射血分数正常性心力衰竭的预后研究——附三年随访结果分析

目的：评价射血分数（EF）正常性心力衰竭患者的流行病学特点及其3年预后,并与EF降低性心力衰竭患者进行比较。方法：选择2005-1至2006-12二所三甲医院心内科收治的461例慢性心衰患者,根据入院时左室EF分为EF正常组（EF〉=50%）和EF降低组（EF〈50%）,进行为期3年的电话随访;终点事件包括全因死亡、心衰加重再住院。结果：慢性心衰患者中EF正常234例（50.7%）,与EF下降患者比较,这类患者中较为高龄、多为女性;病因多为瓣膜病、高血压病及房颤;随访结果显示二组患者的终点事件发生率并无明显差异（P=0.578）,Cox回归分析对其它因素校正后发现,房颤（RR=1.301,95%CI：0.995-1.701,P〈0.05）、年龄（RR=1.012,95%CI：1.003-1.022,P〈0.05）是影响慢性心衰患者3年预后的主要因素。结论：在慢性心衰中,EF正常的患者预后与EF下降者相似,对这类病人同样应加强监测及治疗。     

心率减速力对慢性心力衰竭患者心源性死亡的预测价值

目的:探讨心率减速力(DC)对慢性心力衰竭患者心源性死亡的预测价值。方法:选择208例慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者和80例正常对照者为研究对象,检测和比较两组DC、心率变异性(HRV)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)、C反应蛋白(CRP)和平均心率(mH R)等指标,随访6～18个月,终点事件是心源性死亡。结果:心衰患者DC较健康对照组明显下降(4.39±1.05 ms vs. 6.36±0.32 ms, P0.001),慢性心衰患者发生心源性性死亡较存活着DC明显减低(3.52±1.83 ms vs. 4.53±0.85 ms,P=0.002),单变量分析年龄≥65岁、LVEF≤30%、CRP≥11.8 mg/L、SDNN≤70 ms和平均心率(mH R)≥75次/min和DC4.5 ms等6个变量对终点事件有预测价值;多变量分析结果显示仅年龄≥65岁、LVEF≤30%、SDNN≤70 ms和DC4.5 ms对心源性死亡有预测价值(P0.05),DC相对危险度为3.14。结论:心力衰竭患者DC减低,DC是心功能慢性心力衰竭患者心源性死亡的独立危险因子。     

HFpEF、HFmrEF和HFrEF的临床特征及左心室重塑对比分析

目的:探讨射血分数保留的心衰(HFpEF)、射血分数中间范围的心衰(HFmr EF)和射血分数下降的心衰(HFr EF)患者临床特征及左心室重塑的差别。方法:选取2013年2月1日至2016年12月31日在我院心内住院的308名心力衰竭患者作为研究对象,根据入院后首次心脏彩超结果,按左室射血分数(LVEF)将入选的心力衰竭患者分为HFr EF组、HFmr EF组和HFpEF组,回顾性分析所有患者的临床一般资料、化验结果、超声数据和用药情况,对比分析3组患者的临床特征及左心室重塑的差别。结果:HFpEF组为123例(39.9%),HFmr EF组为98例(31.5%),HFr EF组为88例(28.6%);其中HFpEF组女性比例高于HFr EF组(59.4%vs.38.6%,P0.05),高血压和房颤患病率HFpEF组高于HFr EF组(P0.05);HFpEF组左心室重构类型以向心性重塑为主,HFr EF组则以离心性重塑为主;HFmr EF组女性比例及高血压、房颤患病率等临床特征及左心室重塑类型分布则介于HFpEF组与HFr EF之间。结论:HFpEF,HFmr EF与HFr EF组患者临床特点及左心室重塑类型分布显著不同,应对不同左室射血分数的心力衰竭患者采取更有针对性的治疗措施。     

初发急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者预后的影响因素分析

目的:研究初发急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者预后的影响因素。方法:选取我院2010年收治的发病24小时内初发急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)258例,收集患者病史、化验检查、心脏彩超、冠状动脉造影结果等住院资料,并随访主要心血管事件,通过相关分析求出对预后有统计学意义的因素,再分别通过Logistic回归及Cox回归分析急性心肌梗死患者近期及远期预后的影响因素。结果:AMI患者住院死亡率6.2%(16/258例),影响住院死亡率因素为PCI治疗(r=-0.253,P=0.000,OR=0.318,95%CI:0.101-0.997)、血糖(Glu)(r=0.24,P=0.01,OR=1.136,95%CI:1.020-1.265)两个因素;平均随访7.6±3.8月,总终点事件10.3%(25/242例),心源性死亡患者6例(2.5%);经Cox回归分析与远期死亡相关的因素是高敏C反应蛋白(Hs CRP)(r=0.182,P=0.008,OR=1.223,95%CI:1.065-1.403)。结论:急性心肌梗死预后受多种因素影响,影响住院死亡率的因素为PCI治疗及血糖,影响远期死亡的因素是Hs CRP。     

