桃叶珊瑚属植物的叶绿体基因组结构特征及系统发育分析

为确定桃叶珊瑚属(Aucuba)植物叶绿体基因组的结构及其序列变异,揭示其属下种间亲缘关系,该研究对桃叶珊瑚(A. chinensis)、花叶青木(A. japonica var. variegata)等6种桃叶珊瑚属植物和丝缨花属植物黄杨叶丝缨花(Garrya buxifolia)进行二代测序,利用生物信息学软件对其叶绿体基因组序列进行组装和注释,并进行基本特征分析、序列比较以及系统发育分析。结果表明:(1)桃叶珊瑚属植物叶绿体基因组具典型的环状四分体结构,6条序列全长157 891～158 325 bp,均编码114个基因,包括80个蛋白质编码基因、30个tRNA基因和4个rRNA基因。(2)6种植物叶绿体基因组高频密码子数均为29个,偏好以A/U结尾,确定了这6条序列的最优密码子共100个,包含12个共有的最优密码子。(3)6条叶绿体基因组序列共检测到270条散在重复序列,133条串联重复序列以及412个SSR位点。(4)比较基因组学分析结果表明,该属植物叶绿体基因组序列高度保守。(5)从叶绿体基因组中筛选出10个高变片段。(6)系统发育分析结果显示支持桃叶珊瑚属为一个支持率较高的单系,与丝缨花属关系较近。该研究中的5种桃叶珊瑚属植物以及1种丝缨花属植物的叶绿体基因组均为首次测序组装,揭示了桃叶珊瑚属及其属下种间的系统发育关系,为桃叶珊瑚属植物的分类鉴定和系统发育提供了参考资料。     

越南金花茶叶绿体基因组分析

本研究通过高通量测序技术对越南金花茶(Camellia insularis Orel & Curry)的叶绿体(chloroplast, cp)基因组进行了测序。结果显示,越南金花茶叶绿体基因组长度为156 882 bp,包含132个基因,其中,88个编码蛋白质,36个编码tRNA,8个编码rRNA。密码子偏好性分析显示,编码亮氨酸的密码子数量最多,且第三位密码子显示出了较高的A/U偏好。此外,共鉴定出了67个简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats, SSR),发现越南金花茶SSR偏好使用A和T碱基。除了少数可变区域之外,越南金花茶与其近缘物种的叶绿体基因组反向重复(inverted repeat, IR)边界区域相当保守。系统发育分析表明,越南金花茶与云南金花茶(Camellia fascicularis)亲缘关系最近。金花茶是基因工程培育黄色山茶花的重要材料,本研究为叶绿体工程提供了基本的遗传信息,为深入研究金花茶组植物的进化、物种鉴定和基因组育种研究提供了宝贵的资源。     

极小种群植物川柿叶绿体基因组特征与系统发育分析（附录）

川柿(Diospyros sutchuensis)为极小种群和国家重点保护野生植物,分布范围狭窄,种群数量极少。目前,川柿基因组信息缺乏,在柿属(Diospyros)中的系统亲缘关系不明确。该研究通过Illumina平台对川柿叶绿体基因组进行测序,应用Getorganellev1.7.3.4和PGA软件对基因组进行组装和注释,使用DnaSP6.12.03软件进行多序列对比分析,并使用REPuter、Tandem Reapeats Finder和MISA软件进行重复序列分析,使用CodonW1.4和EasyCodemL软件分别进行密码子偏好性和选择压力分析。同时,基于4个不同的叶绿体基因组序列数据集,使用IQtree软件分析川柿与11个柿属物种的系统发育关系。结果表明:(1)川柿叶绿体基因组全长157 917 bp,包含1对26 111 bp的反向重复区、大单拷贝区(87 303 bp)和小单拷贝区(18 392 bp),GC碱基含量为37.4%。(2)川柿叶绿体基因组共注释到113个基因,包括79个蛋白编码基因、30个tRNA基因和4个rRNA基因; 共检测到49个长重复序列、27个串联重复序列和34个简单重复序列; 蛋白编码基因中高频密码子31个,多数密码子末位碱基为A或U,编码亮氨酸的密码子使用最多; 基因组编码区比非编码区更为保守,10个高变热点区域可作为潜在的分子标记; 蛋白编码基因中有8个基因(ndhB、ndhG、ndhI、rbcL、rpoB、petB、petD、rps12)受到正选择压力。(3)系统发育分析显示,川柿与老鸦柿(D. rhombifolia)和乌柿(D. cathayensis)亲缘关系最为密切,它们与海南柿(D. hainanensis)共同形成一个单系分支。该研究结果既为川柿及柿属种质资源鉴定、遗传多样性保护以及种群恢复等提供了叶绿体基因组资源,也为阐明川柿的系统进化提供了重要的分子信息。     

