华南沿海西部美丽小条鳅基于线粒体控制区的种群遗传变异及亲缘地理格局

为研究其种群遗传变异和亲缘地理格局,分析了107尾采自华南西部和海南岛的12条水系的美丽小条鳅(Micronoema-cheilus pulcher Nichols)控制区934-938 bp的序列,其中有79个核苷酸变异位点。分子变异分析(AMOVA)表明,种群间的遗传变异占46.88%,种群内的遗传变异占55.06%。基于36个单倍型的系统树显示,12条水系的种群聚成两支。其中,广西沿海诸独立水系(防城河、峒中河、北仑河、南流江)和西江水系与广东漠阳江和潭江水系关系密切,而海南岛万泉河和南渡江与广东鉴江水系关系密切。根据嵌套进化枝系地理分析(NCPA)推测,防城河周边地区可能是美丽小条鳅的扩散中心,该物种可由此区域通过两条途径扩散:(1)沿西江水系向广西沿海独立水系至广东漠阳江和潭江水系扩散;(2)向海南岛诸水系再至雷州半岛的鉴江水系扩散。在演化过程中,曾发生片断化事件、长距离建群和持续的分布区扩张。     

广东地区宽鳍(鱼巤)种群遗传变异和亲缘地理

通过分析88尾采自广东境内9条水系的宽鳍(鱼巤)(Zaccop,platypus)线粒体DNA(mtDNA)细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因全序列,初步研究其种群遗传变异和地理格局,所测定的Cyt b基因全序列长1140 bp,其中变异位点98个,简约信息位点75个.共检测到33个单倍型,除鉴江种群只有1个单倍型外,其余8条水系均有多个单倍型.北江、流溪河、鉴江、北流河和罗定江等5个种群有共亭单倍型Hap11,罗定江和北流河之间共享了单倍型Hap4,东江与流溪河共享Hap6,而韩江和榕江共享单倍型Hap29.种群单倍型多样性的平均值(h)为0.908,核苷酸多样性的平均值(π)为0.01961,表现出较高的遗传多样性.系统发育分析(NJ树)显示,宽鳍(鱼巤)种群33个单倍型可分为2个分支,其中来自珠江水系(北江、东江、流溪河、罗定江和北流河)和广东西部独立人海水系(鉴江和漠阳江)的宽鳍(鱼巤)种群聚为一支(分支A),广东东部独立入海水系(韩江和榕江)种群聚为另外一支(分支B).2分支间的遗传距离和碱基差异率均较高(0.0517-0.0549,5.35%-_6.49%),明显大于分支A内(O.0012-0.0099,0.26%-2.11%)和分支B内的值(0.0027,1.58%),但远小于宽鳍(鱼巤)与外类群间的遗传距离和碱基差异率(0.0945-0.1912,8.77%-17.11%).这表明分支A与B之间已有明显的遗传分化,但分化程度来达到物种级水平,韩江和榕汀的种群相对独立,推测可能与莲花山脉的阻隔有关.根据单倍型网络图推测,流溪河可能是广东中西部地区宽鳍(鱼巤)的扩散中心,分别向珠江水系的西江、北江和东江扩散,再向鉴江和漠阳江扩散:另外由扩散中心经东江到榕汀再向韩江扩散.分子变异分析(AMOVA)表明,种群间的遗传变异占38.50%,种群内的遗传变异占66.24%.中性检验和歧点分布分析皆表明广东境内9条水系的宽鳍(鱼巤)在整个种群上保持相对稳定,没有发生明显的种群扩张.     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的中国南方唇(Hermibarbus labeo)和间(Hermibarbus medius)种群分化及亲缘地理研究