经阿托伐他汀治疗的急性冠脉综合征患者CD4+T、CD4+CD28+T水平变化及与预后的关系

目的:探讨经阿托伐他汀治疗的急性冠脉综合征(ACS)的CD4~+T、CD4~+CD28~+T水平变化及与预后的关系。方法:选择128例ACS患者,随机分为对照组(64例)和观察组两组(64例),其中对照组患者给予常规治疗,观察组患者在上述基础上外加阿托伐他汀治疗。比较两组患者的细胞因子、CD4~+T及CD4~+CD28~+T水平变化,随访6个月,观察两组患者预后终点事件发生情况。并将观察组患者根据预后是否并发终点事件,将其分为预后良组(未并发终点事件)和预后不良组(并发终点事件)两组,分析不同预后ACS患者CD4~+T、CD4~+CD28~+T水平变化及与预后发生终点事件的相关性。结果:治疗后两组的高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平均明显降低,白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)水平均明显升高,且观察组改善更为明显,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者治疗后CD4~+T明显升高,CD8~+T、CD4~+CD28~+T明显降低,且观察组上述指标改善更为明显,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。随访6月中,对照组患者预后有23例终点事件发生,观察组患者预后有26例终点事件发生,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与预后良好组相比,预后不良组患者的CD4~+T降低,CD4~+CD28~+T升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。经阿托伐他汀治疗的ACS患者预后发生终点事件与CD4~+T水平呈现负相关(r=-0.682,P=0.000),与CD4~+CD28~+T水平呈现正相关(r=0.733,P=0.000)。结论:经阿托伐他汀治疗的ACS患者预后发生终点事件与CD4~+T水平呈现负相关,与CD4~+CD28~+T水平呈现正相关,可为临床ACS患者预后的预测提供参考。     

小剂量螺内酯联合美托洛尔对慢性心力衰竭患者血浆NT-p roBNP、CRP水平及心功能的影响

目的:观察小剂量螺内酯联合美托洛尔对慢性心力衰竭患者血浆NT-p roBNP、CRP水平及心功能的影响.方法:将71例慢性心力衰竭(心衰)患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,均予常规抗心衰治疗,治疗组加服小剂量螺内酯联合美托洛尔,疗程12周.治疗前后用彩超测定心功能指标左心室射血分数(LVEF),ELISA法和散射比浊法测定血浆N2末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平.结果:治疗后治疗组总有效率明显高于对照组,心功能指标LVEF明显升高,血浆NT-proBNP、CRP水平均明显下降,P均＜0.05;治疗组血浆NT-p roBNP与LVEF呈负相关(r=0.75,P＜0.05);血浆CRP水平与LVEF增加呈负相关(r=0.433,P＜0.05).结论:小剂量螺内酯联合美托洛尔治疗慢性心衰效果确切,其主要作用机制为降低血浆NT-proBNP、CRP水平和改善心功能.     

慢性充血性心力衰竭血清胆红素与心功能参数的相关性研究

目的:探讨慢性充血性心力衰竭患者血清胆红素(TBIL)水平与左心室功能的关系及其,临床意义.方法:采用钒酸氧化法测定128例心力衰竭患者和63例对照组血清胆红素水平;用心脏彩色多普勒超声诊断仪测定并比较各组左室射血分数(LVEF)及左室舒张末期横径(LVEDD);同时进行6分钟步行实验(6MWT).结果:心力衰竭患者血清胆红素显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),而LVEF与6分钟步行距离(6MWD)对照组明显减少(P＜0.01),且心力衰竭患者随着心功能NYHA分级程度的加重血清胆红素水平及LVEDD逐步递增,LVEF与6MWD也相应减少,各亚组问比较仍有统计学差异(P＜0.05).血清胆红素水平与LVEDD呈正相关(r=0.78,P＜0.01),而与LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.42,P＜0.01).结论:血清胆红素水平随着心力衰竭严重程度的增加而升高,并与左心室功能存在相关性,对慢性充血性心衰患者的诊断、病情及预后判断具有一定的临床意义.     

慢性心力衰竭患者B型利钠肽、C反应蛋白浓度变化的临床意义及丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液的治疗作用

目的:观察慢性心力衰竭患者外周血B型利钠肽(BNP)、C反应蛋白(CRP)浓度的变化,探讨丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液增加心肌供血,改善心功能的机制.方法:采用美国BIOSITE公司的trige分析仪检测外周血BNP的浓度,免疫浊度法测定CRP的浓度,研究正常对照组(20人),心脏病心功能正常组(33人),慢性心力衰竭组(61人)BNP、CRP浓度变化与慢性心衰患者心功能的相关性.并将CHF患者分为治疗组(33人)和对照组(28人),两组在同等的抗心衰治疗基础上,治疗组加用丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液60毫克,1个疗程(15天)结束后评定治疗前后两组的疗效及血浆BNP、CRP水平的变化.结果:与正常对照组和心脏病心功能正常组相比较,慢性心衰组BNP、CRP浓度均明显升高.治疗后慢性心力衰竭治疗组总有效率87.9%,对照组总有效率75%(P＜0.05).结论:慢性心力衰竭患者存在非特异炎症反应,血浆BNP、CRP水平与患者心功能密切相关.丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液可改善CHF患者的心功能,其机制可能是通过增加心肌供血,抑制炎症反应而实现的.     

超声心动图对慢性收缩性心力衰竭预后的预测价值分析

目的:探讨超声心动图对慢性收缩性心力衰竭(心衰)预后的预测价值。方法:选择2016年8月到2018年9月在南京医科大学附属脑科医院(胸科院区)医学影像二科(以我院代替)诊治的慢性收缩性心衰患者112例,均给予超声心动图检查并记录相关指标,随访患者的预后并进行相关性分析。结果:随访至今,112例患者的主要心血管不良事件(Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events,MACE)发生率为18.8%。MACE组患者的左室收缩末期容积(Left ventricular end systolic volume,LVESV)、左室舒张末期容积(Left ventricular end diastolic volume,LVEDV)值显著高于非MACE组患者(P0.05),两组患者左室收缩末期内径(Left ventricular end systolic diameter,LVDs)、左房内径(Left atrial diameter,LAD)、左心室舒张末期内径(Left ventricular end diastolic dimension,LVDd值无统计学差异(P0.05)。患者预后MACE与LVEDV、LVESV值呈显著相关性(P0.05)。LVEDV、LVESV为影响慢性收缩性心衰患者MACE的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:超声心动图用于慢性收缩性心衰患者可反映患者的心功能状况,且具有较高的预后预测价值。     

胺碘酮联合厄贝沙坦对慢性心功能不全合并阵发性房颤的临床效果观察

目的:评价胺碘酮联合厄贝沙坦治疗慢性心功能不全合并阵发性房颤的临床疗效及安全性.方法:选择我院收治的慢性心衰合并阵发性房颤患者167例,均使用胺碘酮维持窦性心律,根据患者是否加用厄贝沙坦分为治疗组及对照组.治疗一年后,观察和比较两组患者的心衰住院率、左室射血分数、左房内径、心功能分级情况,通过动态心电图评估窦性心律维持率、房颤复发率.结果:治疗后,治疗组房颤的复发率、慢性房颤的发生率均明显低于对照组,窦性心律维持率明显高于对照组,左房内径较对照组明显减小,心衰住院率明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);对照组左房内径较治疗前明显扩大(P＜0.05),两组患者在心功能分级方面较治疗前均有明显改善(P＜0.05),但两组之间心功能分级比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).两组不良反应(甲状腺功能异常、肝功能异常、肺纤维化、低血压)的发生率比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:胺碘酮联合厄贝沙坦治疗慢性心功能不全伴阵发性房颤的患者,能较好的维持窦性心律,降低心衰住院率,对心脏重构有较好的改善作用,且具有良好的安全性.     

Effect of stimulating the auricular branch of the vagus nerve on the heart rate in patients with severe chronic heart failure

A study was made to evaluate the prospects of improving the cardiac function by electrical stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve in patients with severe chronic heart failure (CHF). Sympathetic hyperactivity and the cardiac function were evaluated by 24-hour ECG monitoring, echocardiography, and a 6-min walk test. At the time of enrollment into the study, patients had a heart rate (HR) of more than 60 bpm, a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) of less than 40%, and CHF NYHA functional class (FC) III or IV even with well tolerated medications. Control-group patients (n = 7) did not show significant changes in the functional state of the heart after sham treatment. In the test group (n = 44), a significant increase in LV EF and a decrease in end-systolic volume were induced by electrical pulse stimulation of the auricular branch. A decrease in HR was documented in 34 patients; CHF FC decreased by one or two grades in 40 patients. The changes were assumed to reflect new balance achieved in the autonomic regulation of the heart to contribute to sustaining competence of the myocardium. Electrical pulse stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve was concluded to provide a safe and efficacious addition to drug therapy in patients with severe CHF.     