扁果草叶绿体基因组特征分析

为探讨扁果草(Isopyrum anemonoides)叶绿体基因组特征及该属物种的系统发育关系,采用Illumina Hiseq高通量测序技术,对扁果草进行全基因组测序,组装、注释和完成扁果草叶绿体全基因组图谱绘制。结果显示,扁果草叶绿体全基因组总长161 034 bp,为典型的四分体结构,包含85个蛋白编码基因、37个转运RNA和8个核糖体RNA。共检测到44个散在重复序列和47个简单重复序列。此外,扁果草叶绿体基因组中共包含53 678个密码子,其中编码亮氨酸的密码子最多(5 251个),编码色氨酸的密码子最少(712个)。共线性分析结果显示,扁果草与近缘种叶绿体基因组中不存在倒位或重排现象。系统发育分析表明,扁果草并未与该属的东北扁果草(I.manshuricum)聚在一个分支上,而是与假耧斗菜(Paraquilegia microphylla)有很近的亲缘关系。本研究为开展后续的扁果草属物种鉴定、系统发育研究提供基础资料。     

头花杜鹃、陇蜀杜鹃及杜鹃属植物叶绿体基因组比较分析

头花杜鹃(Rhododendron capitatum)和陇蜀杜鹃(R. przewalskii)是极具观赏价值的野生花卉和药用植物。为探讨头花杜鹃和陇蜀杜鹃叶绿体基因组的遗传结构及进化特征,该研究利用 Illumina HiSeq 4000 平台对头花杜鹃和陇蜀杜鹃的叶绿体全基因组进行测序,经组装和注释后,结合 7 个已发表的杜鹃属植物叶绿体全基因组进行比较基因组学分析和系统发育分析。结果表明:(1)头花杜鹃和陇蜀杜鹃叶绿体全基因组呈典型的环状四分体结构,均由一个大单拷贝区(105 990、109 191 bp)、一个小单拷贝区(2 617、2 606 bp)和一对反向重复区(45 825、47 516 bp)构成,全长分别为200 257、206 829 bp。(2)头花杜鹃和陇蜀杜鹃叶绿体基因组中共鉴定出 263 个SSR位点,大部分 SSR 偏好使用 A/T 碱基,密码子偏好使用 A/U 结尾。(3)杜鹃属植物叶绿体全基因组中普遍存在基因丢失以及基因组重排等结构变异现象。该研究丰富了杜鹃属植物的基因组资源,为头花杜鹃、陇蜀杜鹃的资源开发、遗传进化、育种及系统发育相关研究提供了理论参考。     

菱叶绣线菊彩叶园艺品种‘粉霜’和‘黄金喷泉’的叶绿体基因组研究

基于菱叶绣线菊(Spiraea×vanhouttei)培育出了很多的彩叶园艺品种,其中‘粉霜’彩叶绣线菊(‘Pink Ice’)和‘黄金喷泉’菱叶绣线菊(‘Gold Fountain’)是两个性状优良的品种,这两个彩叶品种的形成机制尚缺乏深入研究。该研究基于二代测序的浅层测序技术,对‘粉霜’和‘黄金喷泉’的叶绿体基因组进行组装、注释、绘制其叶绿体基因组图谱;结合网上已有的绣线菊属植物的叶绿体全基因组开展比较基因组学研究。结果表明,两个品种的叶绿体基因组均为典型的四分体结构,即含有1个LSC、1个SSC及2个IR;‘粉霜’和‘黄金喷泉’的叶绿体基因组大小分别为155 953和155 941 bp,各含有130个基因,包括85个蛋白编码基因,37个转运RNA基因和8个核糖体RNA基因;分别含有67、69个简单重复序列,其中,单核苷酸重复序列最多。筛选出这两个叶绿体基因组内7个高变异区域,分别为trnH_GUG-psbA、trnK_UUU、trnR_UCU-atpA、trnT_ GCU-psbD、ndhC、rpl32、ycf1。菱叶绣线菊、‘粉霜’和‘黄金喷泉’虽有非常近缘的关系,但并未聚成单系。该研究首次获得了两种绣线菊属彩叶品种的叶绿体基因组,为进一步理解绣线菊属及其彩叶园艺品种的亲缘关系提供了大量有用信息,并为今后该属更多园艺资源的发掘奠定了基础。     

药用植物华重楼(黑药花科)叶绿体全基因组研究

为探究华重楼(Paris polyphylla var. chinensis)的叶绿体基因组特征,利用叶绿体系统发育基因组学方法,对华重楼与其它百合目植物的叶绿体全基因组进行了比较。结果表明,华重楼的叶绿体全基因组长158307 bp,由4个区组成,包括2个反向重复区(IRA和IRB,27473 bp)、1个小单拷贝区(SSC,18175 bp)和1个大单拷贝区(LSC,85187 bp)。其叶绿体基因组有115个基因,包括81个编码蛋白质基因、30个转运RNA基因和4 个核糖体RNA基因。11种百合目植物的叶绿体全基因组的基因组成和基因顺序相似。华重楼的cemA基因是假基因,其起始密码子后有多聚核苷酸poly(A)及CA双核苷酸重复序列,编码序列中出现多个终止密码子, 且与北重楼(Paris verticillata)的cemA编码序列中的终止密码子位置不同。因此,华重楼叶绿体基因组比较保守;cemA结构及假基因化现象可能具有重要的进化与系统发育信息,其编码序列中的终止密码子可以区分华重楼和北重楼。     

