吡喃阿霉素联合化疗癌症的有效性与安全性

目的：探讨以吡喃阿霉素（THP）为主的联合化疗方案治疗恶性肿瘤的疗效与安全性。方法：以THP与其他2～3种抗癌药物联合治疗84例各类恶性肿。统计近期疗效,观察THP所致的心脏毒性发生率和其他并发症。结果：完全缓解14例,部分缓解30例、稳定36例,无效5例,总有效率52.38%。67例出现各类不良反应126例次,但程度均较轻。结论：以THP为主的联合化疗方案治疗恶性肿瘤疗效明显,毒性反应程度较轻。     

树突状细胞(DC)瘤苗治疗恶性黑色素瘤的疗效观察

目的:探讨树突状细胞瘤苗联合化疗治疗恶性黑色素瘤的疗效及不良反应。方法:采用多药联合化疗方案续贯联合树突状细胞瘤苗治疗32例恶黑患者,4周为一疗程,连续4个疗程。化学治疗组31例单纯采用联合化疗,方法及药物剂量均同生物化疗组。不良反应依据WHO化疗药物急性及亚急性不良反应分度标准判断。结果:生物化疗组32例中CR 3例,PR18例,有效率65.63%;化学治疗组31例中CR 1例,PR 11例,有效率38.71%。生物化疗组与化学治疗组疗效差异有显著性(P0.05)。两组均无治疗相关性死亡。两组的血液学毒性、消化道反应、肝功能损害、肾功能损害、神经毒性等方面差异无显著性(P0.05)。经对症处理后缓解,不影响治疗。结论:将DC细胞瘤苗免疫治疗与化学治疗有机地结合,充分发挥综合治疗的优势,有提高Ⅲ/Ⅳ期恶性黑色素瘤患者疗效的作用。     

晚期非小细胞肺癌p53 和ERCC1 表达状态与顺铂为主的 联合方案化疗的近期有效率的相关性研究*

目的:研究晚期非小细胞肺癌不同的p53和ERCC1表达状态与基于顺铂为主的姑息化疗近期有效率的相关性。方法:对经顺铂联合多西他赛或顺铂联合吉西他滨治疗的48例晚期非小细胞肺癌患者进行回顾性分析,利用既往免疫组化资料,观察基于顺铂为主的方案近期有效率(RR)的影响因素及化疗不良反应。结果:全组48例患者均完成至少两周期化疗,并行疗效评价。该组患者化疗的近期有效率为28例(58.3%),RR与不同的转移病灶部位(P=0.042)及病灶数目(P=0.034)有显著差异。该类方案的近期有效率与ERCC1状态(P=0.012)密切相关,而与p53表达状态(P=0.401)无关。毒性反应主要是骨髓抑制、脱发及消化道反应等。结论:晚期非小细胞肺癌ERCC1阴性患者较ERCC1阳性患者运用顺铂为主的联合方案化疗的近期有效率较高。ERCC1可能是顺铂疗效预测的敏感因子。p53的表达状态可能不是该类方案的疗效预测因子。     

肠内营养在III期结肠癌术后辅助化疗中的应用价值

目的:探讨肠内营养在Ⅲ期结肠癌术后辅助化疗中的应用价值。方法:对Ⅲ期结肠癌术后辅助化疗的患者常规进行NRS-2002评分,筛选具有营养风险的68例患者,将其随机分为肠内营养联合XELOX方案化疗组及单纯XELOX方案化疗组,对比其消化道副作用、骨髓抑制、神经毒性、手足综合征等化疗副作用的发生情况;体重、血红蛋白、血清白蛋白等营养指标的变化;治疗期间肿瘤复发及转移情况,并评价治疗疗效。结果:肠内营养联合化疗组在化疗期间无肿瘤复发及转移,肠内营养+XELOX组患者恶心呕吐及腹泻的发生率较XELOX组明显降低(P0.05);两组骨髓抑制、神经毒性、手足综合征等副作用均较轻,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。肠内营养联合化疗组在化疗后血清白蛋白、体重等指数均较化疗前升高,单纯化疗组反而降低;两组间血红蛋白变化无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:肠内营养在Ⅲ期结肠癌术后有营养风险的辅助化疗患者中具有优越性,可改善患者的营养状态,减轻化疗反应,增强化疗疗效。     

吉西他滨联合卡铂治疗局部浸润性膀胱癌的疗效分析

目的:探讨吉西他滨联合卡铂化疗方案治疗局部浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效及毒副作用.方法:56例局部浸润性膀胱癌患者,其中28例术前接受GC化疗方案,即吉西他滨1000 mg/m2,静脉滴注,第1、8天;顺铂25 mg/m2,静脉滴注,第2～4天,21d为1周期治疗;28例术前接受GCa化疗方案,即吉西他滨1000mg/m2,静脉滴注,第1、8天;卡铂400 mg/m2,静脉滴注,第2天,21d为1周期治疗.所有病例均完成2～3周期化疗,观察疗效及不良反应.结果:肿瘤分期降至pT1或更低分期的比率,GC组为61％,GCa组为53％(P=0.616).从确诊开始24个月无复发生存率,GC组为88％,GCa组为86％(P=0.833).化疗过程中监测了血液系统的不良反应,主要有3～4度的中性粒细胞减少症、贫血和血小板减少,在GC组发生率分别为14％,14％和0％,GCa组发生率分别为53％,22％和50％.非血液系统的不良反应主要是消化道症状,恶心、呕吐的发生率GC组为25％,GCa组则为0％.化疗过程中最低中位肾小球滤过率估算值(eGFR),GC组和GCa组分别为54.9和69.6 mL/min/1.73 m2(p=0.002).结论:吉西他滨联合卡铂的辅助化疗方案治疗局部浸润性膀胱癌与顺铂为主的化疗方案疗效相当,在非血液系统毒性方面优于顺铂为主的化疗方案,尤其GCa方案具有更小的肾毒性.     

