秦岭太白红杉种群结构与动态的研究

在秦岭太白山、光头山、玉皇山和冰晶顶等4个地段分别设置了4个样地,用样方法对太白红杉种群进行了调查.共做样方280个.分析了太白红杉的群落学特征、径级结构及其密度变化规律;编制了太白红杉的静态生命表;绘制了存活曲线和死亡曲线;从多角度研究了太白红杉种群的动态变化规律结果表明该种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ和Ⅲ之间,高径级种群趋向于稳定,低径级种群则反之.幼年个体补充不足,严重影响着该种群的生存和发展.     

太白山林线附近太白红杉种群的生态特征

高山林线对外界环境的变化和干扰异常敏感,已成为全球气候变化研究的热点。太白红杉(Larix chinensis)是太白山的高山林线树种,对高海拔生态环境的保护起着重要的作用。在太白山林线附近采用样方调查的方法,对太白红杉种群的生态特征进行了研究,结果表明:(1)林线附近不同海拔区域,种群的平均基径、平均胸径、平均树高等基本特征随着海拔的升高明显降低。(2)太白红杉的胸径与年龄存在着较明显的回归关系,而树高与年龄相关性较低。随着海拔的升高,回归方程的拟合优度呈下降趋势。(3)林线附近不同海拔区域,太白红杉种群的径级结构与年龄结构均存在一定的波动。表明该区域存在着波形的更新,可能与太白红杉的年龄结构受外界环境的影响较大有关。(4)太白红杉种群各龄级的空间格局基本上是聚集型。随着取样尺度的增加,聚集强度呈增加的趋势。随年龄增加,种群分布由聚集型向随机型过渡,聚集强度减弱。     

太白红杉（Larix chinensis）混交林径级结构与竞争的关系

混交林的径级结构和竞争关系的研究可在一定程度上预测群落的动态变化趋势。探讨了太白山太白红杉(Larix chinensis)混交林的径级结构和竞争关系,并对该区域森林的动态变化趋势进行了预测。结果表明:①在混交林内,太白红杉幼苗数量较少,更新差,种群径级结构呈衰退型;而巴山冷杉(Abiesfargesii)幼苗数量较多,更新良好,种群径级结构为增长型。②太白红杉种内竞争强度大于种间竞争强度,巴山冷杉种内竞争强度小于种间竞争强度。在混交区域,巴山冷杉处于群落的优势地位,而太白红杉处于劣势地位,应加强对太白红杉的保护,合理抚育管理太白红杉幼苗。     

秦岭太白红杉林分布及太白山高山林线特征的定量分析

采用正交试验设计在秦岭太白山设置了12个太白红杉林分,用样方方法对太白红杉种群进行了调查,用正交分析法和"DataProcessingSystem"数据处理软件对影响太白红杉林分布的5个生态因子进行了分析。结果表明:5个生态因子中,海拔梯度的变化是影响太白红杉林分布的主导因子,5个生态因子在影响太白红杉林分布中的作用地位是:海拔>坡度>土壤厚度>坡向>风向。并对描述太白红杉林的5个指标进行了主成分分析,并对高山林线进行了定量描述,胸高直径是描述太白红杉林的主要成分,海拔3400m是太白山太白红杉郁闭林的上限。     

秦岭太白红杉群落特征及其物种多样性的研究

选择太白红杉群落分布集中的太白山、长安光头山、玉皇山和冰晶顶等4个地段,设计18个样地,用样方法进行调查,共作样方280个。分析了太白红杉群落的种类组成、区系特点、群落外貌、垂直结构和水平结构等群落学特征,并对该群落的环境概况进行分析,计划了不同地段上群落的频、盖度指标和不同层次上的Shannon-Wiener指数,Simpson指数、Pielou指数和种间相遇指数。结果表是,太白红杉主要分布于秦岭海拔2800－3500m的高海拔山地,群落组成种类约85种,北温带分布属占优势,地面芽植物种类多,数量大,是该群落的优质层片。乔木层为太白红杉单优组成,平均高度约8．6m,多样性指数0．207－0．420,灌木层H值为1．779－2．363,草本层H值最高,为2．122－3．025。本研究为太白红杉可持续利用和保护提供了有益的参考。     

