GENETIC STRUCTURE VARIABILITY OF KELP ALARIA MARGINATA OVER SPACE AND TIME

The genetic variability of Alaria marginata Postels & Ruprecht was investigated spatially and seasonally using the finger printing technique of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Using 206 scoreable bands generated by one primer pair, individual plants that were separated by as little as a few decimeters to> 100 km could be distinguished, and followed an isolation-by-distance model. Genetic similarity ranged from 76% for patches (a few decimeters in diameter), to 71% for individual kelp stands (15 m across) and 67% for a group of stands separated by 185 km. Greater genetic similarity of patches occurred at the wave-sheltered site than at wave-exposed site. The influence of wave to genetic variability and the ability to predict gene flow on small stretch of beach were discussed. In one stand, genetic similarities were markedly different between seasons. This seasonal pattern may be the result of different age groups dominating the sampled stands over time. The genetic structure of A. marginata comprises local scale (patch and within stand) heterogeneity and larger scale (between stands) homogeneity.     

3D打印技术在植物繁殖生态学中的应用进展与评述

3D打印(3D printing)是以数字化模型为基础,运用粉末状金属或塑料等可粘合材料,通过逐层打印的方式构造物体的一项技术。由于3D打印具有灵活和精密的特点,这一技术已经在军工、航天等制造行业中发挥了重要作用。鉴于3D打印的独特优势,该技术也可以在植物繁殖生态学研究中发挥作用而且具有广阔的应用前景,但目前还处于探索阶段。该文概述了3D打印技术以及植物繁殖生态学的花特征进化研究,同时总结了3D打印技术在植物繁殖生态学领域的最新研究进展,并探讨将来可能的发展方向。     

A brief review of extrusion‐based tissue scaffold bio‐printing

Extrusion‐based bio‐printing has great potential as a technique for manipulating biomaterials and living cells to create three‐dimensional (3D) scaffolds for damaged tissue repair and function restoration. Over the last two decades, advances in both engineering techniques and life sciences have evolved extrusion‐based bio‐printing from a simple technique to one able to create diverse tissue scaffolds from a wide range of biomaterials and cell types. However, the complexities associated with synthesis of materials for bio‐printing and manipulation of multiple materials and cells in bio‐printing pose many challenges for scaffold fabrication. This paper presents an overview of extrusion‐based bio‐printing for scaffold fabrication, focusing on the prior‐printing considerations (such as scaffold design and materials/cell synthesis), working principles, comparison to other techniques, and to‐date achievements. This paper also briefly reviews the recent development of strategies with regard to hydrogel synthesis, multi‐materials/cells manipulation, and process‐induced cell damage in extrusion‐based bio‐printing. The key issue and challenges for extrusion‐based bio‐printing are also identified and discussed along with recommendations for future, aimed at developing novel biomaterials and bio‐printing systems, creating patterned vascular networks within scaffolds, and preserving the cell viability and functions in scaffold bio‐printing. The address of these challenges will significantly enhance the capability of extrusion‐based bio‐printing.     

Cell damage evaluation of thermal inkjet printed Chinese hamster ovary cells

Thermal inkjet printing technology has been applied successfully to cell printing. However, there are concerns that printing process may cause cell damages or death. We conducted a comprehensive study of thermal inkjet printed Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by evaluating cell viability and apoptosis, and possible cell membrane damages. Additionally, we studied the cell concentration of bio‐ink and found optimum printing of concentrations around 8 million cells per mL. Printed cell viability was 89% and only 3.5% apoptotic cells were observed after printing. Transient pores were developed in the cell membrane of printed cells. Cells were able to repair these pores within 2 h after printing. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) DNA plasmids were delivered to CHO‐S cells by co‐printing. The transfection efficiency is above 30%. We conclude that thermal inkjet printing technology can be used for precise cell seeding with minor effects and damages to the printed mammalian cells. The printing process causes transient pores in cell membranes, a process which has promising applications for gene and macroparticles delivery to induce the biocompatibility or growth of engineered tissues. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 963–969. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Biofabrication: an overview of the approaches used for printing of living cells

The development of cell printing is vital for establishing biofabrication approaches as clinically relevant tools. Achieving this requires bio-inks which must not only be easily printable, but also allow controllable and reproducible printing of cells. This review outlines the general principles and current progress and compares the advantages and challenges for the most widely used biofabrication techniques for printing cells: extrusion, laser, microvalve, inkjet and tissue fragment printing. It is expected that significant advances in cell printing will result from synergistic combinations of these techniques and lead to optimised resolution, throughput and the overall complexity of printed constructs.     