Plasma carnitine levels as a marker of impaired left ventricular functions

L-Carnitine plays a role in the utilization of fatty acids and glucose in the myocardium. Previous studies have indicated carnitine deficiency in patients with congestive heart failure. However, the extent of altered carnitine metabolism and left ventricular function is not fully determined. This study is designed to determine if plasma L-carnitine levels can serve as a marker for impaired left ventricular function in patients with congestive heart failure.To test this hypothesis, plasma and urinary levels of L-carnitine were measured in 30 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and in 10 control subjects. CHF was due to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Cardiac functions such as percentage of fractional shortening (%FS), ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), were determined by echocardiography. All patients and control subjects had normal renal functions.Plasma carnitine was significantly higher in patients with DCM (37.05 ± 7.62, p < 0.0001) and with RHD (47.2 ± 8.04, p < 0.0001) vs. the control subjects (14.4 ± 5.30 mg/L). Urinary carnitine was significantly higher in DCM (49.13 ± 14.11, p < 0.0001) and in RHD 43.53 ± 15.5, p < 0.0001), than the control (25.1 ± 5.78 mg/L). Plasma carnitine level correlated significantly with impaired left ventricular systolic functions in these patients: %FS < 25% (r = -0.38 and p = 0.038), EF < 0.55 (r = -0.502 and p = 0.005) and LMVI > 124 gm/m² (r = 0.436, and p = 0.016). These data suggest that elevated plasma and urinary carnitine levels in patients with CHF could serve as a marker for myocardial damage and impaired left ventricular functions.     

A combination of right ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: a syndrome?

Background

Echocardiography is widely used in the management of patients with cardiogenic shock (CS). Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) has been shown to be an independent predictor of survival in CS. Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) is a sensitive echocardiographic technique that allows for the early quantitative assessment of regional left ventricular dysfunction. TDI derived indices, including systolic velocity (S'), early (E') and late (A') diastolic velocities of the lateral mitral annulus, are reduced in heart failure patients (EF < 30%) and portend a poor prognosis. In CS patients, the application of TDI prior to revascularization remains unknown.

Objective

To characterize TDI derived indices in CS patients as compared to patients with chronic CHF.

Methods

Between 2006 and 2007, 100 patients were retrospectively evaluated who underwent echocardiography for assessment of LV systolic function. This population included: Group I) 50 patients (30 males, 57 ± 13 years) with chronic CHF as controls; and Group II) 50 patients (29 males, 58 ± 10 years) with CS. Spectral Doppler indices including peak early (E) and late (A) transmitral velocities, E/A ratio, and E-wave deceleration time were determined. Tissue Doppler indices including S', E' and A' velocities of the lateral annulus were measured.

Results

Of the entire cohort, the mean LVEF was 25 ± 5%. Cardiogenic shock patients demonstrated significantly lower lateral S', E' and a higher E/E' ratio (p < 0.01), as compared to CHF patients. The in-hospital mortality in the CHF cohort was 5% as compared to the CS group with an in hospital mortality of 40%. In the subset of CS patients (n = 30) who survived, the mean S' at presentation was higher as compared to those patients who died in hospital (3.5 ± 0.5 vs. 1.8 ± 0.5 cm/s).

Conclusion

Despite similar reduction in LV systolic function, CS patients have reduced myocardial velocities and higher filling pressures using TDI, as compared to CHF patients. Whether TDI could be a reliable tool to determine CS patients with the best chance of recovery following revascularization is yet to be determined.     

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction

Background: A significant proportion of heart failure (HF) patients have preserved ejection fraction (EF). Considering that inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in HF evolution, we investigated lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2), an enzyme involved in these pathophysiologic processes in relation to EF. Methods and results: The study included 208 HF patients and 20 healthy controls. HF patients with preserved EF (HFpEF) represented 42.31% of all HF patients. LpPLA2 activity was significantly increased in HF patients when compared with controls and was higher in HFpEF than in HF with reduced EF patients (HFrEF). The incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy was higher in HFpEF than in HFrEF (EF < 50). Conclusion: Confirming its role as a marker of vascular inflammation, LpPLA2 seems to be a biomarker constantly correlated with HF, regardless of etiology. Elevated plasma values of LpPLA2 in HFpEF are consistent with the exacerbated inflammatory status.     

