HIF-1α/BNIP3信号通路对BCG诱导巨噬细胞自噬的影响

【背景】缺氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha,HIF-1α)是响应细胞低氧反应的关键因子,在红细胞生成、血管形成、能量代谢及调节宿主免疫代谢中发挥着重要作用。【目的】探讨HIF-1α/Bcl-2-腺病毒E1B相互作用蛋白3(Bcl-2-adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3,BNIP3)信号通路对牛分枝杆菌卡介苗(Bacillus Calmette-Guérin,BCG)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7自噬的影响。【方法】构建HIF-1α的小干扰RNA (siHIF-1α),转染RAW 264.7细胞后,结合BCG感染,采用流式细胞仪检测细胞自噬率,用Western blotting或免疫荧光技术检测HIF-1α、BNIP3、LC3、Beclin 1、Rheb和mTOR的表达水平。【结果】BCG感染显著上调巨噬细胞中LC3和HIF-1α的表达,用siHIF-1α结合BCG感染后显著下调巨噬细胞中HIF-1α、BNIP3、LC3、Beclin 1和细胞自噬率水平,并促进Rheb和p-mTOR的表达。【结论】在BCG感染RAW 264.7细胞过程中,干扰HIF-1α表达抑制了HIF-1α/BNIP3信号通路,进而激活了mTOR途径,抑制BCG感染诱导的细胞自噬。     

分枝菌酸诱导巨噬细胞泡沫细胞化对细胞自噬的影响

研究分枝菌酸(mycolic acid,MA)诱导的巨噬细胞泡沫细胞化对巨噬细胞自噬的影响,探讨MA促巨噬细胞泡沫细胞化的机制。构建LC3真核表达质粒(p EGFP-LC3B),转染RAW264.7细胞后获得其稳定转染细胞株(RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B);用MA诱导RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B获得RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B泡沫细胞。实验分为三组:RAW264.7细胞组、RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B细胞组及MA诱导的RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B泡沫细胞组。通过RT-PCR法检测各组细胞中自噬相关基因Becn1、LC3B的转录水平,Western blot法检测各组细胞自噬标志蛋白LC3B II/I的表达水平。RTPCR检测结果显示,RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B泡沫细胞组的Becn1基因及LC3B基因的转录水平明显较其他两组低(P0.05)。Western blot检测结果显示,RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B泡沫细胞组LC3B II/I比值明显较其他两组低(P0.05)。由此可见,当巨噬细胞被MA诱导成为泡沫巨噬细胞后,其自噬功能显著降低。该研究证明,MA可能通过抑制巨噬细胞自噬,引起脂代谢失衡,进而发生巨噬细胞泡沫细胞化。     

副猪嗜血杆菌外膜囊泡激活caspase-11和NLRP3炎性体诱导炎性细胞因子IL-1β和IL-18分泌

【背景】副猪嗜血杆菌可引起多种炎性反应和较高死亡率,其致炎机制目前尚不清楚。【目的】探究副猪嗜血杆菌外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles,OMVs)诱导RAW264.7细胞caspase-11及NLRP3炎性体活化的功能,以及caspase-11在OMVs活化炎性体诱导炎性因子表达过程中的关键作用。【方法】副猪嗜血杆菌OMVs感染RAW264.7细胞,收集6、12和24h细胞,RT-PCR检测caspase-11、NLRP3、ASC和caspase-1 mRNA的表达;收集感染后48 h细胞,Western blotting检测caspase-11、NLRP3、ASC和caspase-1蛋白表达。收集感染后6、12、24、48和72h细胞上清,ELISA检测interleukin(IL)-1β和IL-18表达水平;不同浓度OMVs(0、2.5、10、25、50和100μg/mL)感染RAW264.7细胞24h,ELISA检测上清中IL-1β和IL-18水平。构建caspase-11沉默RAW264.7细胞株,收集OMVs感染后12、24和48h细胞培养上清检测IL-1β和IL-18水平。【结果】Caspase-11 mRNA转录水平在OMVs感染6、12和24h均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);NLRP3 mRNA转录水平在感染后6、24h极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);ASC mRNA转录水平在感染后12、24h显著低于对照组(P<0.05);caspase-1 mRNA转录水平在感染后6、12和24h显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。Western blotting结果显示,与空白对照组相比,OMVs组caspase-11、NLRP3、ASC和caspase-1蛋白表达均明显升高。OMVs感染RAW264.7细胞后12、24、48和72h,IL-1β表达量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而且呈现时间依赖性升高,IL-18表达水平在感染后6、12、24、48和72h显著高于对照组(P<0.05);不同浓度OMVs感染细胞时,OMVs对细胞的致炎作用呈现剂量依赖性增强。Caspase-11沉默后,IL-1β水平在感染后12、24和48h显著低于未沉默组;Caspase-11沉默组IL-18表达量在感染后24、48h均显著低于未沉默组(P<0.05)。【结论】副猪嗜血杆菌OMVs在副猪嗜血杆菌诱导的炎症反应中发挥重要作用,OMVs可诱导RAW264.7细胞caspase-11介导的非经典NLRP3炎性体信号通路活化。     

