部分桂花品种亲缘关系及特有标记的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记,以柊树[Osmanthus heterophyllus (G.Don.) P.S.Green]和华东木犀(Osmanthus cooperi Hemsl.)为对照种,研究了桂花(Osmanthus fragrans Lour.)81个品种、1个野生种之间的亲缘关系.结果显示;(1)28个引物共获得280个位点,其中多态性位点263个,多态性比率达93.93%,在4个品种群中,银桂品种群的Shannon信息指数(0.370 7)和遗传多样性指数(0.241 7)最高.(2)遗传变异估算结果显示:桂花遗传分化系数为57.39 %,大部分变异存在于品种群之间.(3)聚类分析结果显示,以遗传相似系数0.71为截值,可将84份种质分成 4类,各品种群的品种往往先聚在一起.其中四季桂品种群与秋季开花的3个品种群遗传距离较远,色质较深的金桂品种往往与丹桂品种聚在一起.研究表明,基于ISSR分子标记的聚类结果与基于形态的传统分类学的结果基本相符;引物ISSR12和ISSR27结合可以将84份种质区别开来.     

桂花叶蜂的初步研究

<正> 桂花叶蜂Tomostethus sp.属膜翅目,叶蜂科Tenthredinidae,为害桂花Osmanthus fra-grans(Thunb.)Lour.。桂花是绿化和美化杭州西湖风景区的主要园林栽培花木,是杭州的市花。1965年我们在杭州园林害虫调查中发现极少数桂花嫩梢遭受此虫轻度为害,未曾见为害其他木犀科植物,至1969年逐年增多,未引起我们的重视。在1970年抽发新梢时,该虫大面积发生,为害严重,成片桂花的嫩梢叶片几     

建议以桂花为省花 以紫薇为市花

《生物学杂志》开展对省花和市花的讨论,我们教研组的同志怀着浓厚的兴趣也进行了评议,一致认为安徽省省花以桂花为好,合肥市市花以紫薇为宜。桂花[Osmanthus fragrans(Th-unb.)Lour.],木犀科,为常绿树。四季常青,树身挺秀明洁,树冠婆娑茂密,树龄可达百年千年之久。陕西省汉中圣水寺庙内有一株大桂树,相传是公元前206年汉高祖刘邦之丞相肖何亲手栽培。据有关     

野生桂花繁育系统的观察和研究

对湖南省浏阳市周洛村桂花峡、福建省长汀县官坊村石峰寨东北坡和南坡、浙江省龙泉市供村及张公桥和毛圩村6个野生桂花〔Osmanthus fragrans(Thunb.)Lour.〕居群中桂花单株的性别比例进行了统计,并对单性雄株和两性株的花部雌蕊形态、花粉粒数量和外部形态及花粉在柱头上的萌发情况进行了观察和比较。结果显示:6个居群中雄性比率差异较大(0～0.62),平均值接近0.5;其中,石峰寨东北坡和南坡居群的雄性比率最大(0.62),张公桥居群的雄性比率最小。两性株花的雌蕊发育正常,而单性雄株的花具有退化雌蕊的痕迹。不同居群及个体间每个花药的花粉粒数量存在一定差异,且单性雄株每个花药的花粉粒数量多于两性株,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。单性雄株和两性株的花粉粒形态一致,花粉粒均为长椭圆形、极轴长16μm、具三沟和网状雕纹型表面纹饰;花粉均具有较高活力且均能在柱头上萌发。结合对木犀属(Osmanthus Lour.)其他种类的观察结果认为:桂花的繁育系统应属功能性的雄全异株,这种繁育系统可能为两性同体与雌雄异株间的过渡类型,在木犀属的其他种类中也能观察到雄全异株的存在。     

Effects of citral on Aspergillus flavus spores by quasi-elastic light scattering and multiplex microanalysis techniques

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. is a kind of medicinal plantin China. The first report about the antibacterial and anti-phlogistic function of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. and itsoil appeared in the Zhong Yao Da Ci Dian [1]. Since 1980s,many studies showed that Litsea cubeba oil had wideantibacterial and antifungal activity [2–4]. The antibioticfunctions of Litsea cubeba oil are attributable mainly tocitral [5–7], which amounts to 60%–80% of the essentialoil [8]. Pattnaik [9] reported that…     

木犀属新资料(Ⅱ)

运用经典分类方法,在对木犀属进行系统研究的基础上,归并了总状桂花Osmanthus racemosus X.H.Song,将其作为厚叶木犀O.marginatus(Champ.ex Benth.)Hemsl.var.pachyphyllus(H.T.Chang)R.L.Lu的一个新异名;将大果桂花O.macrocarpus P.Y.Bai转移到野桂花O.yunnanensis(Franchet)P.S.Green下作为其异名,从而给出了木犀属的两个新异名。     

不同花卉抗氧化能力及其多酚、黄酮含量比较

对多种花卉花瓣水提液的抗氧化能力及其多酚、黄酮相对含量进行了测定,结果表明:蔷薇属植物Rosa L.和大花紫薇(Lagerstioemia indica L.)花瓣水提液的抗氧化活性最强,铁海棠(Euphorbia anttquorum L.)、杜鹃花(Rhododendron mucronatum G.Don)和桂花(Osmanthus fragrans Lour.)次之.各种花瓣水提液抗氧化活性与多酚含量密切相关.讨论了玫瑰、杜鹃花、桂花和大花紫薇在天然抗氧化剂、抗氧化功能食品和医药保健相关领域的广阔开发前景.     

