蛋白质组学在哺乳动物睾丸和精子发生中的应用

“蛋白质组学”一词由Wilkins在1994年提出,被称作后基因组时代一个新兴的研究手段.它从整体水平上对组织或者细胞的蛋白质表达、功能、相互作用进行研究,现在成为生命科学未来发展的主要分支之一.睾丸是哺乳动物雄性生殖系统中的一个重要的器官,由曲精小管和间质细胞组成.蛋白质组学在睾丸和精子发生研究上的应用及其技术手段的不断创新,对睾丸功能、生殖机理、生殖疾病的研究起到了极其重要的作用.所以,从蛋白质水平对睾丸和精子发生进行研究,为更好地理解雄性哺乳动物的生殖机理和疾病提供了一个新思路.     

蛋白质组学的应用研究进展

蛋白质组学(Proteomics)是一门大规模、高通量、系统化的研究某一类型细胞、组织或体液中的所有蛋白质组成及其功能的新兴学科。虽然基因决定蛋白质的水平,但是基因表达的水平并不能代表细胞内活性蛋白的水平,蛋白质组学分析是对蛋白质翻译和修饰水平等研究的一种补充,是全面了解基因组表达的一种必不可少的手段。蛋白质组学相关技术的发展极大地推动了蛋白质组学的研究进展,使其在各研究领域得到了广泛的应用。对蛋白质组学相关技术及其在各领域的应用进行了综述,最后对蛋白质组学的发展趋势和应用前景作出展望。     

生物质谱与蛋白质组学

蛋白质组学是后基因组学时代最受关注的研究领域之一,其核心的鉴定技术——生物质谱近年来在仪器设计以及鉴定通量、分辨率和灵敏度等各方面均有质的飞跃,促进了蛋白质表达谱作图、定量蛋白质组分析、亚细胞器蛋白质组作图、蛋白质翻译后修饰以及蛋白质相互作用等蛋白质组研究各个领域的飞速发展。本综述了生物质谱技术的最新进展,及其在蛋白质组学研究中的应用。     

临床蛋白质组学———蛋白质组学在临床研究中的应用

临床蛋白质组学是将蛋白质组学技术应用于临床医学研究,它主要围绕疾病的预防、早期诊断和治疗等方面开展研究,其中,恶性肿瘤是临床蛋白质组学研究的一个重点研究对象.由于肿瘤生物标志物对早期诊断具有重要价值,所以临床蛋白质组学的主要目标之一是寻找合适的肿瘤生物标志物,多分子生物标志物已成为寻找肿瘤生物标志物的一个研究趋势.简要介绍了临床蛋白质组学的基本概念,实验设计,临床样本收集与预处理以及蛋白质组学技术在临床研究中的应用与进展.     

我国蛋白质组学研究现状及展望

蛋白质组学是系统研究分子机器、亚细胞器、细胞、组织、器官乃至整体等生物体系内蛋白质全组成及其活动规律的科学,已成为21世纪生命科学的焦点之一。本文简要介绍了蛋白质组学研究背景,我国蛋白质组学研究现状、存在问题和前景展望。     

差异蛋白质组学技术在水生动物应激反应研究中的应用

差异蛋白质组学是蛋白质组学的主要研究内容之一,着重于研究特定因素引起的不同样品间蛋白质组的差异,揭示并验证蛋白质组在生理或病理过程中的变化,并从理论上推断造成这种变化的原因。近年来,差异蛋白质组学已逐步应用到水生动物的应激反应研究中。在周围环境发生变化,如非生物环境因子改变以及病原微生物感染时,水生动物会通过特异的应激反应削弱或者抵抗其危害,其与环境的相互作用机理可通过蛋白质的差异表达体现出来。本文就差异蛋白质组学技术在水生动物应激反应研究中的应用及进展进行了回顾和综述。     

磷酸化蛋白质组学分析和定量技术的研究进展

蛋白质的磷酸化是一种可逆性的蛋白质翻译后修饰,在生物体内起着极为重要的作用.近年来蛋白质翻译后修饰日益成为蛋白质组研究的热点之一.定量磷酸化蛋白质组学方法和技术的快速发展为研究蛋白质磷酸化时空动态变化,更好地了解生物学功能调节网络奠定了坚实的基础.作为蛋白质组学研究的一个重要组成部分,定量磷酸化蛋白质组学因其磷酸化蛋白质所具有的独特特征,在技术和方法研究方面将面临更为严峻的挑战.综述了磷酸化蛋白质组学定量的一些分析技术和方法的发展现状、优缺点以及未来的发展趋势.     

叶绿体蛋白质组学研究进展

蛋白质组分析是鉴定蛋白质种类和功能的有力工具之一。叶绿体作为光合作用的重要细胞器,叶绿体蛋白质组学成为了研究的热点,涉及的领域包括叶绿体的总蛋白质组学、亚细胞蛋白质组学、差异蛋白质组学和蛋白质的功能等。现主要介绍蛋白质组学的常用技术以及叶绿体蛋白质组学的最新研究进展。     

酵母双杂交技术及其在蛋白质组研究中的应用

蛋白质组学是后基因组时代出现的一个新兴的研究领域,它的主要任务是识别鉴定细胞,组织或机体的全部蛋白质,并分析蛋白质的功能及其模式。因此,揭示蛋白质组中蛋白质间的相互作用关系也是蛋白质组学的重要内容之一。酵母双杂交技术是用来检测蛋白质间是否相互作用的一个非常有效的手段,该技术在酵母蛋白质组研究中的初步成功应用,表明它有望在人类蛋白质且研究中发挥重要作用。     

2014蛋白质组学专刊序言

蛋白质组学研究是后基因组学时代最重要的功能基因组学研究之一,与医学生物学、化学、物理学、信息学以及现代技术等关系十分密切。为了检阅近年来国内外蛋白质组学某些重要研究进展,探索其可能的应用范围,讨论其存在的问题,展望其发展前景,特组织出版"蛋白质组学专刊"。本期专刊包括综述和研究论文两部分,内容主要涉及不同物种(包括人类、哺乳类动物、原核生物、放线菌等)蛋白质组学研究、蛋白质组学重要方法学与技术研究(包括串联质谱分析、尿蛋白膜保存法、定量蛋白质组学分折、meta分析等)和蛋白质组功能与应用研究(包括蜘蛛毒素蛋白质组、磷酸化蛋白质组、卵母细胞和早期胚胎蛋白质组、肝脏纤维化蛋白质组、分枝杆菌耐药的蛋白质组等)。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor