS1-A(T) from all described species of the genus Methanosarcina.     

Methanol utilization by a novel thermophilic homoacetogenic bacterium,Moorella mulderi sp. nov., isolated from a bioreactor

A thermophilic, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium (strain TMS) was isolated from a thermophilic bioreactor operated at 65 degrees C with methanol as the energy source. Cells were gram-positive straight rods, 0.4-0.6 microm x 2-8 microm, growing as single cells or in pairs. The temperature range for growth was 40-70 degrees C with an optimum at 65 degrees C. Growth was observed from pH 5.5 to 8.5, and the optimum pH was around 7. The salinity range for growth was 0-45 g NaCl l(-1 )with an optimum at 10 g l(-1). The isolate was able to grow on methanol, H(2)-CO(2 )(80/20%, v/v), formate, lactate, pyruvate, glucose, fructose, cellobiose and pectin. The bacterium reduced thiosulfate to sulfide. The G+C content of the DNA was 53 mol%. Comparison of 16S rRNA genes revealed that strain TMS is related to Moorella glycerini (96%, sequence similarity), Moorella thermoacetica (92%) and Moorella thermoautotrophica (92%). On the basis of physiological and phylogenetic differences, strain TMS is proposed as a new species within the genus Moorella, Moorella mulderi sp. nov. (=DSM 14980, =ATCC BAA-608).     

Lipolytic activity from Halobacteria: screening and hydrolase production

Strains of Halobacteria from an Algerian culture collection were screened for their lipolytic activity against p-nitrophenyl butyrate (PNPB) and p-nitrophenyl palmitate (PNPP). Most strains were active on both esters and 12% hydrolyzed olive oil. A strain identified as Natronococcus sp. was further studied. It grew optimally at 3.5 M NaCl, pH 8 and 40 degrees C. An increase in temperature shifted the optimum salt concentration range for growth from a wider range of 2-4 M, obtained at 25-30 degrees C, to a narrower range of 3.5-4 M, obtained at 35-40 degrees C. At 45 degrees C the optimum salt concentration was 2 M. These results show a clear correlation between salt and temperature requirement. The optimum conditions for the production of hydrolytic activity during growth were: 3.5 M NaCl and pH 8 for PNPB hydrolytic activity and 4 M NaCl and pH 7.5 for PNPP hydrolytic activity; both at 40 degrees C. The clear supernatant of cells grown at 4 M NaCl showed olive oil hydrolysis activity (in presence of 4 M NaCl) demonstrating the occurrence of a lipase activity in this strain. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a lipase activity at such high salt concentration.     

Isolation and characterization of Thermococcus sibiricus sp. nov. from a Western Siberia high-temperature oil reservoir

Anaerobic organotrophic hyperthermophilic Archaea were isolated from five of eight samples from oil wells of the Samotlor oil reservoir (depth, 1,799-2,287 m; temperature, 60 degrees-84 degrees C). Three strains were isolated in pure cultures and characterized phylogenetically on the basis of comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences. All strains belonged to a new species of the genus Thermococcus, with Thermococcus litoralis, Thermococcus aggregans, Thermococcus fumicolans, and Thermococcus alcaliphilus being the nearest relatives (range of sequence similarity, 97.2%-98.8%). Strain MM 739 was studied in detail. The new isolate grew on peptides but not on carbohydrates. Elemental sulfur had a stimulatory effect on growth. The temperature range for growth was between 40 degrees and 88 degrees C, with the optimum at 78 degrees C; the pH range was 5.8 to 9.0, with the optimum around 7.3; and the salinity range was 0.5% to 7.0%, with the optimum at 1.8%-2.0%. The doubling time at optimal growth conditions was about 43 min. The G+C content of the DNA was 38.4 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain MM 739 and T. litoralis was 27%; between strain MM 739 and T. aggregans, it was 22%. Based on the phenotypic and genomic differences with known Thermococcus species, the new species Thermococcus sibiricus is proposed. The isolation of a hyperthermophilic archaeum from a deep subsurface environment, significantly remote from shallow or abyssal marine hot vents, indicates the existence of a subterranean biosphere inhabited by indigenous hyperthermophilic biota.     

利用微藻固定烟道气中CO2的实验研究

为获得能适合于烟道气条件下生长的微藻 ,找到一种高效的温室气体固定的方法 ,利用配置烟道气 (CO2 和O2 的浓度分别为 15 %和 2 %)驯化稻田微藻混合试样 ,分离出对高浓度CO2 条件有很强适应力的微藻ZY 1,并研究了在不同培养条件下微藻ZY 1的生长情况 .微藻ZY 1在CO2 浓度从 10 %～ 15 %的范围内有较高生长力 ,在CO2 浓度为 10 %时 ,生长最好 .微藻ZY 1对温度、气体流速、pH值等物理条件也有很宽的适应范围 ,在温度为 2 5～ 30 .C、流速为 0 2 5～ 0 75L·min-1、pH4～ 6范围内 ,生长基本稳定 .在培养条件为 10 %CO2 、2 5 .C、pH5 0时 ,微藻ZY 1的生长率最高 ,CO2 的固定率平均值为 0 397%.可以认为 ,利用该藻固定烟道气温室气体具有一定的可行性 .     