吉西他滨联合化疗方案治疗复发转移性乳腺癌的临床疗效观察

目的:观察吉西他滨与顺铂联合以及吉西他滨与紫杉醇联合治疗复发转移性乳腺癌的疗效和不良反应。方法:本研究收集65例女性乳腺癌术后复发转移的患者作为研究对象。随机分成两组,分别应用吉西他滨与顺铂(GP方案组)、吉西他滨与紫杉醇(GT方案组)联合进行治疗。GP方案组患者有30例,第1天、第8天用吉西他滨800mg~1000mg/m2溶于0.9%的100mL生理盐水中静脉滴注;第1天~第3天,21天重复用顺铂30mg/m2溶于0.9%的250mL生理盐水中静脉滴注;GT方案组患者有35例,吉西他滨的使用方法与GP方案组相同,第2天,21重复用紫杉醇135mg/m2溶于0.9%的500mL生理盐水中静脉滴注。对化疗时产生的不良反应进行对症处理。结果 :GP方案组化疗有效率为46.67%,疾病控制率为70.00%;GT方案组化疗有效率为42.86%,疾病控制率为68.57%,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。GT组脱发的发生率为62.86%,明显高于GP组的10.00%(P0.001),其他不良反应在两组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:GP方案和GT方案在治疗复发转移性乳腺癌有较好的疗效,不良反应较轻,可作为复方转移性乳腺的一种化疗方案。     

黄芪注射液联合TP 化疗方案治疗晚期卵巢癌的临床疗效分析*

目的:观察黄芪注射液联合TP化疗方案治疗晚期卵巢癌的临床疗效及安全性.方法:将62例晚期卵巢癌患者随机分成两组,其中31人为治疗组,接受黄芪注射液联合TP治疗,31人采用TP治疗.从总效率、疾病控制、毒副反应等指标进行评价.结果:治疗组的总效率、疾病控制、骨髓抑制以及肝肾功能与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗组的中性粒细胞、心脏毒性、脱发、肌肉关节疼痛、胃肠道反应与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:黄芪注射液联合TP化疗方案治疗晚期卵巢癌的临床疗效显著,降低了化疗的毒副反应.     

恶性肿瘤化疗所致院内感染31例分析

目的探讨恶性肿瘤患者化疗后发生院内感染的相关因素及防治措施。方法对31例恶性肿瘤患者化疗后发生的院内感染作回顾性分析。结果恶性肿瘤患者化疗后发生院内感染与中性粒细胞减少程度及持续时间有关,感染的部位以呼吸道为主,主要采用粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）及抗生素治疗。结论恶性肿瘤患者化疗所致院内感染与中性粒细胞减少程度及持续时间密切相关,合理使用G—CSF及抗生素是预防和控制感染的重要措施。     

鸦胆子油乳联合NP 方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效观察

目的:观察鸦胆子油乳联合NP方案化疗与单纯NP方案化疗对晚期肺小细胞癌患者的疗效、生活质量等因素的影响。方法:将154例患有晚期非小细胞肺癌患者随机分为两组:治疗组,在NP方案化疗基础上使用鸦胆子油乳治疗;对照组,单纯接受NP方案化疗。对154例患者追踪3个月,观察并比较患者的疗效、体质量、生活质量、毒副反应等方面的差异。结果:在NP方案化疗基础上使用鸦胆子油乳治疗在患者疗效评价方面与单纯NP方案化疗相比不具有统计学差异(P>0.05);在提高患者体质量、改善患者临床症状和生活质量等方面均优于单纯NP方案化疗(P<0.05);在化疗所引发的白细胞、血红蛋白和血小板降低等部分毒副反应发生率方面低于单纯NP方案化疗组(P<0.05)。结论:鸦胆子油乳联合NP方案化疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌不仅可以起到化疗增效的作用,而且能够明显提高患者生活质量,有效的改善临床症候,降低化疗引发的毒副反应,这一联合治疗方案可以在临床治疗中广泛推广。     

陀螺旋转式立体定向放射治疗联合NP 方案治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌 的临床疗效观察

目的:观察陀螺旋转式立体定向放射治疗系统(陀螺刀)联合长春瑞滨、顺铂(NP)方案治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的临床疗效观察及毒副反应。方法:94例局部晚期NSCLC患者,先给予陀螺刀治疗,单次治疗剂量3.2-5.0 Gy,等剂量曲线50%-70%,计划靶体积(PTV)覆盖95%以上,总剂量35-50 Gy,治疗后进行NP方案化疗4-6个周期。与同期144例单纯陀螺刀治疗局部晚期NSCLC患者治疗结果相比较。结果:联合治疗的94例患者,近期有效率为86.17%(81/94),6、12和24个月生存率分别为86.17%(81/94)、60.64%(57/94)和36.17%(34/94),毒性反应较轻。同期单纯陀螺刀治疗患者,近期有效率为88.19%(127/144),6、12和24个月生存率分别为87.50%(126/144)、44.44%(64/144)和23.68%(33/144)。结论:陀螺刀联合NP方案是一种对局部晚期NSCLC比较有效的治疗方法,毒副反应较轻。     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。