太白红杉种群结构与环境的关系

对太白山不同生境出现的 5种太白红杉种群的高度、径级和生物量结构进行了较为系统的对比研究。结果表明 :(1)不同生境的太白红杉种群 ,生长发育明显不同。但经年龄拟合和方差分析证明 ,该地区不同太白红杉种群在演替上应属同时发生 (P<0 .0 5 )。 (2 )不同太白红杉各种群在高度和胸径上有极显著差异 (P<0 .0 1) ,生长于中海拔地域的太白红杉种群平均高和胸径显著高于低海拔和森林线地带的种群 ;随着海拔升高 ,种群生物量结构中根系所占比例呈现高→低→高的趋势 ;主干和枝叶呈现低→高→低的趋势。(3)对种群表现结构形成有重要影响的 10个环境因子的主成分分析表明 ,乔木层郁闭度、土壤厚度、土壤p H、土壤含水率、年平均降雨量、人为干扰是影响种群结构形成的最重要因素。 (4)对太白红杉种群应以就地保护为主 ,低海拔地区的群落应适当间伐乔木层非目的树种 ,中高海拔地区应以保护原有生境为主 ,适当间伐灌木层树种 ,为太白红杉更新创造良好条件。     

太白红杉种群的生殖对策研究Ⅱ．生殖力和生殖值

研究了太白红杉种群的年龄结构、生殖年龄结构、生殖力和生殖值,分析了太白红杉种群的生殖适合度和生殖对策.结果如下(1)北坡和南坡两个种群的低龄级个体数都非常少,种群间的生育力差异不显著(P>0.05),但北坡太白红杉的生殖年龄比南坡大,平均生殖时间比南坡长,平均寿命也比南坡长.(2)北坡各龄级的生殖值比南坡高,剩余生殖值随年龄下降的速度比南坡小,北坡的生殖适合度比南坡高.(3)北坡第Ⅰ～Ⅶ龄级的剩余生殖值比南坡高,第Ⅶ龄级后由于下降速度较快,其值要比南坡小.     

水竹（Phyllostachys heteroclada）人工林生物量结构的研究

 根据39块标准地上测定18808株立竹,47个竹鞭样方,38株不同年龄(1—6年)和不同径级样竹,用相对生长量法(allometric method)研究不同水竹人工林地上和地下部分生物量结构;用数理统计方法拟合出竹秆、竹叶、竹枝和竹鞭生物量与胸径的回归方程。地上部分生物总量随径级而增加,竹秆重量按径级分布分别为,1.5径级与林分总重量比为16%;2.0径级为30.5%;2.5径级为26.1%,3.0径级为16.0%。地上部分生物总量随龄级增加而降低,分别为：Ⅰ龄级为31.7%,Ⅱ龄级为22.0%,Ⅲ龄级为17.5%,Ⅳ龄级以上为28.0%。竹鞭中壮鞭占50—60%,竹鞭容积2.0—2.5%,地上部分总量与地下总量比为1.0—1.5,叶面积指数为4—6,每亩产量可达4000—7000斤时,称为高产林分。     

濒危植物太白红杉种群年龄结构及其时间序列预测分析

为了阐明太白红杉(Larix potaninii var.chinensis)种群的年龄结构和未来发展趋势,合理保护现有资源,在太白山地区调查了 29个样地(10 m×10m),对处于不同生境的 5个种群的年龄结构、静态生命表和时间序列预测进行了分析。种群年龄结构分析表明,各种群个体数量主要集中于Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ龄级(个体数量比重占68.64％),幼、老龄个体数量较少。受所处生境条件影响,不同种群年龄结构特点不同:海拔较低的种群(B)由于水热条件适宜,林内有林窗出现,幼龄级个体数相对丰富;而其他种群由于幼龄个体严重缺乏,衰退趋势明显。太白红杉不同种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,尽管所处的生境差异较大,但存活曲线基本属于Deevey Ⅲ型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏程度有关,一般V-Ⅸ龄级死亡率较高。时间序列分析表明,在未来20、60、100和200年中,各太白红杉种群均会呈现老龄级株数先增加后减少的趋势,种群稳定性维持困难。太白红杉种群年龄结构和动态趋势与银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)等其他濒危植物比较,导致种群衰退的原因相似:在郁闭的林下种子萌芽和幼苗生长困难。应该利用太白红杉喜光、耐旱和中老年个体产种量丰富的特性,对现有太白红杉林分实行就地保护,合理抚育管理。低海拔地区,应适当间伐非目的树种     

古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭种群径级与龄级关系的研究

对古尔班通古特沙漠不同土壤类型梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)种群径级结构、年龄结构进行实地调查统计,分别比较不同种群结构模型及存活曲线。结果显示:梭梭个体大小与年龄呈直线关系;以径级和龄级作为划分大小结构时,径级结构和年龄结构类型表现一致;对两个函数的总体误差和区间误差比较净高显示,径级方程和龄级方程的相近程度在误差允许范围内且以径级结构和龄级结构应用到存活曲线的分析中效果良好。研究表明,梭梭种群可以采用径级结构代替年龄结构的方法进行研究。     

