Influence of FeEDDHA and soil temperature on the growth of two soybean varieties

Bulk samples of 30 surface soils characterized in the National Cooperative Soil Survey of Louisiana were collected at the original sites and planted with sorghum-sudangrass in the greenhouse. The native K was exhausted by a total of four croppings. The available soil K was extracted with 1N NH₄OAc 7.0 and 0.1N HCl while the difficultly available-K was extracted by 0.3N NaTPB (sodium tetraphenylboron). In addition, the mica content was estimated by differential dissolution. All soils except Dundee produced the greatest dry matter yield in the first crop with steadily decreasing production in the succeeding crops. The same pattern was shown in the K uptake. It appears that the first crop removed a large portion of the exchangeable K. There was a high degree of relationship between plant uptake of K and exchangeable K in the soils (r²=0.89^**). Uptake by the subsequent crops was generally controlled by the K in the micaceous minerals (r²=0.89^**). Since there was a high coefficient of determination between mica-K and difficulty available-K (r²=0.91^**) one also finds that uptake of K by crops 2, 3 and 4 was also well correlated to difficultly available K (R²=0.94^**). The uptake of K that was not originally in the exchangeable form was also highly related to difficultly available-K (R²=0.51^**). Contribution from the Department of Agronomy, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge. Part of the M.S. theses of the senior authors. Former Graduate Students and Prof. of Agronomy, respectively.     

红曲霉液态发酵生产Monacolin K培养基的优化

利用正交试验设计对红曲霉TQ-57发酵生产Monacolin K的摇瓶发酵培养基进行了初步研究。结果表明:Monacolin K的最适发酵碳源为甘油,最佳添加质量分数为14%,最适氮源为蛋白胨,最佳氮源质量分数为3%,培养基初始pH为6.5,培养周期为8 d,在此条件下Monacolin K产量可达27.75 mg/L。     

Studies of slowly available potassium in soils of New Zealand

Summary The concentration of K in the soil solution at zero change of non-exchangeable K (Co) was determined at 20°C and 50°C for six topsoils of widely different clay mineralogy. This was done with and without prior removal of the K that was exchangeable to dilute salt solutions in a two to three hour leach. Except for one case Co was greater for leached than for not leached samples, particularly at the higher temperature. This is attributed to rapid edge-weathering during leaching caused by interlayer penetration at the clay edges by calcium, sodium or hydronium ions. It is assumed that K newly exposed in this manner is not immediately exchangeable but that it exerts an influence on the equilibrium concentration of K in solution.Among soils Co was not related to the K available to ryegrass nor to the non-exchangeable K fraction of the uptake by ryegrass. However, much reduced values of Co were obtained after depletion by ryegrass in the new two soils examined.     

易化葡萄糖载体研究进展

位于细胞膜上的易化葡葡糖载体(facilitated glucose transPorter，GLUTs)促进体内葡葡糖的跨膜转运，它对稳定细胞能量和维持生命活动起到至关重要作用。到目前为止已相继发现并鉴定了12种GLUTs，它们由不同基因编码，具有相似的蛋白质结构和生物功能，在基因表达和细胞内分布受多种因素调控，其中最重要的是胰岛素。胰岛素通过P13K信息通路和Cbl激活蛋白(Cbl actiVating Protn，CAP)-Cbl信息通路实现对GLUT4等的快速周转，从而改变葡葡糖进入细胞的量。深入了解GLUTs的生物学特性和调控机制具有重要的临床意义。     

胰岛素与脱皮激素调控果蝇个体大小的信号机制

在动物生长调节和个体大小调控过程中,胰岛素起到了关键作用。在果蝇的研究中发现,胰岛素主要是通过与类固醇激素—蜕皮激素(ecdysone)的相互作用来进行调节的。最近认为,蜕皮激素通过控制幼虫的生长速率来调节个体的最终大小。     

Androdioecy in Kryptolebias killifish and the evolution of self‐fertilizing hermaphroditism

Kryptolebias marmoratus is an important experimental fish, and is considered to represent the only vertebrate species comprising self‐fertilizing hermaphroditic individuals. Subsequent to the discovery of this unusual mode of reproduction, approximately 50 years ago, K. marmoratus has been the focus of a series of studies. However, little is known about the evolution of this rare reproduction mode, and data on the biology of closely related species are still unavailable. The present study aimed to histologically analyse the gonads of three K. marmoratus congeners (i.e. Kryptolebias ocellatus, Kryptolebias caudomarginatus, and Kryptolebias brasiliensis) to check the distribution of features related to hermaphroditism that are useful for forming hypotheses about the origin and evolution of the self‐fertilization mode of reproduction through the available phylogenies. The data obtained demonstrate that populations of K. caudomarginatus consist of males and hermaphrodites, which supports the hypothesis that hermaphroditism arose at the base of the clade containing K. caudomarginatus, K. marmoratus, and K. ocellatus as a first step towards a more advanced condition, uniquely shared by both K. marmoratus and K. ocellatus, in which males are rare or absent in natural populations, with the subsequent occurrence of self‐fertilization. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99 , 344–349.     