为了解中国南方唇(Hermibarbus labeo)和间(Hermibarbus medius)的种群分化、亲缘地理格局及物种有效性,作者对唇8个水系及间9个水系共148尾样本的Cyt b基因全序列进行了测定。在所有序列中,共有128个变异位点,共检测出了41个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.954,核苷酸多样性为0.02153。基于Cyt b基因全序列构建的NJ树显示,中国南方的唇与间合聚为两大支,其中韩江和九龙江的全部唇样本组成了Ⅰ支,而其他水系的唇和间样本则组成了Ⅱ支。两支系间的遗传距离为5.1%,而唇和间之间的遗传距离为3.2%。现有证据不支持间与唇达到种一级的分化。单倍型网络图显示,韩江、九龙江种群和其他水系的种群分化较大;海南岛三大水系种群和漠阳江种群的单倍型分支与代表珠江水系单倍型的分支之间的亲缘关系较近,与其他地理区间种群的亲缘关系则相对较远;西江可能为珠江水系、漠阳江水系和海南岛三大水系间种群的扩散中心,其中一支往东向北江和东江扩散;另一支往南向海南岛扩散,海南岛三大水系种群尔后在冰期海退时向北扩散至漠阳江水系及珠江水系。AMOVA分析表明,唇和间地理区之间变异约占54.50%,地理区内种群间变异约占18.64%,种群内的变异占26.86%,这说明,唇和间种群Cyt b的遗传分化主要是来自地理区之间。错配分析及中性检验显示,全部种群、唇种群、间种群在历史上均没有发生过明显的扩张,两个mt DNA支系亦未发生过扩张,而海南岛的昌化江种群曾发生过种群扩张。     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的中国南方唇鱼骨(Hermibarbus labeo)和间鱼骨(Hermibarbus medius)种群分化及亲缘地理研究

为了解中国南方唇鱼骨（Hermibarbus labeo）和间鱼骨（Hermibarbus medius）的种群分化、亲缘地理格局及物种有效性,作者对唇鱼骨8个水系及间鱼骨9个水系共148尾样本的Cyt b基因全序列进行了测定。在所有序列中,共有128个变异位点,共检测出了41个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.954,核苷酸多样性为0.02153。基于Cyt b基因全序列构建的NJ树显示,中国南方的唇鱼骨与间鱼骨合聚为两大支,其中韩江和九龙江的全部唇鱼骨样本组成了Ⅰ支,而其他水系的唇鱼骨和间鱼骨样本则组成了Ⅱ支。两支系间的遗传距离为5.1%,而唇鱼骨和间鱼骨之间的遗传距离为3.2%。现有证据不支持间鱼骨与唇鱼骨达到种一级的分化。单倍型网络图显示,韩江、九龙江种群和其他水系的种群分化较大;海南岛三大水系种群和漠阳江种群的单倍型分支与代表珠江水系单倍型的分支之间的亲缘关系较近,与其他地理区间种群的亲缘关系则相对较远;西江可能为珠江水系、漠阳江水系和海南岛三大水系间鱼骨种群的扩散中心,其中一支往东向北江和东江扩散;另一支往南向海南岛扩散,海南岛三大水系种群尔后在冰期海退时向北扩散至漠阳江水系及珠江水系。AMOVA分析表明,唇鱼骨和间鱼骨地理区之间变异约占54.50%,地理区内种群间变异约占18.64%,种群内的变异占26.86%,这说明,唇鱼骨和间鱼骨种群Cyt b的遗传分化主要是来自地理区之间。错配分析及中性检验显示,全部种群、唇鱼骨种群、间鱼骨种群在历史上均没有发生过明显的扩张,两个mtDNA支系亦未发生过扩张,而海南岛的昌化江种群曾发生过种群扩张。     

犁头鳅属鱼类物种地理分化过程

犁头鳅属为中国的特有属,包括犁头鳅和长鳍犁头鳅两个物种,犁头鳅广泛分布于长江中上游,而长鳍犁头鳅则局限分布于闽江水系。本研究对采自长江中上游的犁头鳅20个个体和闽江水系的长鳍犁头鳅8个个体的线粒体细胞色素b（cyt b）基因序列进行分析,以期对犁头鳅属鱼类的物种地理分化过程进行研究。结果显示,犁头鳅不同单倍型之间的遗传变异水平为0.1%—1.8％,平均为0.7%;长鳍犁头鳅各单倍型之间的遗传变异水平为0.6%—1.3%,平均为0.7%;犁头鳅和长鳍犁头鳅单倍型之间的遗传差异也较小,仅为0.2%—1.8%,平均为0.9%。采用邻接(NJ)法和贝叶斯(BI)法构建的分子系统发育树一致显示,该研究中的犁头鳅属鱼类构成一个单系;所有长鳍犁头鳅样本构成一个单系,位于系统发育树的顶部位置;犁头鳅的样本不构成单系,而是形成并系。从形态上看,犁头鳅和长鳍犁头鳅均为有效种。由此推测,在第四纪冰期,长江中下游的犁头鳅沿东海大陆架向南扩散到东南沿海水系,长鳍犁头鳅可能是犁头鳅的一个种群扩散到闽江水系后,由于适应新的环境条件而分化成的一个新物种,剩下的长江流域的犁头鳅种群则构成一个并系类群。本文对于类似的地理物种形成方式也进行了讨论。     