广东廉江野生荔枝种群结构和分布格局

采用空间序列代替时间变化的方法研究广东廉江谢鞋山野生荔枝的种群结构,并采用方差/均值比的t检验法判定其分布格局。结果表明,野生荔枝种群呈随机分布,种群内低龄和高龄植株较少,中龄级植株较多,种群更新能力不足,存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅰ型,属衰退种群,亟待保护。     

Point pattern analysis of different age-classes of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Luya Mountain Reserve, Shanxi Province, China

Larix principis-rupprechtii forest is an important vegetation formation and has a large distribution area in Luya Mountain Reserve,China.Spatial pattern analysis on individual trees in different age-classes of Larix principisrupprechtii was made in this paper.Here,we employed the technique of point pattern analysis,which could analyze patterns under all scales along a gradient.It was based on spatial mapped points of individual distribution.The results of this study showed that the densities of the five age-classes varied in the order:age-class 3＞age-class 4＞age-class 5＞age-class 2＞age-class 1.Although age-classes 1 and 2 have much fewer individuals than other three age-classes do,the population was stable at present.However,it would be necessary to take some measures for improving population regeneration for a long-time view.The individuals of all age-classes focused on clumping distribution in space;however,their distribution pattern varied with the change of scale.This mainly depended on biological features of Larix principis-rupprechtii and forest environments,but it also meant that the scale was an important factor in controlling spatial distribution pattern of tree individuals.The feature of clumping distribution became more significant with the increase of age.The relationships between individuals in different age-classes were almost all significantly correlated with each other.These associations became more significant within the older age-classes.This suggested that the individuals of different age-classes were interdistributed,by which the population could get benefits in resource utilization.The technique of point pattern analysis is effective and easy to be used in species pattern study.Its results are more closer to the reality,especially for community structure.     

The effect of environmental factors on the regeneration of Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. in Central Himalaya,Nepal

Poor regeneration of oak forest has been observed in north America and Eurasia. In the Himalaya it has mainly been explained by anthropogenic pressures. This study analyses the regeneration of two Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. forests (2–3000 m a.s.l.), where one forest has almost nil disturbance and the other has different degrees of canopy disturbance. The relationships between biotic and abiotic environmental variables and the number of Quercus semecarpifolia seedlings and saplings (i.e., recruits <10 cm Diameter at Breast Height (DBH)) were analysed by means of Generalized Additive Models (GAM). The two forests were compared with respect to size-class distributions of mature trees (i.e., >10 cm DBH), and the number of recruits.The size-class distributions indicate that regeneration is most reliable in the nearly undisturbed forest. Most recruits were found under high canopy cover and high potential radiation. Canopy disturbance has a negative effect on the number of seedlings. Seedlings seem to prefer a pH of around 6, Loss-on-Ignition between 20 and 30 %, and total nitrogen between 2 and 3 %. In general, there were very few plots with saplings, and there was not a clear relationship between the number of saplings and the soil variables. The size-class diagrams indicate a lack of young trees in the disturbed forest, and it is hypothesized that fire may inhibit recruits reaching the canopy phase.     

吉林省落叶松林净初级生产力时空特征及其对气候变化的响应

为评估吉林省落叶松林的生产力现状并为我国森林生态系统生产力和植被监测研究提供基础数据,以吉林省落叶松林为研究对象,基于吉林省及其周边100 km范围内41个气象站点资料,采用LPJ-DGVM模型模拟了2000—2019年吉林省落叶松林近20年的净初级生产力,并采用线性回归趋势分析、变异系数、Hurst指数和相关性分析法对其时空变化、稳定性及其与气候因子的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明：(1)2000—2019年吉林省落叶松林年均净初级生产力(NPP)为592 g C m^-2 a^-1,年均增长率为2.81%,随时间推移呈现波动增长的趋势(β=14.55,R~2=0.784,P<0.01)。(2)NPP变异系数为0.07—2.33,均值为0.48,除幼龄林外,整体波动较小。Hurst指数介于0.441—0.849之间,均值为0.612,未来吉林省落叶松林NPP呈增加趋势。(3)吉林省落叶松林NPP存在明显的空间异质性,北部和南部区域NPP较高,是近20年NPP增长较快的区域。(4)2000—2019年吉林省落叶松林年均NPP与年总降水、生长季...     