产多聚唾液酸的菌种筛选及产酸条件

通过对40株大肠杆菌进行产多聚唾液酸的筛选,得到一株高产多聚唾液酸菌株C-8,对该菌的一系列培养条件进行了研究。最佳培养基为：山梨醇2.5％,硫酸铵0.5％,磷酸氢二钾90mmol／L,胰蛋白陈1.5％,硫酸镁0.04％,pH7．8。在37℃,250r／min摇床培养65h,可使菌体在每毫升培养液中产多聚唾液酸1200μg。     

一个新的高温产氢菌及产氢特性的研究

利用Hungate滚管技术从西藏山南地区热泉淤泥中分离到一株高温产氢的厌氧发酵细菌T42。菌株T42革兰氏染色反应为阴性,但KOH裂解试验证实其为革兰氏阳性杆菌。菌体大小为0.7μm~0.9μm×3.2μm~7μm,不运动,不产芽孢。其生长温度范围为32℃~69℃,最适生长温度为60℃~62℃,生长pH范围为5.0~8.8,最适生长pH为7.0~7.5,代时30min。有机氮源是T42菌株的必需生长因子。菌株T42利用淀粉、纤维二糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、糊精、果糖、糖原和海藻糖等底物生长并发酵产氢,发酵葡萄糖的终产物为乙酸、乙醇、H2和CO2。G C含量为31.2mol%。系统发育分析表明菌株T42与Thermobrachium celere和Caloramator indicus位于同一分支,生理生化特征也表明菌株T42应是Thermobrachium属的一个新菌株,在中国普通微生物菌种保藏中心的保藏号为AS1.5039。菌株T42的最佳产氢初始pH为7.2,最佳产氢温度为62℃,其氢转化率为1.06mol H2/mol葡萄糖,最大产氢速率为24.0mmol H2/gDW/h。20mmol/L的Mg2 和2mmol/L的Fe2 可分别提高菌株T42的产氢量20%和23.3%,而Ni2 对其产氢无明显的作用。当菌株T42和热自养甲烷热杆菌(Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus)Z245共培养时,由于降低了氢分压,使其葡萄糖利用率和氢产量分别提高1倍和2.8倍,发酵产物乙酸和乙醇的比例也从1提高到1.7。     

Characterization of a strain of Methanospirillum hungatti.

The results of morphological, base ratio, nutritional, temperature, and pH studies on a strain of Methanospirillum hungatii, isolated from an anaerobic pear waste digester, are described. The isolate, designated as strain GP 1, was compared with some of the characteristics of type-strain M. hungatii JF 1. Strain GP 1 is Gram-negative, weakly motile, and a strict anaerobe with a guanine plus cytosine (G +C) content of 46.5 mol%. The preferred substrates for methane production are hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and formate. Acetate is used under certain conditions but its specific contribution to cell carbon and (or) methane formation was not established. The optimum temperature for both growth and methane production is 35 degrees C, but growth and methane production occur over the range 25-45 degrees C. Methane production is optimal at pH 7.0.     

Anoxybacillus mongoliensis sp. nov., a novel thermophilic proteinase producing bacterium isolated from alkaline hot spring, central Mongolia

A Gram reaction positive, spore-forming, facultative anaerobic bacterium belonging to the Phylum Firmicutes, was isolated from alkaline hot (80 degrees C, pH 9.8 spring Tsenher, central Mongolia. The cells were rod shaped, feebly motile, peritrichously flagellated. Strain T4 was moderately thermophilic with optimum growth at 60 degrees C. Maximum temperature for growth was between 70 and 75 degrees C; minimum temperature for growth was between 35 and 30 degrees C. Alkalitolerant, optimum pH for growth was 8.0; minimum pH for growth was between 5.0 and 5.5 and maximum was between 10.5 and 10.8. The growth was observed at NaCl concentrations of 0-5% (w/v) with the optimum at 0.2-0.5%. No growth was observed at 6% NaCl (w/v). Aerobically, the strain utilized proteinaceous substrates, organic acids and a range of carbohydrates including glucose, ribose, sucrose and xylose as well. Anaerobically, only glucose and sucrose were utilized. Strain T4T produced thermostable alkaline subtilisin-like serine proteinase. The G + C content was 44.2 mol. % (td). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity strain T4(T) was shown to be closely related to the members of the genus Anoxybacillus (family Bacillaceae, class "Bacilli"). DNA-DNA hybridization data revealed that strain T4T had only 38% relatedness to A. flavithermus and 28% relatedness to A. pushchinoensis. Based on its morphology, physiology, phylogenetic relationship and its low DNA-DNA relatedness values with validly published species of Anoxybacillus, it is proposed that strain T4T represents a novel species Anoxybacillus mongoliensis sp. nov., with the type strain T4(T) (=DSM 19169 = VKM 2407).