Three New Species of Thraulodes (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) from Venezuela

Three new species of Thraulodes from Venezuela are described. One species is known from male and female imagines, and the other two only from male imagines. With this, the known Thraulodes species for Venezuela are four. A key for the male imagines of the known species of Thraulodes from Venezuela is provided.     

Description of the Imagines of Rhithrogena goeldlini Sartori and Sowa, 1988, and Keys for the Identification of Imagines of the European Species of the R. diaphana-Subgroup (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae)

The male and female imagines of Rhithrogena goeldlini Sartori and Sowa, 1988 are described and drawn on the basis of material collected in Portugal close to the type locality. Features distinguishing male imagines of the European species of the R. diaphana-subgroup are keyed.     

XENOCHIRONOMUS TUBEROSUS SP. NOV. FROM SOUTHERN CHINA,WITH EMENDATION TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)*

Abstract Xenochironomus tuberosus sp. nov. from southern China is here described and illustrated as male imagines. The new species is separated from other known species of this genus in having frontal tubercle, unusual stout setae on tergite VI, characteristic chaetotaxy on tergite IX and unique superior volsela. Based on the new species, an emendation to the diagnosis of the genus is given. This paper is the first record of genus Xenochironomus from China.     

Habrophlebia antoninoi sp.n., a New Species from Spain,with an Account of the European Species of Habrophlebia Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae,Habrophlebiinae)

The adults and egg of Habrophlebia antoninoi sp. n. are described and illustrated from material collected in southern Spain. Although the genitalia of the new species is characteristic of Habrophlebia, the chorionic sculpturing of the egg and the shape and venation of hind wings are unique among European members of the genus. A discussion of its relationships with other European species of Habrophlebia is included and a key to male imagines of European species of Habrophlebia is provided.     

Stempellina and Zavrelia from China (Diptera,Chironomidae, Tanytarsini)

The first records of the Tanytarsini genera Stempellina and Zavrelia in the Oriental Region based on adult males are presented. Two species, Stempellina clavata sp. n. and Zavrelia clinovolsella sp. n. from southern China, are described, and the generic diagnoses of the two genera are emended to accommodate the new species. A key to the male imagines of the genus Zavrelia is given.     

中国真开氏摇蚊属一新种及一新记录种记述（双翅目：摇蚊科）

记述真开氏摇蚊属Eukiefferiella Thienemann 1新种:盖真开氏摇蚊E. celata sp. nov.和1种中国新记录种: 翘叶真开氏遥蚊E. brehmi Gouin, 1943;提出兵库真开氏摇蚊E. togaeuquinta Sasa & Okazawa, 1992为翘叶真开氏摇蚊 E. brehmi Gouin,1943的新异名。     

DNA Taxonomy and the identification of immature insect stages: the true larva of Tauriphila argo (Hagen 1869) (Odonata: Anisoptera: Libellulidae)

For many insect taxa, larval morphology plays a decisive role in various fields like taxonomy, phylogeny or ecology. However, species identification is usually based on imaginal characters and the identification of larvae depends upon an established link to unequivocally identified imagines. This taxonomic correspondence of larvae and imagines is far from being established in many odonate species. We have employed a molecular approach to link larval and adult specimens in Tauriphila argo (Hagen, 1869). The sequenced mt SSU gene fragments of the reared female, supposedly a T. argo female, and a clearly identified male specimen of the species were identical. However, the larva of the reared female clearly differed from the described T. argo larva, previously matched to the species. From this observation, we conclude that the previously described larva of T. argo does not belong to this species because of too many phenotypic differences that far exceed the generally observed intraspecific variation.

It can be foreseen that the molecular approach will prove to be effective in identifying unknown larvae in many insect species. Additionally, the discrimination of sibling species or the linkage of allotypes and holotypes will become feasible with this approach.     

A new species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stempellinella</Emphasis> (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Hiroshima,Japan

Stempellinella coronata sp. n. is described and illustrated based on male imagines. The new species can be separated from other Stempellinella species by its small size, low antennal ratio, high front leg ratio, minute frontal tubercles, a comparatively long median volsella, lacking median tergal setae, and lacking well-developed anal crests on the tergite IX. The generic diagnosis of Stempellinella is emended mainly to accommodate S. coronata. The species has so far been collected only from autumn to winter at pools in the unpolluted upper to mid reaches and was recorded first from the Ohta River system, Hiroshima, Japan.     

Harnischia Kieffer from China,with Emendations to the Diagnosis of the Genus (Diptera: Chironomidae)

The genus Harnischia from China is revised. Harnischia cultriata sp.nov. is described as new to science from the male imago. H. hamata Wang et Zheng is recognized as new synonym of H. angularis Albu et Botnariuc and H. longispuria Wang et Zheng is recognized as a new synonym of H. curtilamellata (Malloch). A key to male imagines is presented. The distribution of the six known Chinese species is mapped. An emended generic diagnosis is given and discussed. Variation in the phallapodeme as an important specific diagnostic character within the genus is furnished.     

Investigation into the critical equilibrium humidity,active atmospheric water absorption and water content ofRhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus

The critical equilibrium humidity for fully engorged nymphs ofRhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus was shown to be between 91% and 93.5% r.h., and for adult male and female ticks to be between 82% and 84.5% r.h. Studies on gnathosoma and idiosoma by selective exposure to differing relative humidities have shown that dehydrated adult male and female ticks are capable of active uptake of atmospheric water vapor only through their mouthparts. The percentage of water content of unfed adult male and female ticks previously dehydrated was not influenced by subsequent exposure to different relative humidities, varying similarly in both sexes, male imagines between 59.6% and 63.7%, female imagines between 59.6% and 64.4%. Analogous values (62.3% and 61.1%) were obtained for the water content of male and female imagines not previously dehydrated, which were incubated at 30°C and 100% r.h. for 7 days.     