K14、K19在寻常型银屑病发病中的作用机制研究

目的:研究细胞角蛋白K14、K19在寻常型银屑病(PV)发病中的作用机制。方法:选择从2012年1月到2016年12月在西安交通大学第二附属医院皮肤科就诊的PV患者60例纳入本次研究。将PV患者在皮损区及未受累皮肤区分别取1份皮肤,制成存档蜡块,分别记为PV皮损组和PV未受累皮肤组各60例。另选同期在我院接受外伤手术治疗的健康皮肤60例作为对照组,分析K14、K19在PV中的阳性表达率以及表达水平,分析K14及K19在PV皮损区阳性表达的相关性。结果:各组的K14及K19阳性表达率以及表达水平比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。PV皮损组和PV未受累皮肤组的K14阳性表达率及表达水平明显高于对照组,K19阳性表达率及表达水平明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。PV皮损组的K14阳性表达率及表达水平明显高于PV未受累皮肤组,K19阳性表达率及表达水平明显低于PV未受累皮肤组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。根据Spearman法分析相关性发现,K14及K19在PV皮损区阳性表达中呈负相关(r=-0.871,P=0.000)。结论:K14及K19均在PV发病过程中出现异常表达,其中K14阳性表达较强,而K19阳性表达较弱,二者在PV皮损区阳性表达中呈负相关。临床上可考虑监测K14及K19的阳性表达水平,从而更好地辅助临床诊断及病情的预估,值得临床医师关注与重视。     

Evaluation of the electro-ultrafiltration technique (EUF) as a measure of the K supplying power of Quebec soils

The electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) method has been used to evaluate the short-term and long-term supplying power of soils for many essential plant nutrients. The objective of this study was to compare the capacity of EUF with other extraction techniques to predict the plant availability of soil K and K fertilizer responsiveness by 10 cuts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growing over a 366-day period. Increasingly higher average concentrations of soil K were extracted by EUF at 50 V and 20°C (29 mg kg^-1), EUF at 200 V and 20°C (48 mg kg^-1), 0.002 M SrCl₂ (55 mg kg^-1), EUF at 200 V and 80°C (85 mg kg^-1), 0.1 M HCl (105 mg kg^-1), Mehlich 3 (119 mg kg^-1), 1 M NH₄OAc (120 mg kg^-1) and boiling 1 M HNO₃ (601 mg kg^-1). The large content of vermiculitic minerals in the silt and clay fractions is responsible for EUF desorbing more K in 55 minutes than NH₄OAc in 29 out of 30 soils. The total amount of K desorbed by EUF at 80°C was as effective as Mehlich 3-extractable K in predicting K uptake for the first three cuts and was best among the extracting procedures after boiling 1 M HNO₃ in predicting the long-term K supply, the uptake of K from non-exchangeable sources and the relative yield of alfalfa over 10 cuts. The desorption of soil K with EUF provides a better evaluation of the K-supplying power of Quebec soils than the extractants currently used, especially on a long-term basis.Contribution no. 396.     

A new approach to quantify the utilization of non-exchangeable soil potassium by plants

To predict the contribution of soil K fractions of different mobility to K supply of plants, the kinetics of K release from soil was related to the kinetics of K uptake of young sugar beet and wheat plants. For this purpose K release rates from soil were measured by continuously percolating samples of a luvisol with 0.01 M CaCl₂ solution and effective diffusion coefficients, D_e, were determined. Two soil K fractions of different mobility were obtained. D_e values of the more mobile exchangeable K and the less mobile non-exchangeable K fraction were found to be 58.9 × 10^–9 and 8.2 × 10^–9 cm² s^–1, respectively. In a pot experiment, sugar beet and wheat plants were grown, for 15 days and both root growth and K uptake were measured. K uptake kinetics of both crops was determined in a separate experiment using flowing solution culture. To integrate these data quantitatively, the simulation model of Claassen et al. (1986) was applied. Results show that calculated total K uptake agreed closely with real K uptake of the plants. On this basis, 64 and 79% of the K taken up by wheat and sugar beet plants was derived from the rapidly released exchangeable and 21–36% from the less mobile non-exchangeable soil K fraction.     