独叶草种群年龄结构及动态分析

对太白山不同生境条件下的独叶草种群年龄结构、生命表及存活曲线进行了研究,结果表明,不同生境的独叶草种群在3～6年生阶段个体数量最多。幼年个体和老年个体数量较少,生命表中。幼龄级的dx、qx、Kx等为负数,可以反映种群幼龄个体缺乏程度．以无性繁殖独叶草不同与以有性生殖为主的植物,它可产生不同龄级的无性系分株,幼龄个体少的年龄结构并不代表种群必然衰退．随海拔升高,种群密度增加,个体寿命延长,反映了种群在适应性方面的调整．独叶草种群根状茎生存于腐殖质层中,仅有叶片露出地面;种群所在的牛皮桦、巴山冷杉和太白红杉群落人为干扰较少。生境相对稳定,种群可以长期维持．对种群保护应注重所处的环境及森林群落保护。     

Point pattern analysis of different age-classes of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Luya Mountain Reserve, Shanxi Province, China

Larix principis-rupprechtii forest is an important vegetation formation and has a large distribution area in Luya Mountain Reserve, China. Spatial pattern analysis on individual trees in different age-classes of Larix principis-rupprechtii was made in this paper. Here, we employed the technique of point pattern analysis, which could analyze patterns under all scales along a gradient. It was based on spatial mapped points of individual distribution. The results of this study showed that the densities of the five age-classes varied in the order: age-class 3 > age-class 4 > age-class 5 > age-class 2 > age-class 1. Although age-classes 1 and 2 have much fewer individuals than other three age-classes do, the population was stable at present. However, it would be necessary to take some measures for improving population regeneration for a long-time view. The individuals of all age-classes focused on clumping distribution in space; however, their distribution pattern varied with the change of scale. This mainly depended on biological features of Larix principis-rupprechtii and forest environments, but it also meant that the scale was an important factor in controlling spatial distribution pattern of tree individuals. The feature of clumping distribution became more significant with the increase of age. The relationships between individuals in different age-classes were almost all significantly correlated with each other. These associations became more significant within the older age-classes. This suggested that the individuals of different age-classes were interdistributed, by which the population could get benefits in resource utilization. The technique of point pattern analysis is effective and easy to be used in species pattern study. Its results are more closer to the reality, especially for community structure. Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(1): 35–40 [译自: 生态学报]     

Temporal patterns of age-class distributions on foothills landscapes in Alberta

The strategy of managing for "natural" patterns towards ecological sustainability of forests is currently limited lo simple spatial attributes of landscapes. Yet, there is general agreement that landscapes are highly dynamic entities suggesting that temporal patterns may also he important. This study used historical estimates of 20-yr disturbance rates, and a spatially explicit, stochastic landscape model to create multiple possible landscape mosaic scenes for three different landscapes in the foothills of Alberta, The results were summarized as frequency distributions by age-class, and the distributions compared to the percentage of area in the current, and the pre-commercial landscapes. Results indicated that aside from one age-class in one of the landscapes, both current and pre-commercial age-class distributions were well within the historical ranges suggested by the simulations. More generally, the simulations indicated relatively high, but landscape specific, levels of historical temporal variability. This implies that there are patterns to temporal variability which may be captured, quantified, and emulated as alternatives to single age-class management targets. The research also demonstrates a method of assessing age-class distributions within the context of historical ranges of distributions.     

High plant species richness indicates management-related disturbances rather than the conservation status of forests

There is a wealth of smaller-scale studies on the effects of forest management on plant diversity. However, studies comparing plant species diversity in forests with different management types and intensity, extending over different regions and forest stages, and including detailed information on site conditions are missing. We studied vascular plants on 1500 20 m × 20 m forest plots in three regions of Germany (Schwäbische Alb, Hainich-Dün, Schorfheide-Chorin). In all regions, our study plots comprised different management types (unmanaged, selection cutting, deciduous and coniferous age-class forests, which resulted from clear cutting or shelterwood logging), various stand ages, site conditions, and levels of management-related disturbances. We analyzed how overall richness and richness of different plant functional groups (trees, shrubs, herbs, herbaceous species typically growing in forests and herbaceous light-demanding species) responded to the different management types. On average, plant species richness was 13% higher in age-class than in unmanaged forests, and did not differ between deciduous age-class and selection forests. In age-class forests of the Schwäbische Alb and Hainich-Dün, coniferous stands had higher species richness than deciduous stands. Among age-class forests, older stands with large quantities of standing biomass were slightly poorer in shrub and light-demanding herb species than younger stands. Among deciduous forests, the richness of herbaceous forest species was generally lower in unmanaged than in managed forests, and it was even 20% lower in unmanaged than in selection forests in Hainich-Dün. Overall, these findings show that disturbances by management generally increase plant species richness. This suggests that total plant species richness is not suited as an indicator for the conservation status of forests, but rather indicates disturbances.