施钾量和施钾时期对小麦氮素和钾素吸收利用的影响

利用¹⁵N示踪技术，研究了施钾量和施钾时期对高产小麦氮素和钾素吸收利用的影响.结果表明： 0～20 cm土层土壤速效钾含量为118.5 mg·kg^-1时，一次性基施钾肥未提高植株的氮、钾积累量；速效钾含量为79.0 mg·kg^-1时，施钾显著提高了植株的氮、钾积累量.采用分期施钾时（1/2基施、1/2拔节期追施），随施钾量增加，小麦吸收的肥料氮和土壤氮量及追施氮肥在土壤中的残留量均增加，肥料氮的损失量降低.分期施钾显著提高了植株的氮、钾积累量、吸收效率和生产效率，当施钾量为135 kg·hm^-2时，与一次性施钾相比，分期施钾促进了植株对追肥氮和土壤氮的吸收，提高了追施氮肥在土壤中的残留量.结果还表明：施钾提高了小麦的籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量；分期施钾处理优于一次性施钾处理，以K45+45（45 kg·hm^-2基施、45 kg·hm^-2拔节期追施）处理最优.过多施钾使小麦产量和品质趋于降低.

Effects of potassium application rate and time on the uptake and utilization of nitrogen and potassium by winter wheat

The study with 15N tracing techniques showed that basal application of K did not increase the N and K accumulation in wheat plant when the available K content in 0-20 cm soil layer was 118.5 mg x kg(-1), but increased the accumulation significantly when the soil available K content was 79.0 mg x kg(-1). When the fertilizer K was 1/2 basal-applied and 1/2 top-dressed at elongation stage, the absorbed fertilizer N and soil N by plant as well as the residual N of top-dressed N in soil were increased with increasing K application rate, while the fertilizer N loss decreased. Compared with basal application, the split application of K increased the accumulated amount, uptake efficiency, and productive efficiency of N and K significantly. When the K application rate was 135 kg x hm(-2), split application of K promoted the absorption of top-dressed and soil N by plant, and increased the residual N of top-dressed N in soil. The results also showed that K application increased the grain yield and its protein and wet gluten contents. At the same K application rate, split application had better effect than basal application, and treatment K45 +45 (45 kg x hm(-2) as basal and 45 kg x hm(-2) top-dressed) showed the best effect. Applying excessive K tended to decrease wheat yield and its quality.