福建长汀石峰寨景区桂花次生林群落物种数量特征

对福建省长汀县石峰寨风景区桂花[Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.)Lour.]次生林群落的上坡位、中坡位、下坡位和整个坡面的群落种类组成、重要值和物种多样性等研究表明,该桂花次生林群落各坡位的物种特征有一定差别;群落立地单元不同,其优势度和均匀度也不同;中坡位的立地条件最优,群落优势度最小;桂花在上坡位的重要值最大;桂花对严酪自然环境的适应能力较强。     

桂花SRAP—PCR体系的确立及验证

以桂花[Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb. ) Lour. ]品种'早银桂'的总DNA为模板,对SRAP-PCR扩增体系中的模板DNA用量,Mg2+、 dNTPs和引物浓度以及Taq DNA聚合酶用量进行单因子实验, 确立了适合桂花总DNA的 SRAP-PCR反应体系:反应体系总体积10 μL,包括30 ng模板DNA、 2.5 mmol·L-1 Mg2+ 、 0.20 mmol·L-1dNTPs、 0.4 μmol·L-1上下游引物和0.75 U Taq DNA聚合酶及1×PCR buffer.采用SRAP引物组合pm21-em8,以78个桂花品种的总DNA为样品,对优化的SRAP-PCR反应体系进行初步验证,共扩增出632条带,多态性条带百分率75.32%;扩增位点15个,多态性位点百分率为86.67%.运用优化的SRAP-PCR体系,使用筛选出的18对SRAP引物组合对88个桂花品种、1个桂花野生种以及2个外类群[柊树O. heterophyllus (G. Don) P. S. Green和华东木犀O. cooperi Hemsl. ]的总DNA进行扩增,共扩增出296个位点,其中多态性位点248个,多态性位点百分率为83.78%.实验结果显示,运用优化的SRAP-PCR反应体系获得的DNA条带清晰、扩增结果稳定、多态性较丰富;SRAP分子标记可用于桂花遗传多样性、品种资源鉴定、亲缘关系以及系统进化等方面的研究.     

点尺蛾的生物学特性及防治

<正> 桂花 Osmanthus fragrans(Thunb.)Lour.是一种主要园林栽培花木。近年来,点尺蛾Naxa angustaria Leech对其为害日益严重。为摸索有效的防治方法,1979年以来作者对该虫进行了系统的观察研究,其结果如下。 一、分布、寄主及为害 据记载此虫分布于我国西部及中部。经调     

Development of 29 microsatellite markers for Osmanthus fragrans (Oleaceae), a traditional fragrant flowering tree of China

? Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed for a traditional fragrant flowering tree of China, Osmanthus fragrans, to investigate the genetic diversity of its wild populations and to facilitate the classification and identification of O. fragrans cultivars. ? Methods and Results: Using the fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol, 29 primer sets were identified in two wild populations. All primer pairs displayed polymorphism. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to eight, with a mean of 3.9. The expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.125 to 0.932 and from 0.083 to 0.917, respectively. The transferability of the 29 primer pairs was tested on O. serrulatus, O. delavayi, and O. yunnanensis (three individuals for each species). Eighteen (62.1%), 16 (55.2%), and 21 (72.4%) of them were successfully amplified in O. serrulatus, O. delavayi, and O. yunnanensis, respectively. ? Conclusions: These markers will facilitate further studies on the population genetics of O. fragrans and the classification and identification of O. fragrans cultivars.     