The larvae of the burrowing mayfly genus Tortopus (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae)

The larval stage of Tortopus is redescribed based on three species: T. puella from North America, the only species of the genus previously known from larva, and the larvae of T. obscuripennis and T. sarae from South America described here. Generic characters of the larva include: relatively large finger-like gill near base of maxilla, inner margin of mandibular tusks with a subdistal tubercle, straight or weakly convex frontal ridge present between antennae, reduced unilamellated gill on abdominal segment I. Additionally the male imagines of both Neotropical species are described for the first time, and T. obscuripennis is recorded from Bolivia. Diagnoses, SEM photographs, and illustrations are given for the new stages described and for the identification of the three Tortopus species known as larvae.     

Aagaardia,a New Holarctic Orthoclad Genus (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Diagnoses of all stages of the new genus Aagaardia are given. The genus includes A. sivertseni (Aagaard), originally described in Eukiefferiella Thienemann, from Norway and Finland and described in all stages; A. protensa sp.n. from Finland and A. triangulata sp.n. from Turkey described as male imagines; and A. longicalcis sp.n. from Canada described in both sexes. The male imagines share bare eyes, strong punctation on wings, bare squama, extended costa, triangular gonostylus and two groups of extremely strong and sclerotized virga. The pupa and the female genitalia show relationship with Paratrissocladius Zav[rcirc]el, while the larva is very similar to the larvae of Psilometriocnemus Sæther and Platysmittia Sæther. Parsimony analyses suggest that Aagaardia forms the plesiomorphic sister genus to the rest of the Heterotrissocladius group combined.     

Review of dicrotendipes kieffer from china (Diptera, chironomidae)

The genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer from China, including 8 species, is reviewed. Two new species, Dicrotendipes nudussp. n. and Dicrotendipes saetanumerosussp. n. are described and the male imagines are illustrated; the record of Dicrotendipes fusconotatus (Kieffer) is the first for China. A key to the males of Dicrotendipes in China is given.     

Two new species of Bryophaenocladius Thienemann, 1934 (Diptera, Chironomidae) from China

Two new species of Bryophaenocladius Thienemann, 1934, Bryophaenocladius mucronatussp. n. and Bryophaenocladius parictericussp. n. are described and illustrated as males. A key to male imagines of the genus from China is presented.     

Two new species of the orientalis group of Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) from China (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) calviculus sp. n. and R. (P.) villiculus sp. n. from China are described as male imagines. The species are closely related to the previously described R. (P.) orientalis Wang forming a new group, the orientalis group, which eventually may deserve the rank of subgenus or even genus. The group is distinguished by lacking a humeral pit, numerous sensilla clavata on third palpomere, cuneiform wings, no or few setae on squama, long legs, banded abdomen, very long inferior volsella, gonocoxite with apical extensions, and gonostylus with a median triangular projection.     

The susceptibility to oxygen want of different Drosophila species

Summary The minimum amounts of oxygen required in the air for mobility by imagines of six Drosophila species varied from 1.60% for D. melanogaster to 2.80% for D. obscura. These differences were found at the optimum breeding temperatures. Since the oxygen need is increased by raising the temperature, still grater differences are found when, the species are compared at the same temperature.     

中国直突摇蚊属中直突摇蚊亚属记述(双翅目,摇蚊科)(英文)

记述中国直突摇蚊属中直突摇蚊亚属Orthocladius(Mesorthocladius)雄成虫3种,并对1新种O.(M.)tornatilis sp.nov.和中国1新纪录种O.(M.)vaillantiLangton & Cranston做详细描述。模式标本保存于南开大学生命科学学院摇蚊学研究室。圆钝中直突摇蚊,新种O.(M.)tornatilis sp.nov.(图1～3)雄成虫与本亚属其它已知种的区别如下:下附器背叶末端圆钝,抱器端节中部最宽,亚端背脊长而低。正模♂,吉林省长白山岳桦林,1994-04-30,扫网,王俊才采。词源:新种种名源自其下附器背叶圆钝。     

中国苔摇蚊属具不明显下附器的三新种(双翅目,摇蚊科)(英文)

描述了苔摇蚊属具有不明显下附器的3新种,分别为拟裸须苔摇蚊Bryophaenocladius parimberbus Wang et Liu, sp.nov.,五峰苔摇蚊Bryophaenocladius wufengensis Wanget Du, sp.nov.和兴隆苔摇蚊Bryophaenocladius xinglongensis Wanget Liu,sp. nov.。     

Ephemeroptera from Central and South America: New Species of the Farrodes bimaculatus Group with a Key for the Males

The genus Farrodes was recently revised, and two species groups were delimited: Farrodes caribbianus and Farrodes bimaculatus. In that paper the species of the F. caribbianus species group were described or redescribed. In the F. bimaculatus species group eight undescribed species were treated but not described. In the present paper, these new species of the F. bimaculatus species group are described and discussed and a key for the separation of all the species known from male imagines in this group is provided.     

Cricotopus (Cricotopus) nevadensis sp. n. (Diptera,Chironomidae) from Sierra Nevada (southern Spain)

Male and female imagines, and pupal exuviae of Cricotopus (C.) nevadensis sp. n. are described. A discussion on the systematic position, a differential diagnosis and notes on the ecology of this new species are given.