克柔假丝酵母菌通过Dectin-1/Syk信号通路活化巨噬细胞自噬

目的探究Dectin-1/Syk信号通路在克柔假丝酵母菌激活RAW264.7细胞自噬中的作用。方法以特异性抗体封闭RAW264.7细胞表面TLR-2、TLR-4及Dectin-1受体,免疫蛋白印记检测克柔假丝酵母菌刺激后LC3II的表达量;通过白皮杉醇及Raf-1抑制剂分别阻断RAW264.7细胞Syk及Raf-1磷酸化,观察对克柔假丝酵母菌激活细胞自噬的影响;采用SiMi Transfection Reagents转染Atg5siRNA,检测不同时间段RAW264.7细胞对克柔假丝酵母菌的杀菌率。结果封闭细胞膜Dectin-1、阻断Syk磷酸化显著抑制克柔假丝酵母菌诱导RAW264.7细胞LC3II的表达,而封闭细胞膜TLR-2或TLR-4,以及阻断Raf-1磷酸化对于克柔假丝酵母菌刺激下LC3II的表达无显著影响。敲低Atg5后RAW264.7细胞在感染6h后对克柔假丝酵母菌的杀菌率显著降低。结论 Dectin-1/Syk信号通路介导了克柔假丝酵母菌激活RAW264.7细胞自噬,并且自噬功能参与了该细胞对克柔假丝酵母菌的杀灭作用。     

人参根提取物增强巨噬细胞RAW264.7的自噬水平并提高其增殖和吞噬能力

研究人参根提取物对巨噬细胞RAW264.7的增殖能力、吞噬能力和自噬水平的影响以及其相关性。用细胞计数试剂(CCK-8)检测不同浓度的人参根以及加入对巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖的影响;采用中性红吞噬实验检测人参根提取物对巨噬细胞吞噬活性的影响;采用吖啶橙染色法(AO染色法)检测自噬体的形成;采用免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测自噬相关蛋白LC3B、ATG7的表达变化以及自噬通路相关蛋白AMPK、AKT、mTOR及ULK1磷酸化的变化。引入自噬诱导剂rapamycin和自噬抑制剂CQ探讨人参根提取物影响细胞自噬与细胞增殖、吞噬能力的相关性。结果显示,与空白对照组比较,各组人参根提取物可促进巨噬细胞RAW264.7的增殖及吞噬作用;参根提取物能够增加巨噬细胞RAW264.7酸性自噬体的数量,提高LC3B、ATG7的表达、增加AMPK和ULK1的蛋白磷酸化水平,时降低AKT,mTOR的磷酸化水平。Rapamycin进一步增强巨噬细胞的增殖以及吞噬能力,而CQ则减弱了人参根提取物所引起的巨噬细胞的增殖以及吞噬能力提高。以上结果表明人参根提取物可能通过增强巨噬细胞RAW264.7的自噬水平,提高其增殖和吞噬能力,具有激活巨噬细胞增强机体免疫力的潜在作用。     

