地木耳挂袋法监测大气SO_2污染的可行性研究

本文用地木耳和碱片同步监测了白银地区某冶炼厂及其四周大气中的二氧化硫浓度。经地木耳含硫量与大气二氧化硫污染浓度的相关分析表明：地木耳含硫量与大气二氧化硫污染浓度之间有密切相关性。利用地木耳挂袋法监测大气ＳＯ＿２污染具有可比性强、容污量大、布点灵活,经济方便等优点,适宜于大范围内甚至世界范围内统一监测大气ＳＯ＿２污染应用。     

水稻品种灌浆期耐热性的综合评判

建立了一种对水稻品种的灌浆期耐热性进行综合评判的方法.选取籽粒充实度、秕粒率、饱粒密度、垩白米率、垩白度等5个与水稻灌浆期耐热性强弱密切相关的性状,以参评品种这5个性状的耐热系数为指标,应用主成分分析法将5个彼此相关的单项指标转化为2个累计贡献率达到85%以上的相互独立的综合指标,根据每一品种的5个单项性状的耐热系数和综合指标的标准化特征向量求出每一品种2个综合指标的得分.计算每一品种2个综合指标得分的隶属函数值,并以综合指标的贡献率来确定2个综合指标的权重,在此基础上进行加权求和,从而得到每一品种灌浆期耐热性的综合评判值（D值）.采用系统聚类分析方法对各品种的综合评判值（D值）进行数量分类,同时结合生产实际的要求,可把每一品种划归为不同的耐性等级.外部独立样本组的统计检验以及实践验证的结果表明,所建立的综合评判方法具有理想的效果,可以对不同品种灌浆期综合耐热性能的强弱作出客观、准确的评判.     

地木耳中脂溶性物质抑菌活性研究

采用索氏提取法从地木耳中提取脂溶性物质,经硅胶柱层析将脂溶性物质分离成石油醚洗脱组分(非极性脂)、苯洗脱组分(弱极性脂)和乙醇洗脱组分(强极性脂),并对脂溶性物质和3种洗脱组分进行抑菌活性研究,以促进地木耳的综合应用。结果表明,地木耳中脂溶性物质含量为2.62%。其中,非极性石油醚洗脱组分含量最高,占总脂的54%,但无抑菌活性;强极性的乙醇洗脱组分含量其次,占总脂的32%,其抑菌活性最强;弱极性苯洗脱组分含量最低,占总脂的14%,有弱抑菌活性。地木耳脂溶性物质对6种菌有较好的抑制作用,其抑制能力大小为:大肠杆菌金黄色葡萄球菌枯草芽孢杆菌黑曲霉酿酒酵母假单胞杆菌。     

Fuzzy相关综合评判模型在辣椒品种抗病毒病鉴定中的应用

本文以辣椒苗期对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)和黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)的抗性作评判因子,应用Fuzzy相关综合评判模型,对品种田间抗病毒性表现进行评判。结果表明:与田间抗病毒性表现符合率为92.31%,说明该方法具有较高的可靠性,可作为其他作物抗病性鉴定的借鉴。     

Fuzzy相关综合评判模型在辣椒品种抗病毒病鉴定中的应用

本文以辣椒苗期对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)和黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)的抗性作评判因子,应用Fuzzy相关综合评判模型,对品种田间抗病毒性表现进行评判。结果表明:与田间抗病毒性表现符合率为92.31%,说明该方法具有较高的可靠性,可作为其他作物抗病性鉴定的借鉴。     

银缕梅物种濒危度的定量分析

采用二级模糊综合评判法进一步分析现存个体和居群数均极少的中国金缕梅科一新属种──银缕梅的物种濒危度。首先挑选对小种群绝灭有影响的随机干扰因素,建立了包括２０个评价指标在内的因素集。然后通过对评价指标定量化和权分配一系列处理,并通过最初一、二层的综合评判,求得濒危度和保护等级,进而确定物种的濒危状态及其在省级和国家级的保护序次。研究结果表明,二级模糊综合评判的方法十分灵敏,可操作性强,它能比较准确地反映植物物种实际濒危状况。     