中间黄颡鱼群体遗传变异与亲缘生物地理

通过分析81尾采自华南西部12条水系的中间黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus intermedius)mtDNA控制区435 bp的序列,研究其群体遗传变异及亲缘生物地理格局。结果显示,中间黄颡鱼群体间的遗传分化较小,核苷酸变异只有0.54%。12条水系的群体共有7个单倍型,其中一些现已相互隔离的水系中的群体共享同一个单倍型,提示这些水系曾经有非常密切的联系。根据嵌套进化支序分析,中间黄颡鱼可能起源于峒中河、北仑河、防城河所在的广西与越南交界地区,并通过两条途径向华南沿海西部诸独立水系和海南岛扩散,在演化过程中,曾发生片断化事件,长距离建群和持续的分布区扩张。     

拟平鳅头背部斑纹和下唇结构变异及其分类学意义

针对拟平鳅(Liniparhomaloptera disparis)的两个亚种(L.disparis disparis和L.disparis qiongzhongensis)现有形态分类特征的含糊,通过观察标本室保存的15条水系441尾标本,首次提出利用下唇结构类型作为拟平鳅亚种的补充形态鉴别依据,结合头背部斑纹特征,能有效地鉴别拟平鳅各地理种群和亚种,为拟平鳅的分类和鉴定提供参考依据。依据头背部斑纹差异归纳出4种类型,分别为小斑块型(云开山脉以东的7条水系及海南岛万泉河),虫蚀纹型(云开山脉以西的5条水系),混合斑纹型(海南岛的万泉河、南渡江、昌化江共3条水系),大斑块型(海南岛的昌化江)。依据下唇结构变化情况总结出3种下唇类型,分别是半圆型(云开山脉以西的5条水系),几字型(云开山脉以东的7条水系),马蹄型(海南岛的3条水系)。依据头背部斑纹特征结合下唇结构特征,对照模式标本的描述,重新定义了拟平鳅原有的两个亚种,将分布于云开山脉以东水系的种群鉴定为指名亚种,拟平鳅L.disparis disparis,其鉴别特征为:头背部斑纹为小斑块型并且下唇类型为几字型;将海南岛种群鉴定为琼中拟平鳅L.disparis qiongzhongensis,它们都具有独特的马蹄型下唇类结构,且头背部斑纹以混合斑纹型为主。重要的发现是,分布于云开山脉以西的种群与已命名的2个亚种在形态上有明显的差异,其头背部斑纹为独特的虫蚀纹型且下唇类型为半圆型。这可能是一个新亚种。分子生物学方法也许能证明云开山脉以西的种群在遗传上的独特性以及形成新亚种的可能性。云开山脉东、西两侧以及海南岛不同水系的拟平鳅的种群分化问题值得进一步探究。     

长江上游小眼薄鳅线粒体DNA遗传多样性

小眼薄鳅是长江上游特有的小型鱼类,自然分布狭窄。本研究采用线粒体细胞色素b(cytochrome b,cyt b)和控制区序列,对长江上游江津段和岷江下游宜宾段两个群体共108尾小眼薄鳅(Leptobotia microphthalma)样本的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。结果表明:小眼薄鳅群体cyt b序列共检出28个多态位点,34种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数(Hd)和核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)分别为0.889和0.00382;控制区序列共检出变异位点49个,单倍型65种,Hd指数和Pi指数分别为0.958和0.00420。分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示:小眼薄鳅采样点群体内的变异大于群体间的变异,遗传变异绝大部分来自群体内部,群体间无显著遗传分化(F_(ST)0.05),平均基因流(Nm)表明小眼薄鳅各采样点群体间基因交流十分频繁。基于Network网络结构可将小眼薄鳅样本划分成3个谱系,谱系间显示了显著的遗传分化(FST0.25),提示小眼薄鳅种群内部可能有隔离的产生。核苷酸错配分布及Tajima's D中性检验结果显示小眼薄鳅可能未发生种群扩张事件。     