HCMV感染对胶质瘤细胞U87自噬的影响

研究人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)感染对神经胶质瘤U87细胞自噬的影响。通过观察微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)、自噬相关基因Beclin1及其蛋白表达的变化,从而探讨HCMV与神经胶质瘤发生、发展的关系及意义。用HCMV AD169(MOI=5)感染神经胶质瘤U87细胞,同时将未感染HCMV的U87细胞作为对照组。分别在6、12、24、48 h用RT-PCR检测Beclin1的表达,Western-blot和免疫荧光检测Beclin1和LC3编码蛋白的表达,最后用CCK-8检测细胞的增殖活性。结果显示,HCMV感染的U87细胞LC3-II蛋白表达水平逐渐下降(P<0.05);同时,HCMV感染的U87细胞Beclin1基因及蛋白的表达水平也逐渐下降(P<0.01),且HCMV感染U87细胞增殖显著(P<0.01)。以上结果表明,HCMV感染抑制胶质瘤U87细胞自噬,并会引起Beclin1表达水平下调,进而导致胶质瘤细胞增殖。     

胞外酸化经ASIC1/RIP1途径抑制TFEB介导的巨噬细胞脂噬

目的 探讨胞外酸化对巨噬细胞脂噬的影响及其作用机制。方法 采用RAW264.7巨噬细胞,以pH 6.5培养液与 25 mg/L氧化低密度脂蛋白（ox-LDL）共孵育24 h构建胞外酸化诱导的泡沫细胞模型。分别以ASIC1特异性阻断剂PcTx-1和RIP1抑制剂Nec-1干预胞外酸化诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞24 h,油红O染色检测细胞内脂质蓄积;蛋白质印迹（Western blot）检测总ASIC1、膜ASIC1、p-RIP1 Ser166、p-TFEB Ser142、LC3和p62蛋白的表达;激光共聚焦显微镜观察脂滴（Bodipy示踪）与自噬标志物LC3II和LAMP1共定位;透射电镜观察细胞内脂滴和脂噬泡的数量变化;胆固醇荧光试剂盒检测ABCA1介导的胆固醇流出。结果 与pH 7.4组相比较,pH 6.5胞外酸化组胞内的脂质蓄积和细胞质膜上的ASIC1蛋白表达显著增加,p-RIP1Ser166、p-TFEB Ser142水平升高,LC3II蛋白减少和p62蛋白增加,脂滴与LC3II和LAMP1的共定位都分别减少,细胞内的脂滴数量显著增加,自噬体和脂噬泡的数量则明显减少,ABCA1介导的巨噬细胞内胆固醇流出显著减少。然而,胞外酸化对RAW264.7巨噬细胞的上述效应能被ASIC1特异性阻断剂PcTx-1和RIP1抑制剂Nec-1所取消。结论 胞外酸化经激活ASIC1/RIP1途径促进TFEB磷酸化抑制巨噬细胞脂噬,ASIC1可能是防治动脉粥样硬化等脂质蓄积疾病的新靶点。     

铜绿假单胞菌Las系统信号分子对小鼠巨噬细胞影响的体外研究

对于包括铜绿假单胞菌在内的众多微生物而言,群体感应系统是细菌表达毒力因子的重要调节子．Las和Rhl是群体感应两个主要组成部分．Las和Rhl分别受自诱导剂N-3-氧化十二烷酰基-L-高丝氨酸内酯(3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL)和N-丁酰-L-高丝氨酸内酯(C₄-HSL)的影响．最近的研究进展显示群体感应分子尤其是3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL具有调节宿主免疫系统的能力．本实验展示了3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL可以诱导鼠源巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)的凋亡和吞噬作用．把合成的3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL加入RAW264.7细胞培养基中,发现细胞生活力以一种依赖于3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL的浓度(6.25 to 100 μmol/L)和培养时间(2 to 24 h)的方式逐渐丢失．同样,我们观察到3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL的细胞毒活性,用3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL处理的细胞出现细胞形态上的改变,这一改变表明3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL处理的细胞加速凋亡,这一点同时也被其他多个标准(caspases3、8和9,线粒体膜电位,磷脂酰丝氨酸的表达)所证实．中性红吞饮实验证明,3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL会显著地减小RAW264.7细胞的吞噬能力(P < 0.05)．同时,高浓度的3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL会降低RAW264.7细胞对铜绿假单胞菌的吞噬作用(P < 0.001)．这些数据表明3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL能特异性地促进细胞凋亡的诱导和RAW264.7细胞吞噬能力的减小．这可能和3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL诱导的细胞毒性有关．最终我们的实验数据证明,群体感应信号分子3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL在铜绿假单胞菌感染的致病机理中扮演着重要的角色．     