南昆山生态旅游区环境质量的综合评价

通过对南昆山生态旅游区的实地调查、监测和资料的收集,根据景区资源分布和旅游开展的实际情况对南昆山生态旅游区进行功能分区,然后建立指标体系以及为指标确立标准,利用景区各单项指标的评价结果,采用模糊综合评判法对南昆山生态旅游区的自然和社会状态进行综合评价,结果表明南昆山生态旅游区第Ⅰ级的隶属度为0.749,表示自然生态环境和社会状态很好,旅游活动和生态、社会环境相协调;目前的游客量压力,综合确定为Ⅲ级中等压力,而南昆山生态旅游区响应机制的第Ⅰ级隶属度为0.500,说明生态旅游区目前对环境影响的响应机制为较高水平,对现在的压力状况完全有能力应对。分析结果可以为南昆山生态旅游环境质量的管理与监测提供依据,进而为南昆山生态旅游区的可持续开发提供参考。     

阳生和阴生地木耳生理生化特性的比较

以生长于不同光环境下的地木耳为材料,对其Fv/Fm的日变化、光合作用特性、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量进行了研究,以了解其光适应的生理生化基础。同阴生地木耳相比,阳生地木耳的光饱和点、类胡萝卜素含量、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素的比值均比较高,但其P-I曲线光限制部分的斜率、暗呼吸速率、Fv/Fm、叶绿素、MAAs含量和单位面积干重较低。二者最大光合速率和光补偿点无明显差异,二者均无明显的光呼吸。同等条件的光抑制后,阳生地木耳在暗处能更快、更大程度地恢复其Fv/Fm活性。原位研究表明,阴生和阳生地木耳在雨后强光下均有不同程度的光抑制发生,但在弱光下或夜晚时会及时恢复。阳生和阴生地木耳的光合特性及色素含量显著不同,以此来适应不同环境中的光因子。     

地木耳粗多糖超声波辅助提取工艺优化及其动力学和热力学分析

本文探讨了超声波辅助提取地木耳粗多糖的工艺条件,以多糖得率为考察指标,料液比、超声温度、超声功率和超声时间为试验因素,通过单因素试验和Box-Behnken试验设计对工艺条件进行了优化。在此基础上,建立了以Fick第二定律为基础的粗多糖提取动力学模型,并求解出速率常数、相对萃余率及活化能等关键模型参数,并研究了提取过程的热力学特性。结果表明,地木耳粗多糖的最佳超声波提取工艺条件为:料液比为1/50 g/m L,温度为350.15 K,功率为540 W,时间为25 min,在此条件下粗多糖得率达到13.07%。该提取过程符合一级动力学模型,且试验数据与动力学模型计算值吻合良好。热力学分析显示该提取过程是一个逆反应自发进行的吸热过程。     

山西南部地木耳群落特征及其资源分布的研究

采用样方法对不同生境中地木耳分布规律进行了研究;分析了地木耳的群落特征及其生物量,结果表明：（１）群落种类组成,共有３８种,３４属,２１科,单科单种１４种;（２）群落垂直结构简单,只有灌木层、草本层和地被层;（３）地木耳平均生物量为１０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,干重７．３ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,湿重１４０ｋｇ／ｈｍ;（４）地木耳的自然含水量４２％,持水量一８．６％,在海拔６００－８００ｍ之间,地木耳生物量最大;（５     

Nostoc: ein prokaryotischer Vielzeller

The multicellular bacterium Nostoc In 2014 the VAAM selected for the first time a ”microbe of the year“ and the winner was the cyanobacterium Nostoc. This multicellular filamentous prokaryote will be described in this article in more detail, focusing on its adaptations to various environmental conditions and sophisticated cell differentiation processes. The photoautotrophic bacterium can live solely on air and light. Under certain conditions it is able to form spore like cells, mobile short filaments, and N₂‐fixing heterocysts. Hence, Nostoc is a popular partner in several symbiotic interactions with plants and heterotrophic organisms. Its autotrophic lifestyle and the presence of differentiated cells, which show true division of labor, give Nostoc a clear selective advantage in many aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Nostoc is a true multicellular organism having special cell wall structures, which connect the cells and allow the communication between the cells of the filament.     