海南岛宽额鳢(Channa gachua)群体遗传变异与生物地理过程

为了解海南岛宽额鳢(Channa gachua)的群体遗传分化和亲缘生物地理过程,采集了云南元江和海南岛5个水系(昌化江、陵水河、藤桥河、万泉河及南渡江)共6个种群168个宽额鳢个体,基于线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因全序列(1142 bp)对其遗传多样性和遗传分化程度进行了评估,并探讨了地质和气候等因素如何塑造了这一物种的亲缘地理结构及演化历史。基于Cyt b序列构建的系统树结果将所有个体分成两个主要谱系(A和B),谱系A包括海南岛所有种群,其中,部分昌化江个体形成独立的亚支(A2),其余个体聚为另一亚支(A1),谱系B为云南元江的全部个体,各谱系间的遗传分化指数均较高。种群历史动态分析表明,各谱系均没有发生种群扩张,但A1亚支与谱系B曾在约1万年前发生过有效种群数量减小的事件。根据研究结果推测,更新世冰期期间,北部湾因海平面下降而暴露,大陆和海南岛的水系发生接触,越南北部水系(包括元江/红河)通过一条联系雷州半岛和海南岛的古河道流入南海,因而冰期期间宽额鳢有机会从元江(红河)扩散至海南岛西南部,随后在海南岛内部,宽额鳢进一步扩散,并以五指山为种群间基因交流的重要地理障碍,各水系间种群发生基因交流和遗传分化。     

赤水河两种荷马条鳅属鱼类的遗传多样性及谱系生物地理学过程分析

研究以线粒体Cyt b基因为分子标记,对赤水河两种荷马条鳅属（Homatula）鱼类（红尾荷马条鳅和短体荷马条鳅）的遗传多样性及种群结构进行了分析;同时,结合了对在长江上游其他几个水系分布的同种鱼类进行比较,分析其生物地理学过程。遗传多样性分析结果表明,5个水系135尾红尾荷马条鳅Cyt b基因序列共检测出42个单倍型,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.936和0.00493;其中,赤水河种群的分别为0.891和0.00208。3个水系52尾短体荷马条鳅Cyt b基因序列共检测出12个单倍型,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别0.821和0.01105;赤水河种群的分别为0.646和0.00390。基于ML和BI法构建的单倍型分子系统发育树结果表明,两物种各自构成单系,且得到较强支持。红尾荷马条鳅各种群地理格局分布明显,赤水河种群为并系类群位于分支基部。在短体荷马条鳅支系中,岷江与沱江两个水系的个体相互聚类在一起,而赤水河群体聚成一个分支。赤水河与其他水系不存在共享单倍型,表现了明显的隔离和差异性的地理分布格局。由于这些水系之间地理位置相距较远,推测这种格局的形成不是地质运动造成的水系隔离,而是历史时期水位的高低变化造成鱼类种群的扩散和隔离。错配分析支持赤水河两物种种群扩张的推断,但中性检验却并非全部支持,显示种群历史相对复杂。     

Comparative evolution of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron 7 in woodpeckers