伤寒沙门菌质粒对巨噬细胞自噬过程的影响

为研究伤寒沙门菌质粒pR_ST98对人巨噬细胞THP-1自噬过程的影响,以携带伤寒沙门菌质粒pR_ST98的野生株ST6、消除pR_ST98的突变株ST6-ΔpR_ST98和将pR_ST98经接合转移的回补株ST6-c-pR_ST98为受试菌,与THP-1共培养建立感染模型,并加入自噬作用阻断剂氯喹（CQ）进行干预。首先测定CQ单独作用对细胞及细菌的影响,确定CQ最适浓度;在细菌和细胞共作用后的不同时间点收集细胞,通过蛋白免疫印迹法(WB)和mRFP-GFP-LC3 质粒转染法检测细胞LC3Ⅱ蛋白、p62蛋白、自噬体及自噬溶酶体的变化。结果显示,30 μmol/L CQ对细胞自噬的阻断效果明显,且细胞存活率超过50%,对细菌也无明显影响。WB结果显示,用该浓度CQ干预后,ST6-ΔpR_ST98感染组细胞的LC3Ⅱ及p62表达量上升程度显著高于野生株ST6及回补株ST6-c-pR_ST98;CQ干预组3株受试菌感染细胞LC3点状结构数量均高于未加CQ组,且ST6-ΔpR_ST98感染细胞的点状结构数量明显增加。以上结果提示,伤寒沙门菌质粒pR_ST98在自噬前期发挥作用,早于溶酶体降解的过程。     

KGF联合HIF-1α对BECN1敲除IEC-6细胞缺氧的保护作用及机制

摘要 目的：探讨KGF联合HIF-1α对BECN1敲除后的IEC-6细胞在缺氧应激状态下的保护作用及相关机制。方法：构建敲除BECN1基因的稳定细胞系IEC-6B-细胞,分为空白对照组（BC）、阴性对照组（NC）、HIF-1α组、KGF联合HIF-1α组（KH）。观察细胞形态学改变。检测细胞存活率、ATP含量、细胞周期和细胞凋亡率。检测自噬相关基因表达水平和凋亡、自噬相关蛋白的表达。结果：低氧处理24 h后,各组细胞可见梭形、星形及其它异常形态变化;NC组细胞胞质内可见大量大小不一的吞噬溶酶体泡;其他各组细胞呈现细胞早期凋亡形态变化,BC组和KH组细胞胞质中可见自噬泡。与BC组相比较,各敲除组细胞存活率均显著降低（P<0.01）,其中KH组细胞存活率高于NC组、KGF组及HIF-1α组（P<0.05）。BC组细胞内ATP含量均显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）。与BC组和KH组比较,其他三组细胞G0/G1期百分比显著增加,细胞凋亡率均显著增加（P<0.05）。与BC组相比较,其余各组细胞自噬基因BECN1、SQSTM1及LC3基因mRNA表达均显著降低（P<0.05）;Beclin 1蛋白及LC3 II/LC3 I的比值均显著降低（P<0.05）,且p62蛋白表达显著增加（P<0.05）。KH组的Bax/Bcl-2的比值、Caspase3蛋白表达低于NC组（P<0.05）。结论：KGF联合HIF-1α能促进细胞增殖、增强细胞能量代谢、减少G₀/G₁期阻滞细胞率、抑制细胞凋亡作用,对低氧应激的IEC-6B-细胞具有保护作用。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.