Structure and development of Nostoc strands in Leiosporoceros dussii (Anthocerotophyta): a novel symbiosis in land plants

The presence of Nostoc in longitudinally oriented schizogenous canals is a feature that separates Leiosporoceros from all other hornworts and represents a novel symbiotic arrangement in land plants. In surface view, Nostoc canals are visible as elongated, dichotomously branched blue-green strands. All other hornworts develop numerous discrete globose colonies through continuous production of mucilage clefts as avenues for multiple invasions within a single thallus. To elucidate the anatomy and development of the unusual Nostoc strands in Leiosporoceros, we examined sporeling development in culture and the structure of strands in field-collected plants using light and electron microscopy. Rosette-like sporelings have mucilage clefts scattered along swollen apices. All field specimens were strap-shaped, contained Nostoc, and lacked mucilage clefts. Nostoc strands are located in the center of the thallus and develop behind the apical cell by separation of the middle lamella between apical derivatives. Strands elongate and branch in synchrony with apical growth, and thus only a single invasion is required for strand production. Two distinct ultrastructural morphotypes in the collections suggest nonspecificity of Nostoc. We speculate that Nostoc enters the thallus in the sporeling stage through mucilage clefts, and once colonies are established, cleft production ceases.     

Genetic diversity of symbiotic cyanobacteria in Cycas revoluta (Cycadaceae)

The diversity of cyanobacterial species within the coralloid roots of an individual and populations of Cycas revoluta was investigated based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Sixty-six coralloid roots were collected from nine natural populations of cycads on Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands, covering the entire distribution range of the species. Approximately 400?bp of the 5'-end of 16S rRNA genes was amplified, and each was identified by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Most coralloid roots harbored only one cyanobiont, Nostoc, whereas some contained two or three, representing cyanobiont diversity within a single coralloid root isolated from a natural habitat. Genotypes of Nostoc within a natural population were occasionally highly diverged and lacked DNA sequence similarity, implying genetic divergence of Nostoc. On the other hand, Nostoc genotypes showed no phylogeographic structure across the distribution range, while host cycads exhibited distinct north-south differentiation. Cycads may exist in symbiosis with either single or multiple Nostoc strains in natural soil habitats.     

Cyanobacterial lactate oxidases serve as essential partners in N2 fixation and evolved into photorespiratory glycolate oxidases in plants

Glycolate oxidase (GOX) is an essential enzyme involved in photorespiratory metabolism in plants. In cyanobacteria and green algae, the corresponding reaction is catalyzed by glycolate dehydrogenases (GlcD). The genomes of N(2)-fixing cyanobacteria, such as Nostoc PCC 7120 and green algae, appear to harbor genes for both GlcD and GOX proteins. The GOX-like proteins from Nostoc (No-LOX) and from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii showed high L-lactate oxidase (LOX) and low GOX activities, whereas glycolate was the preferred substrate of the phylogenetically related At-GOX2 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Changing the active site of No-LOX to that of At-GOX2 by site-specific mutagenesis reversed the LOX/GOX activity ratio of No-LOX. Despite its low GOX activity, No-LOX overexpression decreased the accumulation of toxic glycolate in a cyanobacterial photorespiratory mutant and restored its ability to grow in air. A LOX-deficient Nostoc mutant grew normally in nitrate-containing medium but died under N(2)-fixing conditions. Cultivation under low oxygen rescued this lethal phenotype, indicating that N(2) fixation was more sensitive to O(2) in the Δlox Nostoc mutant than in the wild type. We propose that LOX primarily serves as an O(2)-scavenging enzyme to protect nitrogenase in extant N(2)-fixing cyanobacteria, whereas in plants it has evolved into GOX, responsible for glycolate oxidation during photorespiration.     