Most molecular phylogenetic studies of vertebrates have been based on DNA sequences of mitochondrial-encoded genes. MtDNA evolves rapidly and is thus particularly useful for resolving relationships among recently evolved groups. However, it has the disadvantage that all of the mitochondrial genes are inherited as a single linkage group so that only one independent gene tree can be inferred regardless of the number of genes sequenced. Introns of nuclear genes are attractive candidates for independent sources of rapidly evolving DNA: they are pervasive, most of their nucleotides appear to be unconstrained by selection, and PCR primers can be designed for sequences in adjacent exons where nucleotide sequences are conserved. We sequenced intron 7 of the beta-fibrinogen gene (beta-fibint7) for a diversity of woodpeckers and compared the phylogenetic signal and nucleotide substitution properties of this DNA sequence with that of mitochondrial-encoded cytochrome b (cyt b) from a previous study. A few indels (insertions and deletions) were found in the beta-fibint7 sequences, but alignment was not difficult, and the indels were phylogentically informative. The beta-fibint7 and cyt b gene trees were nearly identical to each other but differed in significant ways from the traditional woodpecker classification. Cyt b evolves 2.8 times as fast as beta-fibint7 (14. 0 times as fast at third codon positions). Despite its relatively slow substitution rate, the phylogenetic signal in beta-fibint7 is comparable to that in cyt b for woodpeckers, because beta-fibint7 has less base composition bias and more uniform nucleotide substitution probabilities. As a consequence, compared with cyt b, beta-fibint7 nucleotide sites are expected to enter more distinct character states over the course of evolution and have fewer multiple substitutions and lower levels of homoplasy. Moreover, in contrast to cyt b, in which nearly two thirds of nucleotide sites rarely vary among closely related taxa, virtually all beta-fibint7 nucleotide sites appear free of selective constraints, which increases informative sites per unit sequenced. However, the estimated gamma distribution used to model rate variation among sites suggests constraints on some beta-fibint7 sites. This study suggests that introns will be useful for phylogenetic studies of recently evolved groups.     

Low mitochondrial DNA variation among American alligators and a novel non-coding region in crocodilians

We analyzed 1317-1823 base pairs (bp) of mitochondrial DNA sequence beginning in the 5' end of cytochrome b (cyt b) and ending in the central domain of the control region for 25 American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) and compared these to a homologous sequence from a Chinese alligator (A. sinensis). Both species share a non-coding spacer between cyt b and tRNA(Thr). Chinese alligator cyt b differs from that of the American alligator by 17.5% at the nucleotide level and 13.8% for inferred amino acids, which is consistent with their presumed ancient divergence. Only two cyt b haplotypes were detected among the 25 American alligators (693-1199 bp surveyed), with one haplotype shared among 24 individuals. One alligator from Mississippi differed from all other alligators by a single silent substitution. The control region contained only slightly more variation among the 25 American alligators, with two variable positions (624 bp surveyed), yielding three haplotypes with 22, two, and one individuals in each of these groups. Previous genetic studies examining allozymes and the proportion of variable microsatellite DNA loci also found low levels of genetic diversity in American alligators. However, in contrast with allozymes, microsatellites, and morphology, the mtDNA data shows no evidence of differentiation among populations from the extremes of the species range. These results suggest that American alligators underwent a severe population bottleneck in the late Pleistocene, resulting in nearly homogenous mtDNA among all American alligators today.     

Cytochrome b sequence divergence in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and phylogenetic relationships among some Perciformes species

The entire cytochrome b (cyt b ) gene has been sequenced in eight Mediterranean populations of the European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax and in one of D. punctatus . Our data indicate that both eastern (Greece and Egypt) and northwestern (French coast) populations of D. labrax were genetically differentiated from the Tyrrhenian ones, which were nearly indistinguishable from each other at the cyt b level. The D. labrax population from the Atlantic coast (Portugal) was genetically quite distinct from all the Mediterranean ones. These results strongly confirm the conclusions from previous studies where the same populations were screened for allozymes, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) d -loop variation. Seven other species of Perciformes belonging to five different families (Sparidae, Serranidae, Carangidae, Pomatomidae, Sciaenidae) were sequenced to explore the usefulness of the cyt b gene for inferring evolutionary relationships at different hierarchical levels. The data were analysed together with other published cyt b sequences from Perciformes fishes. Our data suggest that the superfamily Percoidea is not monophyletic. At the family level, the Sparidae and Moronidae seem to be monophyletic. The evolutionary relationships among families were not resolved. Possible causes for this lack of resolution are discussed.     

Molecular phylogenetic relationships of pond frogs distributed in the Palearctic region inferred from DNA sequences of mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes

The evolutionary relationships of pond frogs distributed in the Far East and Europe were investigated by analyses of nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA (12S rRNA) and cytochrome b (cyt b) genes. The nucleotide sequences of a 412-bp segment of the 12S rRNA gene and a 534-bp segment of the cyt b gene were determined by the PCR-direct sequencing method using 19 frogs belonging to six species and one subspecies distributed in the Palearctic region. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by the neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood methods using Rana catesbeiana or Xenopus laevis as an outgroup. The 412-bp segment of the 12S rRNA gene contained 65 variable sites including gap sites, and the 534-bp segment of the cyt b gene contained 160 variable sites. The nucleotide sequence divergences of the 12S rRNA gene were 0.25-4.83% within the Far Eastern frogs, 0.25-6.22% within the European frogs, and 8.74-11.24% between the Far Eastern and the European frogs, whereas those of the cyt b gene were 3.64-14.73% within the Far Eastern frogs, 0.38-14.42% within the European frogs, and 16.53-23.58% between the Far Eastern and the European frogs. Although most nucleotide substitutions were at the third codon position of the cyt b gene and were silent mutations, 4 amino acid replacements occurred within the Far Eastern frogs, 4 within the European frogs, and 11 between the Far Eastern and the European frogs. The phylogenetic trees constructed from the nucleotide sequence divergences showed slightly different topologies for the 12S rRNA and cyt b genes. R. esculenta from Ukraine was closely related to R. lessonae from Luxembourg in both the 12S rRNA and the cyt b gene sequences.     

Extent of mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in Atlantic cod from the Faroe Islands: a resolution of gene genealogy

Variation in a 250 base pair (bp) fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) has been used extensively for population studies in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. To study the shape of the gene genealogy and the nature of the polymorphism, sequences of another region of the cyt b gene and the TP intergenic spacer were added, making a total of 566 bp from 74 cod from the Faroe Islands. A total of 44 segregating sites defined 41 haplotypes, many at frequencies greater than 5%. Haplotype diversity was 0.97 and nucleotide diversity 0.73% per base. A topology referred to as a constellation gene genealogy was observed with four major haplotypes at high frequencies, from each of which a number of rare variants were derived. A young relative age of the haplotypes was gauged from the structure of the genealogy. The variation was mostly at synonymous sites within the coding region and thus likely to be neutral or under weak purifying selection. By comparative analysis this also applies to the TP spacer. Applying the locus to study population variation in the Faroe Islands by AMOVA revealed that the overall areas and localities within areas accounted for none of the variation, and all the variation was due to differences among individuals.     

珠江源头入侵种波氏吻虾虎的遗传多样性分析

为了解入侵种波氏吻虾虎Rhinogobius cliffordpopei在珠江源头地区的遗传多样性分布特征及其影响成因,本研究以线粒体细胞色素b(cyt b)基因为分子标记,对珠江源头的9个水库自然种群进行了遗传多样性与遗传分化分析。获得该物种cyt b基因全序列1 141 bp,其中保守位点1 072个,变异位点69个,无插入和缺失位点。96只个体具有5个单倍型,群体单倍型多样性为0.359±0.059,核苷酸多样性为0.021±0.010,表现为低单倍型多样性与高核苷酸多样性的群体遗传特征。以外群子陵吻虾虎R.giurinus、褐吻虾虎R.brunneus和短吻红斑吻虾虎R.rubromaculatus构建的分子系统发育树和网络分支图显示,波氏吻虾虎群体的所有单倍型与外群物种分开,构成一个单系群,并分化为2个明显的系统分支。分子变异分析结果表明,种群间和种群内的遗传变异率分别为62.99%、37.01%,固定指数为0.630(P<0.01),证实波氏吻虾虎群体形成了显著的遗传分化结构。波氏吻虾虎在珠江源头入侵地具有较高的遗传多样性水平与显著的遗传结构,入侵种群可能受到了奠基者事件和遗传瓶颈效应的影响,而多次人为引入和水利大坝的隔离作用可能为该物种扩散分布和积累突变提供了条件。研究结果将为防治波氏吻虾虎的入侵危害及保护土著鱼类物种多样性提供科学指导。     

Population genetic structure and phylogeography of the oak gall wasp Andricus chodjaii (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Turkey as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences

Sequence data of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and nuclear ITS2 region were used to assess genetic diversity, intraspecific phylogeography and population genetic structure of the oak gall wasp Andricus chodjaii from Turkey. We examined 293 individuals from 21 localities which generated 57 cyt b haplotypes and 8 ITS2 alleles. The average genetic diversity was 0.575 for cyt b and 0.202 ITS2, and the average nucleotide diversity 0.015 for cyt b gene and 0.001 for the ITS2 region. Phylogenetic analyses of cyt b haplotypes produced mostly similar topologies with geographically significant groupings. The ITS2 data provided less resolution without robust and apparent geographic structure. Population demographic analysis indicated that some eastern populations expanded, however, some others underwent either expansion or decline resulting in genetically structured populations. Molecular clock applied to the mtDNA data indicated that ingroup haplotypes diversified from the outgroup haplotypes around Early Pliocene. Further diversification events throughout Pleistocene resulted in major clade formations. It appears that geographic formations and glacial and interglacial cycles of Pleistocene were crucial for shaping the phylogeographic structure of A. chodjaii in Turkey.     