Domestication and the distribution of genetic variation in wild and cultivated populations of the Mesoamerican fruit tree Spondias purpurea L. (Anacardiaceae)

Domestication occurs as humans select and cultivate wild plants in agricultural habitats. The amount and structure of variation in contemporary cultivated populations has been shaped, in part, by how genetic material was transferred from one cultivated generation to the next. In some cultivated tree species, domestication involved a shift from sexually reproducing wild populations to vegetatively propagated cultivated populations; however, little is known about how domestication has impacted variation in these species. We employed AFLP data to explore the amount, structure, and distribution of variation in clonally propagated domesticated populations and sexually reproducing wild populations of the Neotropical fruit tree, Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae). Cultivated populations from three different agricultural habitats were included: living fences, backyards, and orchards. AFLP data were analysed using measures of genetic diversity (% polymorphic loci, Shannon's diversity index, Nei's gene diversity, panmictic heterozygosity), population structure (F(ST) analogues), and principal components analyses. Levels of genetic variation in cultivated S. purpurea populations are significantly less than variation found in wild populations, although the amount of diversity varies in different agricultural habitats. Cultivated populations have a greater proportion of their genetic variability distributed among populations than wild populations. The genetic structure of backyard populations resembles that of wild populations, but living fence and orchard populations have 1/3 more variability distributed among populations, most likely a reflection of relative levels of vegetative reproduction. Finally, these results suggest that S. purpurea was domesticated in two distinct regions within Mesoamerica.     

广西部分地区野生茶树遗传关系EST-SSR标记分析

为了明确广西野生茶树种质资源的遗传背景,该研究从广西的宁明县、金秀县、苍梧县收集到14份地方野生茶树种质资源,以17个国家级茶树良种作为参照,采用EST-SSR分子标记技术,探讨了广西这三个地方野生茶树与国家级茶树良种间的亲缘关系以及广西地方茶树自身的遗传多样性。结果表明:15对EST-SSR引物共检测到68个等位基因,平均每个引物可扩增出4.53个,其中多态性位点为60个,多态性比率达88.2%。平均观测杂合度、平均期望杂合度、平均Shannon信息指数分别为0.42、0.55和0.97。PIC值在0.23~0.74之间,平均为0.52,多态性较好。遗传相似系数在0.53~0.9之间,平均值为0.71,31份供试材料在遗传相似系数为0.71分为5组群,76%参照品种聚在A组群,而广西本地的野生茶树资源则主要分布在B、C、D、E组群。利用该研究中的4对核心引物即可将31份供试材料全部区分开,挑选其中10个多态性较好的等位位点进行编码,构建31份供试种质的DNA分子指纹图谱。这表明广西野生茶树资源与国家级茶树良种间遗传差异较大、亲缘关系较远、遗传基础宽、多样性非常丰富,可作为茶树育种的亲本或开展茶树功能基因研究的材料。     

Population structure of the wild soybean (Glycine soja) in China: implications from microsatellite analyses

Background and Aims Wild soybean (Glycine soja), a native species of East Asia, is the closest wild relative of the cultivated soybean (G. max) and supplies valuable genetic resources for cultivar breeding. Analyses of the genetic variation and population structure of wild soybean are fundamental for effective conservation studies and utilization of this valuable genetic resource. Methods In this study, 40 wild soybean populations from China were genotyped with 20 microsatellites to investigate the natural population structure and genetic diversity. These results were integrated with previous microsatellite analyses for 231 representative individuals from East Asia to investigate the genetic relationships of wild soybeans from China. Key Results Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 43·92 % of the molecular variance occurred within populations, although relatively low genetic diversity was detected for natural wild soybean populations. Most of the populations exhibited significant effects of a genetic bottleneck. Principal co-ordinate analysis, construction of a Neighbor-Joining tree and Bayesian clustering indicated two main genotypic clusters of wild soybean from China. The wild soybean populations, which are distributed in north-east and south China, separated by the Huang-Huai Valley, displayed similar genotypes, whereas those populations from the Huang-Huai Valley were different. Conclusions The previously unknown population structure of the natural populations of wild soybean distributed throughout China was determined. Two evolutionarily significant units were defined and further analysed by combining genetic diversity and structure analyses from Chinese populations with representative samples from Eastern Asia. The study suggests that during the glacial period there may have been an expansion route between south-east and north-east China, via the temperate forests in the East China Sea Land Bridge, which resulted in similar genotypes of wild soybean populations from these regions. Genetic diversity and bottleneck analysis supports that both extensive collection of germplasm resources and habitat management strategies should be undertaken for effective conservation studies of these important wild soybean resources.     

安徽省广德县古树资源特征分析

安徽省广德县现存树龄100 a以上古树923株,隶属于24科38属43种1变种。以枫香Liquidambar formosana数量最多,达322株,超过50株的还有银杏Ginkgo biloba、苦槠Castanopsis sclerophylla、榉树Zelkova schneideriana、糙叶树Aphananthe aspera、朴树Celtis sinensis、黄连木Pistacia chinensis、三角枫Acer buergerianum,其中一级古树14株,二级古树30株,三级古树879株。全县古树种数和株数在年龄上大致呈“金字塔”型分布,总体趋势是树龄越高,科属种数和株数越少,仅有2株树龄超过700 a,树龄最长者约820 a。在这些古树中,大乔木树种最多,其次是中乔木,小乔木和灌木树种稀见,木质藤本类树种最少。古树主要分布在村庄、荒野、路边、河岸和山坡,在村庄分布的古树以栽培和野生起源并重,其余地域分布型则以野生起源为主。该县古树植物区系中,热带性质属10个,占总属数的26.3%;温带性质属20个,占总属数的52.6%,具有南北过渡特征;以东亚和中国特有种占绝对优势,拥有较多的孑遗种、古老种和特有种。     