THE ECOLOGY OF NOSTOC

Nostoc is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria that can form macroscopic or microscopic colonies and is common in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Much of the success of Nostoc in terrestrial habitats is related to its ability to remain desiccated for months or years and fully recover metabolic activity within hours to days after re-hydration with liquid water . Nostoc can also withstand repeated cycles of freezing and thawing and, thus, is an important component of extreme terrestrial habitats in the Arctic and Antarctic. The ability to fix atmospheric N ₂ can provide an advantage in nitrogen-poor environments . Nostoc also has the ability to screen damaging ultraviolet light in terrestrial and shallow benthic habitats. The genus potentially could be important in paddy rice culture because it fixes nitrogen that may later be released and used by plants; it also may play a role in soil formation and may increase nitrogen input to natural aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The abilities to survive in terrestrial habitats and fix N ₂ are important in symbiotic interactions with fungi (lichens), liverworts, hornworts, mosses, ferns, cycads, and the angiosperm Gunnera. Nostoc is somewhat resistant to predation; this probably is related to production of large amounts of sheath material, synthesis of microcystin-like toxins by some strains, and formation of colonies that are too large for many algivores to consume. Some organisms can subsist on Nostoc, although it may not be a preferred food source. Lytic cyanophages also infect Nostoc, but little is known about population control of Nostoc in its natural environment, Late Precambrian fossils resembling Nostoc have been described, and Nostoc possibly has been an important component of many terrestrial and aquatic communities since that time .     

Discovery of rare and highly toxic microcystins from lichen-associated cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain IO-102-I

The production of hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides, microcystins, is almost exclusively reported from planktonic cyanobacteria. Here we show that a terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain IO-102-I isolated from a lichen association produces six different microcystins. Microcystins were identified with liquid chromatography-UV mass spectrometry by their retention times, UV spectra, mass fragmentation, and comparison to microcystins from the aquatic Nostoc sp. strain 152. The dominant microcystin produced by Nostoc sp. strain IO-102-I was the highly toxic [ADMAdda(5)]microcystin-LR, which accounted for ca. 80% of the total microcystins. We assigned a structure of [DMAdda(5)]microcystin-LR and [d-Asp(3),ADMAdda(5)]microcystin-LR and a partial structure of three new [ADMAdda(5)]-XR type of microcystin variants. Interestingly, Nostoc spp. strains IO-102-I and 152 synthesized only the rare ADMAdda and DMAdda subfamilies of microcystin variants. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated congruence between genes involved directly in microcystin biosynthesis and the 16S rRNA and rpoC1 genes of Nostoc sp. strain IO-102-I. Nostoc sp. strain 152 and the Nostoc sp. strain IO-102-I are distantly related, revealing a sporadic distribution of toxin production in the genus Nostoc. Nostoc sp. strain IO-102-I is closely related to Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 and other symbiotic Nostoc strains and most likely belongs to this species. Together, this suggests that other terrestrial and aquatic strains of the genus Nostoc may have retained the genes necessary for microcystin biosynthesis.     

Molecular genetic and chemotaxonomic characterization of the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune and its neighboring species

The phylogeny of the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune and its neighboring Nostoc species was studied using molecular genetic and chemotaxonomic approaches. At least eight genotypes of N. commune were characterized by the differences among 16S rRNA gene sequences and the petH gene encoding ferredoxin-NADP? oxidoreductase and by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. The genotypes of N. commune were distributed in Japan without regional specificity. The nrtP gene encoding NrtP-type nitrate/nitrite permease was widely distributed in the genus Nostoc, suggesting that the occurrence of the nrtP gene can be one of the characteristic features that separate cyanobacteria into two groups. The wspA gene encoding a 36-kDa water stress protein was only found in N. commune and Nostoc verrucosum, suggesting that these Nostoc species that form massive colonies with extracellular polysaccharides can be exclusively characterized by the occurrence of the wspA gene. Fifteen species of Nostoc and Anabaena were investigated by comparing their carotenoid composition. Three groups with distinct patterns of carotenoids were related to the phylogenic tree constructed on the basis of 16S rRNA sequences. Nostoc commune and Nostoc punctiforme were clustered in one monophyletic group and characterized by the occurrence of nostoxanthin, canthaxanthin, and myxol glycosides.     