Preliminary genetic characterization of two lineages of black rats (Rattus rattus sensu lato) in Japan, with evidence for introgression at several localities

We conducted a pilot survey of genetic diversity among 37 karyotyped individuals of the black rat Rattus rattus (sensu lato) from six localities on the Japanese Islands, using complete gene sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) and nuclear interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP). Our sampling included two previously documented karyotypic groups: 'Oceanian' with 2n = 38 and 'Asian' with 2n = 42. Cyt b sequences for most individuals clustered according to their karyotypic groups, with an average between-group divergence of 3.8%. One exception was that individuals from Kagoshima (Kyushu Island) showed 'Asian' karyotypes combined with a cyt b haplotype that differed by a single nucleotide substitution from the haplotype of the 'Oceanian' karyotypic group. Six IRBP haplotypes were identified. They belonged to three distinct IRBP lineages (I-III), with an average inter-lineage divergence of 1%. Among homozygous individuals, these lineages showed good association with the karyotypic groups: IRBP lineage I occurred only with 'Oceanian' karyotypes, while IRBP lineages II and III both occurred with 'Asian' karyotypes. Individuals from Kagoshima all possessed IRBP of 'Asian' lineages, despite the presence of an 'Oceanian' mitochondrial type. The Chichijima population (Ogasawara Islands) featured exclusively 'Asian' karyotypes and cyt b sequences, but various combinations of all three IRBP lineages. The Kagoshima and Chichijima populations thus provide strong evidence of viable hybridization and genetic introgression between the two karyotypic groups, but with variable genetic outcomes. Our results demonstrate the potential of combined analysis of karyotypes and mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences to elucidate the complex dispersal and population history of the black rat.     

基于cyt b基因的假眼小绿叶蝉11个地理种群遗传分化研究

应用特异性引物扩增假眼小绿叶蝉（Empoasca vitis G?the）56个不同地理种群Cytb基因片段,探讨了11个地理种群间的遗传多样性、分子变异、遗传分化程度及基因流水平,测序结果表明56条序列存在236个变异位点,45个单倍型。分析得出：（1）11个地理种群群体单倍型多样度 Hd 为0.978 79,群体的Hd范围为0.933 3~1.000 0,总群体和各种群的中性检验结果均不显著,其进化模型为中性模型。（2）总群体遗传分化系数 Gst 与固定系数 Fst 分别为0.017 03与0.165 47。种群间基因流Nm为1.26,较频繁基因交流减小了遗传差异,不存在明显的地理分化效应。     

Among-site rate variation and phylogenetic analysis of 12S rRNA in sigmodontine rodents

We analyze sequences from two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome b (cyt b) and 12S rRNA (12S), for a group of sigmodontine rodents among which phylogenetic relationships are well understood based on concordance of morphological, chromosomal, allozyme, and other DNA data sets. Because these two genes are physically linked on the nonrecombining mitochondrial genome, they necessarily share the same history. Phylogenetic analysis of the cyt b gene recovers the well-corroborated relationships, generally with strong support. None of the methods that we employed, including variously weighted parsimony, neighbor joining on both single-rate and gamma-corrected distances, and maximum likelihood, were able to recover these relationships for the 12S gene. Parsimony analyses of the 12S data resulted in a relatively strongly supported placement of Peromyscus eremicus that conflicts with that suggested by cyt b and all other data. There is extreme among-site rate variation in the 12S sequences and moderate levels in the cyt b sequences. This highly skewed distribution of rates in the 12S gene makes phylogenetic analyses of these sequences particularly susceptible to the misleading effects of nonindependence and other nonrandom noise, suggesting that phylogenetic analyses of data sets that contain a great deal of among-site rate variation be interpreted with caution.