C-type natriuretic peptide and its relation to non-invasive indices of left ventricular function in patients with chronic heart failure

C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) significantly increases in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients as a function of clinical severity. Aim of this study was to evaluate in CHF patients the relationship between circulating CNP concentrations and echo-Doppler conventional indices of left ventricular (LV) function as well as less load independent parameters as dP/dt. LV ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) and LV dP/dt were evaluated together with plasma CNP levels in 38 patients with CHF and in 63 controls. CNP levels resulted significantly higher in CHF patients than in controls (7.19+/-0.59 pg/ml vs. 2.52+/-0.12 pg/ml, p<0.0001). A significant correlation between dP/dt and CNP levels (r=-0.61, p<0.0001) was observed. A good correlation with EF (r=-0.55, p<0.001) and a less significant relation with LVEDD (r=0.316, p<0.05) were also reported. When patients were divided according to dP/dt values a very significant difference in CNP levels was observed: Group I (<600, n=25) vs. Group II (>600, n=13): 8.46+/-0.69 and 4.75+/-0.75 pg/ml, respectively, p<0.001. This is the first study that reports a correlation between CNP and dP/dt in CHF patients, thus suggesting a possible role on cardiac contractility.     

慢性充血性心力衰竭大鼠模型的建立

目的:探讨建立慢性充血性心力衰竭大鼠模型的方法。方法:采用腹主动脉缩窄法制备CHF大鼠模型。于右肾动脉分支处上方缩窄腹主动脉至0.6mm,同时设立假手术组及正常对照组。12周后行一般情况观察,超声心动图及血液动力学检测心脏结构和功能、计算心脏肥厚指数,HE及Masson染色检测心肌病理改变,综合评价CHF大鼠心功能。结果:与假手术及正常对照组比较,CHF模型组术后12周均出现进食减少、精神萎靡、少动、被毛无光;IVS、LVPW、LVM、LVEDD、LVESD、SV显著增加,EF、FS显著降低;HR显著增加;VSP、+dP/dtmax显著降低,T-dP/dtmax显著延长;LVEDP显著升高,-dP/dtmax绝对值显著降低;心脏湿重及心脏肥厚指数均增加;病理结果表明CHF模型组心肌细胞肥大、排列紊乱、心肌胶原纤维增多。结论:应用腹主动脉缩窄术可成功制备CHF大鼠模型。     

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction

Background: A significant proportion of heart failure (HF) patients have preserved ejection fraction (EF). Considering that inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in HF evolution, we investigated lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2), an enzyme involved in these pathophysiologic processes in relation to EF.

Methods and results: The study included 208 HF patients and 20 healthy controls. HF patients with preserved EF (HFpEF) represented 42.31% of all HF patients. LpPLA2 activity was significantly increased in HF patients when compared with controls and was higher in HFpEF than in HF with reduced EF patients (HFrEF). The incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy was higher in HFpEF than in HFrEF (EF < 50).

Conclusion: Confirming its role as a marker of vascular inflammation, LpPLA2 seems to be a biomarker constantly correlated with HF, regardless of etiology. Elevated plasma values of LpPLA2 in HFpEF are consistent with the exacerbated inflammatory status.     

Zinc and Copper Levels in Severe Heart Failure and the Effects of Atrial Fibrillation on the Zinc and Copper Status

Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure (CHF). Some trace elements serve as antioxidant defenses. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of atrial fibrillation (AF) on zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) levels in patients with advanced CHF. In this prospective study, serum Zn and Cu levels in 78 patients with clinically advanced CHF, i.e., New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV (40 patients with AF and 38 in sinus rhythm) were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All patients also had a left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) of <35%. We recruited 40 volunteers with nearly the same age and weight as control. They had normal EF. There was no significant difference between patients with AF and those with sinus rhythm regarding serum Zn and Cu levels. However, both groups showed significant hypozincemia (p < 0.000) and a decreased Zn/Cu ratio (p < 0.03) compared with control group. Serum Cu levels were similar in the two groups and did not differ significantly from the control group. In patients with advanced CHF, irrespective of the rhythm, profound hypozincemia, and a decreased Zn/Cu ratio were present, which could be secondary to the activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and CHF medications. The results suggest the need for more studies focusing on possible benefits with Zn nutriceutical replacement in patients with advanced CHF.