骨科3D打印技术临床研究的状况分析

目的 研究骨科3D打印技术临床研究状况。方法 通过文献检索,对纳入的107篇文献进行系统性综述,描述骨科3D打印技术临床研究的基本状况。结果 骨科3D打印技术临床研究对象以男性为主,主要集中在成人群体,并且研究时间主要在2007年~2012年。3D打印技术经常应用于骨科手术的复位内固定、畸形矫正、椎弓根钉置入、肿瘤切除、翻修重建、膝关节置换。结论 骨科3D打印技术仍处在初步临床发展阶段。     

The Submerged Printing of Cells onto a Modified Surface Using a Continuous Flow Microspotter

The printing of cells for microarray applications possesses significant challenges including the problem of maintaining physiologically relevant cell phenotype after printing, poor organization and distribution of desired cells, and the inability to deliver drugs and/or nutrients to targeted areas in the array. Our 3D microfluidic printing technology is uniquely capable of sealing and printing arrays of cells onto submerged surfaces in an automated and multiplexed manner. The design of the microfluidic cell array (MFCA) 3D fluidics enables the printhead tip to be lowered into a liquid-filled well or dish and compressed against a surface to form a seal. The soft silicone tip of the printhead behaves like a gasket and is able to form a reversible seal by applying pressure or backing away. Other cells printing technologies such as pin or ink-jet printers are unable to print in submerged applications. Submerged surface printing is essential to maintain phenotypes of cells and to monitor these cells on a surface without disturbing the material surface characteristics. By printing onto submerged surfaces, cell microarrays are produced that allow for drug screening and cytotoxicity assessment in a multitude of areas including cancer, diabetes, inflammation, infections, and cardiovascular disease.     

QYH-1型印花糊料——Ⅱ.性能及应用

QYH—1型印花糊料系羟乙基淀粉,它具有粘度稳定、耐酸、耐碱和耐许多化学药品性,并能与许多染料相匹配等特点,可用于多种印花工艺和防拔染印花。用QYH-1型印花糊料,在棉织物、涤/棉织物及真丝绸上印花后,花纹轮廓清晰、均匀、渗透性好,得色量高,鲜艳度好。在纺织印染中,获得极好的效果。     

受干扰长白山阔叶红松林林分组成及冠层结构特征

通过样地调查对不同干扰方式产生的过伐天然林、次生白桦林和人工落叶松林等群落的结构组成进行分析和分类探讨 ,并选取了林窗片断和叶面积指数两个能表示群落冠层结构的指标进行分析。结果表明 ,林窗片断值分别为 :原始阔叶红松林 0 194、原始阔叶类 0 185、结构转换型 0 315、结构保留型 0 36 3、结构破坏型 0 2 35、严重干扰类型 0 5 5 0、次生白桦林0 2 13和人工落叶松林 0 2 2 7;叶面积指数分别为 :原始阔叶红松林 1 76 6、原始阔叶类 1 6 80、结构转换型 1 2 5 0、结构保留型 1 0 2 8、结构破坏型 1 5 5 0、严重干扰类型 0 6 35、次生白桦林1 731和人工落叶松林 1 4 73。     

Inkjet Printing of Back Electrodes for Inverted Polymer Solar Cells

Evaporation is the most commonly used deposition method in the processing of back electrodes in polymer solar cells used in scientific studies. However, vacuum‐based methods such as evaporation are uneconomical in the upscaling of polymer solar cells as they are throughput limiting steps in an otherwise fast roll‐to‐roll production line. In this paper, the applicability of inkjet printing in the ambient processing of back electrodes in inverted polymer solar cells with the structure ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Ag is investigated. Furthermore, the limitation of screen printing, the commonly employed method in the ambient processing of back electrode, is demonstrated and discussed. Both inkjet printing and screen printing of back electrodes are studied for their impact on the photovoltaic properties of the polymer solar cells measured under 1000 Wm^?2 AM1.5. Each ambient processing technique is compared with evaporation in the processing of back electrode. Laser beam induced current (LBIC) imaging is used to investigate the impact of the processing techniques on the current collection in the devices. We report that inkjet printing of back electrode delivers devices having photovoltaic performance comparable to devices with evaporated back electrodes. We further confirm that inkjet printing represent an efficient alternative to screen printing.     

覆土栽培对高节竹笋品质的影响

为了生产高品质高节竹笋,提高竹林经济效益,该研究通过调查并测定了覆土1a、覆土2a和不覆土栽培的高节竹林竹笋外观形态和营养物质、呈味物质、氨基酸含量,分析了覆土栽培对高节竹笋品质与适口性的影响。结果表明:覆土栽培1a和2a的高节竹笋个体重量及可食率分别较未覆土栽培高节竹笋提高了107.58%、165.73%及8.77%、13.63%,而且高节竹笋个体重量及可食率覆土栽培年限之间差异显著;覆土栽培高节竹笋长度总体显著高于未覆土栽培高节竹笋,且覆土栽培年限之间并无显著差异;高节竹笋基茎则为覆土栽培1a与未覆土栽培之间无显著差异,且均显著低于覆土栽培2a的高节竹笋。覆土栽培高节竹笋蛋白质、单宁、草酸、总酸、纤维素、木质素和各类氨基酸含量及氨基酸总量总体上有明显降低,而脂肪、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比则明显提高;鲜味、甜味和芳香类氨基酸比例有所升高,而苦味氨基酸比例则有所降低。综合分析表明,覆土栽培能明显改善高节竹笋外观形态质量,增加香味和甜味,减少酸涩味和粗糙度,竹笋品质和适口性明显提高,且覆土栽培2a的影响作用更为明显。     