Regulation of expression of glutamine synthetase in a symbiotic Nostoc strain associated with Anthoceros punctatus.

A characteristic of N2-fixing cyanobacteria in symbiotic associations appears to be release of N2-derived NH4+. The specific activity of the primary ammonium-assimilating enzyme, glutamine synthetase (GS), was found to be three- to fourfold lower in Nostoc sp. strain 7801 grown in symbiotic association with the bryophyte Anthoceros punctatus than in free-living Nostoc sp. strain 7801. Quantitative immunological assays with antisera against GS purified from Nostoc sp. strain 7801 and from Escherichia coli indicated that similar amounts of the GS protein were present in symbiotic (50 micrograms mg-1) and free-living (68 micrograms mg-1) cultures. The conclusion from these experiments is that GS is regulated by a posttranslational mechanism in Anthoceros-associated Nostoc sp. strain 7801. However, the results of comparative catalytic and immunological experiments between N2- and NH4+-grown free-living Nostoc sp. strain 7801 implied control of GS synthesis. A correlation was not observed between the level of GS expression and the extent of symbiotic heterocyst differentiation in Nostoc sp. strain 7801 associated with A. punctatus.     

Screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc

Fifty-four cyanobacterial strains of the genus Nostoc from different habitats were screened for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Water-methanolic extracts from freeze-dried biomasses were tested for inhibitory activity using Ellman's spectrophotometric method. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity higher than 90% was found in the crude extracts of Nostoc sp. str. Lukesova 27/97 and Nostoc ellipsosporum Rabenh. str. Lukesova 51/91. Extracts from Nostoc ellipsosporum str. Lukesova 52/91 and Nostoc linckia f. muscorum (Ag.) Elenk. str. Gromov, 1988, CALU-980 inhibited AChE activity by 84.9% and 65.3% respectively. Moderate AChE inhibitory activity (29.1-37.5%) was found in extracts of Nostoc linckia Roth. str. Gromov, 1962/10, CALU-129, Nostoc muscorum Ag. str. Lukesova 127/97, Nostoc sp. str. Lhotsky, CALU-327 and Nostoc sp. str. Gromov, CALU-998. Extracts from another seven strains showed weak anti-AChE activities. The active component responsible for acetylcholinesterase inhibition was identified in a crude extract of Nostoc sp. str. Lukesova 27/97 using HPLC and found to occur in one single peak.     

Crucial role of extracellular polysaccharides in desiccation and freezing tolerance in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune

The cyanobacterium Nostoc commune is adapted to the terrestrial environment and has a cosmopolitan distribution. In this study, the role of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) in the desiccation tolerance of photosynthesis in N. commune was examined. Although photosynthetic O2 evolution was not detected in desiccated colonies, the ability of the cells to evolve O2 rapidly recovered after rehydration. The air-dried colonies contained approximately 10% (wt/wt) water, and field-isolated, natural colonies with EPS were highly water absorbent and were rapidly hydrated by atmospheric moisture. The cells embedded in EPS in Nostoc colonies were highly desiccation tolerant, and O2 evolution was not damaged by air drying. Although N. commune was determined to be a mesophilic cyanobacterium, the cells with EPS were heat tolerant in a desiccated state. EPS could be removed from cells by homogenizing colonies with a blender and filtering with coarse filter paper. This treatment to remove EPS did not damage Nostoc cells or their ability to evolve O2, but O2 evolution was significantly damaged by desiccation treatment of the EPS-depleted cells. Similar to the EPS-depleted cells, the laboratory culture strain KU002 had only small amount of EPS and was highly sensitive to desiccation. In the EPS-depleted cells, O2 evolution was also sensitive to freeze-thaw treatment. These results strongly suggest that EPS of N. commune is crucial for the stress tolerance of photosynthesis during desiccation and during freezing and thawing.