Determination of K forms in K-fertilized soils by electro-ultrafiltration

We confirmed the suitability of electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) for (a) determination of the distribution of potassium fertilizer among the various forms of potassium in soils with a predominance of micaceous minerals in their clay fraction, and (b) investigated the effects of the degree of openness of the dominant micaceous mineral and of incubation time on the kinetics of the EUF extraction of K from these soils.Samples of illitic, mixed-layer and vermiculitic soils from Galicia (N.W. Spain) were incubated at field capacity for 450 days with 0 (blank), 5,15 or 25 mg K (as KCl) per 100 g dry soil. After 1, 30, 150 and 450 days, subsamples were removed and repeatedly extracted using electro-ultrafiltration at low (20° C/200 V) and then high (80° C/400 V) temperature/voltage (6 and 10 five-minute extractions, respectively). Five different pools of K were identified: solution K (K_s), surface and internal K (collectively, K_p), slowly exchangeable K (K_e) and non-exchangeable K (K_i). The effects of increasing the incubation time depended on the dominant clay mineralogy: after 450 days, the K added to illitic soils was mostly solution K, whereas that added to vermiculitic soils was mostly internal K.For both low and high temperature/voltage EUF experiments, the extraction-time data were best fitted by the Elovich equation (extracted K=a+b ln t). The kinetic coefficient b depended on the incubation time and dominant clay mineral, and for given soil and incubation time increased linearly with the dose of added K.Abbreviations EUF Electroultrafiltration - K_s Solution potassium - K_p Easily exchangeable (surface + internal) potassium - K_e Slowly exchangeable potassium - K_i Non-exchangeable potassium     

Effect of thiourea on the ionic content and dark fixation of CO2 in embryonic axes of Cicer arietinum seeds

During the first 12 h of germination of Cicer arietinum L. (cv. Castellans) seeds, K⁺ is first lost into the surrounding medium and is later reabsorbed. Thiourea accelerates this reabsorption. Since there is an increase in the mobilization of K⁺ in response to thiourea, a greater accumulation of malate due to the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvic acid takes place as compared with that occurring in water. The subapical zone of the radicle accumulates the greatest amounts of water, K⁺ and malate. The variation in the "in vitro" activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase does not explain the difference in malate in response to the different treatments, consequently there must be chemical changes in the cytoplasm which favour this carboxylation "in vivo". These results show that thiourea accelerates the mobilization of K⁺ and stimulates the dark fixation of CO₂ in embryonic axes of Cicer arietinum.     

The relationship between EUF-K and soil-K fractions of different K selectivity

Summary The fraction of K released during EUF 30-35 min, 80°C, 400 V (EUF₃) and various other soil-K parameters were compared for 24 soils that range widely in clay mineral composition, clay content and percentage K saturation. When EUF₃ was compared with fractions of soil-K containing increasing amounts of non-exchangeable K (=selectively adsorbed K), the R² values decreased with increasing quantities of non-exchangeable K. This indicates that EUF₃ is a function of the exchangeable pool of K, although some initially non-exchangeable K is also involved.     

盐胁迫对四种基因型冬小麦幼苗Na+、K+吸收和累积的影响

以4种不同基因型冬小麦品种为试验材料，研究了盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的生长及Na^＋、K^＋和Cl^-的吸收、累积规律。结果表明，盐胁迫下小麦吸水困难，幼苗生长受抑；幼苗含水量、生物量及干物质量明显下降；Na^＋、Cl^-含量和单株累积量显著增加。K^＋含量和单株累积量则明显降低。Na^＋／K^＋比值随介质中的盐浓度的增加而升高。盐胁迫下各基因型冬小麦幼苗Na^＋、K^＋和Cl^-的单株累积量及其在地上部分和根系中的含量变化较大，说明小麦根系对Na^＋、K^＋和Cl^-的吸收存在基因型差异。盐处理下，暖型小麦NR9405对K^＋的选择吸收能力强，对Na^＋的吸收和累积少，植株体内的K^＋浓度较高，Na^＋／K^＋比值小；幼苗的生物量较大，耐盐性强。冷型小麦RB6对K^＋的选择能力差，对Na^＋的吸收和累积量大，幼苗的Na^＋／K^＋比值大，生物量小，耐盐性较差。低盐浓度下，Na^＋可作为渗透调节物质维持植物体内渗透平衡。高盐浓度下，Na^＋的过度吸收和累积可能是盐害的主要原因。维持体内较低的Na^＋水平和Na^＋／K^＋比值是小麦耐盐性的一个重要特征。     

Advances in the discovery of cathepsin K inhibitors on bone resorption

Cathepsin K (Cat K), highly expressed in osteoclasts, is a cysteine protease member of the cathepsin lysosomal protease family and has been of increasing interest as a target of medicinal chemistry efforts for its role in bone matrix degradation. Inhibition of the Cat K enzyme reduces bone resorption and thus, has rendered the enzyme as an attractive target for anti-resorptive osteoporosis therapy. Over the past decades, considerable efforts have been made to design and develop highly potent, excellently selective and orally applicable Cat K inhibitors. These inhibitors are derived from synthetic compounds or natural products, some of which have passed preclinical studies and are presently in clinical trials at different stages of advancement. In this review, we briefly summarised the historic development of Cat K inhibitors and discussed the relationship between structures of inhibitors and active sites in Cat K for the purpose of guiding future development of inhibitors.     