福建越桔属野生浆果资源与民间利用状况

初步调查了福建越桔属(Vaccinum)主要种类的野生资源、分布和民间利用情况,结果表明,该属野生资源贮量以福建中西部山区较大;民间对越桔属利用方式主要为食用乌饭树(Vaccinum bracteatum)、米饭花(V. mandarinorum)、黄背越桔(V. iteophyllum)的野生浆果,德化、霞浦等地民间还有酿酒习惯,主要用"白曲室温发酵"的方法。提出福建省发展以乌饭树为主的蓝莓产业生态区划。     

树鼩的动物福利措施探讨

树鼩在生物学特性、生理生化、新陈代谢和基因组等方面近似于人类,被广泛应用于生理学、病理学、病毒学、免疫学、药理学及遗传学等多个领域。迄今为止用于生物医学研究的树鼩大部分来自野生,实验树鼩尚无国家质量控制标准。为了保证树鼩引种、驯化、饲养、繁殖、质量控制及福利的规范化和科学化,提高树鼩繁殖率和成活率,本文从兽医公共卫生及实验动物科学的角度,对野生树鼩的捕捉、运输、检疫、饲养及繁育等方面的基本原则及技术操作和福利要求作一简述,为从事树鼩工作的有关人员及树鼩实验动物化研究提供参考。     

Allozyme variation of oleaster populations (wild olive tree) (Olea europaea L.) in the Mediterranean Basin

As a result of the early domestication and extensive cultivation of the olive tree throughout the Mediterranean Basin, the wild-looking forms of olive (oleasters) presently observed constitute a complex, potentially ranging from wild to feral forms. Allozyme variation was analysed at 10 loci in 31 large and 44 small oleaster populations distributed in various habitats of the Mediterranean Basin and in two populations of the wild subspecies Olea europaea subsp (ssp) guanchica, endemic to the Canary islands and closely related to oleasters. At eight polymorphic loci, 25 alleles were identified. Genetic evidence that nondomesticated oleasters still survive locally was provided by the occurrence of four and one alleles shared exclusively by the eight western and two eastern oleaster populations, respectively, which were collected in forests potentially containing genuinely wild forms according to environmental, historical and demographic criteria. As reported previously from cytoplasmic and RAPDs analysis, substantial genetic differentiation was observed between the eastern oleaster populations genetically close to most olive clones cultivated in the Mediterranean Basin, and the western populations that are related to the wild Canarian populations. In addition, the occurrence of significantly lower heterozygosity in cultivated olive than in oleasters, whatever their origin, suggests that intensive selection involving inbreeding has taken place under cultivation to obtain particular characteristics in the olive cultivars.     

青海省甘蒙柽柳群落植被区系分析

为了探明青海省甘蒙柽柳(Tamarix austromongolica Nakai)群落植被的区系特征,对同德县然果村甘蒙柽柳古树林群落的古树资源基本特征和结构特征进行了分析,并对该古树林群落及同德县班多村和贵德县曲卜藏村甘蒙柽柳幼树林群落的科属组成、生活型和区系特征进行了分析和比较;在此基础上,提出甘蒙柽柳古树林群落的保护策略.调查结果显示:在然果村古树林群落中,胸径大于1.40 m的甘蒙柽柳百年古树有203株,最高植株的株高、胸径和地径分别为22.85、1.78和3.39 m;群落中小叶杨(Populus simonii Carr.)百年古树有15株,最高植株的株高和胸径分别为25.00和4.18 m.在垂直结构上,然果村古树林群落分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层3个层次,其中,草本层包括多年生丛草层和一年生杂草层2个层次;在水平结构上,甘蒙柽柳均匀散布在群落内,小叶杨呈带状聚集分布,大部分灌木呈丛状分布,草本植物则呈小丛或单生态分布.然果村古树林群落有种子植物8科18属21种,班多村幼树林群落有种子植物10科18属20种,曲卜藏村幼树林群落有种子植物8科12属12种.区系分析结果表明:在科水平上,3个甘蒙柽柳群落均以世界分布型为主;在属水平上,然果村古树林群落和班多村幼树林群落均以北温带分布型为主,占总属数(不包括世界分布型)的37.50%和43.75%,而曲卜藏村幼树林群落则以世界分布型为主,中亚分布型次之.比较结果表明:3个群落的甘蒙柽柳植株大小差异明显,物种组成和区系成分也有一定差异.综合考虑认为,甘蒙柽柳古树林群落保护应采取就地保护和迁地保护相结合的方式.