猴樟叶绿体基因组特征分析

猴樟(Cinnamomum bodinieri)枝叶含有丰富的精油,是重要的园林绿化树种和经济树种,但目前有关猴樟基因组学的研究报道不多。为揭示猴樟叶绿体基因组特征及系统发育关系,该文基于高通量测序平台进行测序,从头组装了完整的猴樟叶绿体基因组,并对其基因组结构、基因构成及序列重复、密码子使用偏好性以及系统发育进行分析,结合樟亚科主要属物种叶绿体基因组数据构建系统发育树。结果表明:(1)猴樟叶绿体基因组全长152 727 bp,包括一对20 132 bp的反向重复(IRs)区、93 605 bp的大单拷贝(LSC)区和18 858 bp的小单拷贝(SSC)区,总GC含量为39.13%。(2)该基因组共编码127个基因,包括83个蛋白质编码基因(PCGs)、36个转运RNA基因(tRNAs)和8个核糖体RNA基因(rRNAs); 共鉴定出92个SSR位点,其中大部分是A/T组成的单核苷酸重复序列; 密码子适应指数(CAI)为0.166,有效密码子数(ENc)为54.68; 猴樟与近缘种的叶绿体基因组主要在IR区和2个SC区边界上存在一定的差异。(3)24种樟亚科植物的系统发育树显示,猴樟与樟树亲缘关系最近,同时支持了樟属-甜樟属分支(Cinnamomum-Ocotea Clade)、月桂属-新木姜子属分支(Laurus-Neolitsea Clade)、润楠属-鳄梨属分支(Machilus-Persea Clade)的建立。该研究丰富了猴樟遗传资源信息,进一步确定了樟亚科主要属的系统发育地位。     

甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)叶绿体转化体系建立及抗虫和抗除草剂植株的获得

为建立外源基因甜菜叶绿体转化体系,利用分子生物学方法构建了包含有编码苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体蛋白基因Bt cry1Ac和编码膦丝菌素乙酰转移酶基因bar的甜菜叶绿体转化载体pSKARBt/bar,以甜菜叶绿体基因组中atpB/rbcL做同源片段,以甜菜叶绿体16S启动子和终止子为调控基因,以bar基因为筛选标记基因．基因枪法转化甜菜叶柄,经筛选获得抗性转基因植株．对转基因植株进行外源基因Bt cry1Ac和bar的PCR检测、DNA印迹分析,结果表明：外源基因Bt cry1Ac和bar确已导入到甜菜叶绿体基因组中．转基因植株除草剂抗性鉴定及其离体叶片虫试鉴定结果表明：转基因植株具有较强的杀虫活性和抗除草剂特性,表达了相应的蛋白质．研究结果还表明：bar基因在植物叶绿体转化中,既可以用作抗性基因,又可用作转化体筛选的标记基因．建立了甜菜叶绿体转化体系．     

桂林喀斯特石山50种常见植物叶片光合特性

选取桂林喀斯特石山生境中常见的50种植物为研究对象,分别测定叶片单位面积最大净光合速率（A_area）、单位质量最大净光合速率（A_mass）、气孔导度（Gs）、水分利用效率（WUE）、胞间/环境CO₂浓度比值（Ci/Ca）和蒸腾速率（Tr）等光合特性指标,探讨不同物种光合特性的差异以及光合特性之间的内在联系,以此探究不同植物适应喀斯特石山生境所表现出的光合生理特性。结果表明,50种植物叶片A_area,A_mass,Gs,WUE,Ci/Ca和Tr的平均值分别为8.35 μmol m^-2 s^-1,110.98 nmol g^-1 s^-1,0.10 mol m^-2 s^-1,94.84 μmol/mol,0.57和2.37 mmol m^-2 s^-1;方差分析表明,不同物种之间在A_area,A_mass,Gs,WUE,Ci/Ca和Tr之间存在显著差异。Pearson相关性分析表明,表征50种常见植物叶片光合特性的6个指标相关性除Ci/Ca与A_area和A_mass,WUE与A_mass不一致外,其他指标两两之间相关性均表现为一致性,其中Gs与Ci/Ca呈极显著的正相关。主成分分析表明,在6个光合特性指标中,Gs和Ci/Ca可作为反映喀斯特石山植物适应生境的重要光合指标,主要表征对水分条件的敏感程度以及耐旱性强弱,同时反映了植物叶片光合速率大小,用于衡量植物对喀斯特生境的生理生态适应性。基于Gs和Ci/Ca进行聚类分析表明,50种植物划分为3类：即中等Gs较高Ci/Ca型,较低Gs较高Ci/Ca型和较低Gs,Ci/Ca型。本研究表明,喀斯特生境植物在生理生态方面所表现出的适应策略主要为对资源利用方式及抵御外界不利环境的适应策略,这为后续选择物种加速植被恢复演替进程提供了参考。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.