3D printing of microbial communities: A new platform for understanding and engineering microbiomes

3D printing has emerged as a powerful way to produce complex materials on-demand. These printing technologies are now being applied in microbiology, with many recent examples where microbes and matrices are co-printed to create bespoke living materials. Here, we propose a new paradigm for microbial printing. In addition to its importance for materials, we argue that printing can be used to understand and engineer microbiome communities, analogous to its use in human tissue engineering. Many microbes naturally live in diverse, spatially structured communities that are challenging to study and manipulate. 3D printing offers an exciting new solution to these challenges, as it can precisely arrange microbes in 3D space, allowing one to build custom microbial communities for a wide range of purposes in research, medicine, and industry.     

The Effect of Inkjet Printing over Polymeric Films as Potential Buccal Biologics Delivery Systems

The buccal mucosa appears as a promissory route for biologic drug administration, and pharmaceutical films are flexible dosage forms that can be used in the buccal mucosa as drug delivery systems for either a local or systemic effect. Recently, thin films have been used as printing substrates to manufacture these dosage forms by inkjet printing. As such, it is necessary to investigate the effects of printing biologics on films as substrates in terms of their physical and mucoadhesive properties. Here, we explored solvent casting as a conventional method with two biocompatible polymers, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and chitosan, and we used electrospinning process as an electrospun film fabrication of polycaprolactone fibers due to its potential to elicit mucoadhesion. Lysozyme was used as biologic drug model and was formulated as a solution for printing by thermal inkjet printing. Films were characterized before and after printing by mechanical and mucoadhesive properties, surface, and ultrastructure morphology through scanning electron microscopy and solid state properties by thermal analysis. Although minor differences were detected in micrographs and thermograms in all polymeric films tested, neither mechanical nor mucoadhesive properties were affected by these differences. Thus, biologic drug printing on films was successful without affecting their mechanical or mucoadhesive properties. These results open way to explore biologics loading on buccal films by inkjet printing, and future efforts will include further in vitro and in vivo evaluations.     

Streamlined LCA of soy-based ink printing

This study provides a benchmark of the life cycle environmental impact characteristics associated with a typical soybased ink used for sheetfed lithographic printing. The scope ineluded a streamlined Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) and Impact Assessment (LCIA). Materials, processes, and life cycle stages that are the same between different printing inks, or were less than one percent by mass of the printing system input materials, were excluded. The LCIA included identification of specific processes in the life cycle of soy-based ink printing that make the greatest contribution to the overall environmental hazard potential in 13 impact categories for the baseline printing system selected. The LCIA approach included both regional scaling for areas that differ in sensitivity to certain impact indicators and normalization against a reference value. Reduction in the use of tall oil rosin and switching from conventional to low or no-till farming appear to be promising opportunities for reducing the environmental hazard potential.     

Advances in 3D printing of composite scaffolds for the repairment of bone tissue associated defects

The conventional methods of using autografts and allografts for repairing defects in bone, the osteochondral bone, and the cartilage tissue have many disadvantages, like donor site morbidity and shortage of donors. Moreover, only 30% of the implanted grafts are shown to be successful in treating the defects. Hence, exploring alternative techniques such as tissue engineering to treat bone tissue associated defects is promising as it eliminates the above-mentioned limitations. To enhance the mechanical and biological properties of the tissue engineered product, it is essential to fabricate the scaffold used in tissue engineering by the combination of various biomaterials. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, with its ability to print composite materials and with complex geometry seems to have a huge potential in scaffold fabrication technique for engineering bone associated tissues. This review summarizes the recent applications and future perspectives of 3D printing technologies in the fabrication of composite scaffolds used in bone, osteochondral, and cartilage tissue engineering. Key developments in the field of 3D printing technologies involves the incorporation of various biomaterials and cells in printing composite scaffolds mimicking physiologically relevant complex geometry and gradient porosity. Much recently, the emerging trend of printing smart scaffolds which can respond to external stimulus such as temperature, pH and magnetic field, known as 4D printing is gaining immense popularity and can be considered as the future of 3D printing applications in the field of tissue engineering.     

Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering

Tissue engineering technology promises to solve the organ transplantation crisis. However, assembly of vascularized 3D soft organs remains a big challenge. Organ printing, which we define as computer-aided, jet-based 3D tissue-engineering of living human organs, offers a possible solution. Organ printing involves three sequential steps: pre-processing or development of "blueprints" for organs; processing or actual organ printing; and postprocessing or organ conditioning and accelerated organ maturation. A cell printer that can print gels, single cells and cell aggregates has been developed. Layer-by-layer sequentially placed and solidified thin layers of a thermo-reversible gel could serve as "printing paper". Combination of an engineering approach with the developmental biology concept of embryonic tissue fluidity enables the creation of a new rapid prototyping 3D organ printing technology, which will dramatically accelerate and optimize tissue and organ assembly.     

3D打印技术骨科临床应用效应系统性综述

目的 评价3D打印技术骨科临床应用的效应。方法 通过系统性综述和Meta分析,比较3D打印技术与传统常规技术在骨科临床应用的效应。 结果 对25篇纳入的文献进行Meta分析显示,3D打印技术可减少骨科手术时间（26分钟左右）,降低术中出血量（77毫升左右）,提高植钉准确率或成功率（为传统常规技术的2.10倍）,但未减少并发症发生率。结论 3D打印技术骨科临床应用的短期效应总体较好,但在我国骨科临床应用应谨慎发展。     

Printing of polymer microcapsules for enzyme immobilization on paper substrate

Poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) microcapsules containing laccase from Trametes hirsuta (ThL) and Trametes versicolor (TvL) were printed onto paper substrate by three different methods: screen printing, rod coating, and flexo printing. Microcapsules were fabricated via interfacial polycondensation of PEI with the cross-linker sebacoyl chloride, incorporated into an ink, and printed or coated on the paper substrate. The same ink components were used for three printing methods, and it was found that laccase microcapsules were compatible with the ink. Enzymatic activity of microencapsulated TvL was maintained constant in polymer-based ink for at least eight weeks. Thick layers with high enzymatic activity were obtained when laccase-containing microcapsules were screen printed on paper substrate. Flexo printed bioactive paper showed very low activity, since by using this printing method the paper surface was not fully covered by enzyme microcapsules. Finally, screen printing provided a bioactive paper with high water-resistance and the highest enzyme lifetime.     

不同强度疏伐改造对马尾松林分水源涵养功能时空格局的影响

为了解马尾松林分改造过程中水源涵养功能的动态变化,提升林分的生态服务功能,1994年在福建省尤溪国有林场城镇景观林中选择22年生的马尾松林,通过方差分析分析20%强度疏伐改造、35%强度疏伐改造、50%强度疏伐改造和对照4种处理间林分持水量的变化,结果表明:随着改造时间的推移,各处理林分水源涵养量显著升高(P0.05),疏伐改造强度越大林分水源涵养量增加越明显。土壤层持水量占林分总持水量的95.89%—97.18%,改造前5 a不同处理间土壤层0—20 cm和土壤层20—40 cm持水量差异均不显著(P0.05),改造10 a后改造林分土壤层0—20 cm和土壤层20—40 cm持水量均显著高于对照林分(P0.05)。林分地上部分持水量仅占林分水源涵养量的2.82%(45.64 t/hm~2)—4.11%(76.81 t/hm~2),但改造后存在显著变化(P0.05)。林冠层在林分改造10a后持水量显著高于对照林分(P0.05),但疏伐改造强度越大其持水量越小;林下植被层在林分改造5 a后持水量显著低于对照林分(P0.05),同样疏伐改造强度越大其持水量越小;凋落物层在林分改造5 a后持水量显著高于对照林分(P0.05),持水量随疏伐改造强度增大而增大。林冠层和凋落物层持水量比重随着改造时间的推移呈显著增加趋势(P0.05),林下植被层则呈显著下降趋势(P0.05)。以上结果表明,改造初期林分持水量变化强烈,疏伐改造强度越大林分持水量越低;但长期来看,改造林分更有利于林分水源涵养功能的提升。     

Bio-microarray fabrication techniques--a review

Microarrays with biomolecules (e.g., DNA and proteins), cells, and tissues immobilized on solid substrates are important tools for biological research, including genomics, proteomics, and cell analysis. In this paper, the current state of microarray fabrication is reviewed. According to spot formation techniques, methods are categorized as "contact printing" and "non-contact printing." Contact printing is a widely used technology, comprising methods such as contact pin printing and microstamping. These methods have many advantages, including reproducibility of printed spots and facile maintenance, as well as drawbacks, including low-throughput fabrication of arrays. Non-contact printing techniques are newer and more varied, comprising photochemistry-based methods, laser writing, electrospray deposition, and inkjet technologies. These technologies emerged from other applications and have the potential to increase microarray fabrication throughput; however, there are several challenges in applying them to microarray fabrication, including interference from satellite drops and biomolecule denaturization.