施钾量和施钾时期对小麦氮素和钾素吸收利用的影响

利用¹⁵N示踪技术,研究了施钾量和施钾时期对高产小麦氮素和钾素吸收利用的影响.结果表明： 0～20 cm土层土壤速效钾含量为118.5 mg·kg^-1时,一次性基施钾肥未提高植株的氮、钾积累量;速效钾含量为79.0 mg·kg^-1时,施钾显著提高了植株的氮、钾积累量.采用分期施钾时（1/2基施、1/2拔节期追施）,随施钾量增加,小麦吸收的肥料氮和土壤氮量及追施氮肥在土壤中的残留量均增加,肥料氮的损失量降低.分期施钾显著提高了植株的氮、钾积累量、吸收效率和生产效率,当施钾量为135 kg·hm^-2时,与一次性施钾相比,分期施钾促进了植株对追肥氮和土壤氮的吸收,提高了追施氮肥在土壤中的残留量.结果还表明：施钾提高了小麦的籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量;分期施钾处理优于一次性施钾处理,以K45+45（45 kg·hm^-2基施、45 kg·hm^-2拔节期追施）处理最优.过多施钾使小麦产量和品质趋于降低.     

Roles of the trkB and trkC gene products of Escherichia coli in K+ transport

Mutations at the trkB and trkC loci of Escherichia coli produce an abnormal efflux of K+. The mutations are partially dominant in diploids and revert frequently by what appears to be intragenic suppression to the null state. The mutations can be reverted by insertion of Tn10 into the mutated gene, and spontaneous revertants are fully recessive to the mutant allele in diploids. K+ efflux produced by NEM* and by DNP* persists in strains with presumed null mutations at either locus, indicating neither gene product is the primary target for the effect of these inhibitors on K+ efflux. The results are consistent with the view that trkB and trkC encode independent systems for K+ efflux. Mutations at these loci alter regulation of the process so that K+ efflux occurs inappropriately. A second mutation to the null state abolishes this abnormal K+ efflux. These genes may encode K+/H+ antiporters, an activity postulated to mediate K+ efflux and demonstrated to exist in E. coli and other bacteria.     

EUF-K as measure of K availability index for Tamil Nadu soils (India)

Summary Representative soils of Tamil Nadu could be grouped into three categories based on the cumulative EUF desorption K curves which were exponential and displayed marked differences in the magnitude of K release by the soils employed. The cumulative K desorption values and the cumulative K uptake values of rice were found to be closely correlated. When compared with any other method, the cumulative EUF desorption K was found to be a better measure of K availability index.     

一株对Monacolin K有转化作用菌株的鉴定

从1000多株放线菌中筛选出对Monacolin K有转化作用的菌株并对其进行初步鉴定。结果发现菌株ST2710的气丝交替或不规则分枝,不形成螺旋;可利用多种碳源;牛奶不凝固,不胨化;不利用纤维素,水解淀粉;通过对其细胞化学组分的分析,结果表明菌株ST2710细胞壁为Ⅳ型,糖型为A型,醌组分为MK-9(H4,H6),不含枝菌酸,G C含量为67.3%(摩尔比);将该菌株的16S rDNA序列与GenBank数据中已有序列进行比对,发现其序列与Amycolatopsis属菌株的16SrDNA序列相似性最高,达到99%以上。初步将菌株ST2710归类为Amycolatopsis sp.     

Implication that potassium flux and increase in intracellular calcium are necessary for the initiation of sperm motility in salmonid fishes

Flux of K⁺ and changes in intracellular Ca²⁺ in the sperm of salmonid fishes were measured with spectrophotometry, ion electrode, microscopic fluorometry, and radioisotope accumulation. Release of K⁺ occurred at the initiation of sperm motility which is induced by decrease in external K⁺ and the K⁺ efflux and sperm motility were inhibited by K⁺ channel blockers. Intracellular Ca²⁺ increased within a short period in K⁺- free condition, and the accumulation of ⁴⁵Ca in sperm cells was higher in motile sperm than that in immotile sperm. The efflux of K⁺ and the increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ were suppressed when external K⁺ concentration increased, i.e., sperm remained immotile. These results suggest that efflux of K⁺ through K⁺ channel and subseqent increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ are prerequisite for the initiation of sperm motility. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.